Bunker Hill: A City, A Siege, A Revolution Part 18

And in their rage-I having hold of both-

They whirl asunder, and dismember me.

A few days later, her husband penned a letter to secretary of war Lord Barrington. "The loss we have sustained is greater than we can bear ... ," he wrote. "I wish this cursed place was burned."

Joseph Warren's twenty-two-year-old brother John was in Salem on June 17 when around sunset "a very great fire was discovered" in the direction of Boston. He soon learned that a battle had been fought in Charlestown and that his brother had been in it. After just a few hours of sleep, he left Salem around two in the morning. By sunrise he was in Medford, where he "received the melancholy and distressing tidings that my brother was missing." He rushed to Cambridge, where each person he talked to seemed to have a different story. Some said his brother was alive and well; others said that he'd been killed. "This perplexed me almost to distraction," he wrote. "I went on inquiring, with a solicitude which was such a mixture of hope and fear as none but one who has felt it can form any conception of. In this manner I pa.s.sed several days, every day's information diminis.h.i.+ng the probability of his safety."

He knew that the only ones who could provide definitive word were the enemy, so he went to the British line at Charlestown Neck and requested to speak with someone who knew what had happened to his brother. When the sentry refused to help, Warren desperately tried to push his way past until the sentry stabbed him with a bayonet. Bleeding from a wound that would eventually harden into a jagged scar, John Warren returned to Cambridge, where he became one of the army's senior surgeons.

By this time even Warren had become convinced that his brother Joseph was in fact dead. "The loss of such a man," John Eliot wrote, "in addition to our defeat, and at a time when the distracted state of our affairs greatly needed his advice, threw a gloom upon the circ.u.mstances of the people, and excited the most sincere lamentation and mourning." One of the most strongly moved was Warren's mentor and friend Samuel Adams. Writing from Philadelphia, Adams admitted to his wife that the death "of our truly amiable and worthy friend Dr. Warren is greatly afflicting. The language of friends.h.i.+p is, how shall we resign him! But it is our duty to submit to the dispensations of heaven." For John Adams, Warren's life and death served as a kind of cautionary tale. As head of the Committee of Safety, the Provincial Congress, and as a major general, the good doctor had taken on "too much for mortal." "For G.o.d's sake ... ," he wrote, "let us be upon our guard against too much admiration of our greatest friends." But Adams's wife, Abigail, took a different view. "We want [i.e., need] him in the senate, we want him in his profession, we want him in the field. We mourn for the citizen, the senator, the physician and the warrior."

The delegates of the Provincial Congress proceeded to elect a new president and argue over the meaning of the battle that had just robbed them of the leader upon whom they'd come to depend. Some claimed that the fighting at Breed's Hill represented a failed military opportunity that should have "terminated with as much glory to America as the 19th of April." Others claimed that the encounter had done more for the provincial cause than anyone could have legitimately expected. "This battle has been of infinite service to us," one observer insisted. Another recalled how the New England soldiers had returned from Charlestown "like troops elated with conquest [rather] than depressed with defeat ... saying that a few such victories would restore America her liberty." Or, as the Rhode Islander Nathanael Greene wrote, "I wish [we] could sell them another hill at the same price."

By the end of June, the commander of the provincial forces in Cambridge, General Artemas Ward, had learned that he was about to be replaced. In response to Ma.s.sachusetts's pleas back in May, the Continental Congress had not only addressed the issue of formalizing the province's civil government by sanctioning the election of a new General Court; it had also a.s.sumed control of the army. To facilitate the provincial army's transformation from a regional army into a truly continental force, Congress had decided to put the Virginia planter and former army officer George Was.h.i.+ngton at its head.

Was.h.i.+ngton had accepted his new position with great trepidation, insisting from the start that "I do not think myself equal to the command I am honored with." Not until he had left Philadelphia for Cambridge did he hear about the Battle of Bunker Hill. According to one account, he immediately asked the messenger if "the provincials stood the British fire." When he was a.s.sured that they had, he responded, "Then the liberties of our country are safe."

As Was.h.i.+ngton perhaps sensed, the Battle of Bunker Hill had been a watershed. What he didn't realize was that the battle had convinced the British that they must abandon Boston as soon as possible. Now that the rebellion had turned into a war, the British knew they must mount a full-scale invasion if they had any hope of making the colonists see the error of their ways. Unfortunately, from the British perspective, Boston-hemmed in by highlands and geographically isolated from the colonies to the south-was not the place to launch a knockout punch against the enemy. Rather than become mired in an unproductive stalemate in Boston, the British army had to resume the fighting in a more strategically feasible location-either in New York or even farther to the south in the Carolinas. That was what Gage suggested in his correspondence that summer, and that was what the British ministry decided to do within days of learning of the battle on July 25. But, of course, Was.h.i.+ngton had no way of knowing what Gage and the ministers in London intended.

When he arrived in Cambridge on July 2, Was.h.i.+ngton was a long way from becoming the stoic icon that stares at us each day from the dollar bill. He might have impressed his fellow delegates at the Continental Congress as "sober, steady, and calm," but as the painter Gilbert Stuart came to recognize, lurking beneath Was.h.i.+ngton's deceptively placid exterior were "the strongest and most ungovernable pa.s.sions." "Had he been born in the forest," the painter claimed, "he would have been the fiercest man among the savage tribes."

Was.h.i.+ngton, forty-three, with reddish hair and fair skin that burned in the sun, had a.s.sumed his duties as commander in chief with reluctance. Within weeks of his arrival in Boston, however, he had decided that he must end the siege with one dramatic stroke. Unaware of the enemy's decision to evacuate, he was determined to destroy the British army before it had another opportunity to venture out of Boston. Was.h.i.+ngton was perfectly aware of the consequences of such a decision. By attacking the city itself, he would, in all likelihood, consign Boston to the flames.

Against all odds, Boston had so far endured. What remained to be seen was whether she would survive George Was.h.i.+ngton.

Even though they were an old and prominent family, the Was.h.i.+ngtons were not rich enough to be considered genuine Virginia aristocracy. Was.h.i.+ngton's father had died when he was eleven. The teenager's best hope for achieving the social standing he craved was in the military, and in 1754, at the age of twenty-two, he was sent into the wilderness of modern western Pennsylvania to retake the fort at the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers that the French had seized from the British and renamed Fort Duquesne. With the help of a group of Iroquois warriors led by Tanacharison, also known as the Half-King, Was.h.i.+ngton's band of approximately forty soldiers attacked a smaller detachment of French. What happened next will never be completely known, in large part because Was.h.i.+ngton did his best to downplay the brutal horror of the encounter. It seems likely that despite their best efforts to surrender, the French, who claimed to be on a diplomatic mission, were slaughtered by Was.h.i.+ngton's combined Indian and English force. According to one account, Was.h.i.+ngton was attempting to communicate with the enemy's wounded leader Jumonville when Tanacharison clove the Frenchman's skull in two with a tomahawk and proceeded to wash his hands in Jumonville's mangled brains.

Was.h.i.+ngton later tried to depict the encounter as a kind of backwoods brawl. In truth, he had lost control of a situation that ultimately sparked the beginning of the French and Indian War. Several weeks later, by which time Was.h.i.+ngton's native allies had abandoned him, the roles were reversed when the Virginians, now holed up at the Great Meadows, several miles from the skirmish scene in what Was.h.i.+ngton called Fort Necessity, were attacked by a large French force led by Jumonville's brother. By nightfall, close to a third of Was.h.i.+ngton's men were killed or wounded. Convinced that they were about to be ma.s.sacred, the remnants of Was.h.i.+ngton's force broke open the rum supply and proceeded to drink themselves into oblivion. Luckily, the French leader allowed the English to surrender the next morning on the condition that they not return to the region for a year. Somehow Was.h.i.+ngton survived this catastrophe with his reputation intact (a talent he would display throughout his life), and the following year he found himself in the midst of yet another slaughter when he and a young British officer named Thomas Gage were part of General Braddock's disastrous attempt to take Fort Duquesne in 1755.

What remained of the first phase of Was.h.i.+ngton's military career was devoted to righting the wrongs committed during this b.l.o.o.d.y baptism in the wilds of western Pennsylvania. Disgusted with the inadequacies of the undisciplined colonial militia, he wanted, more than anything else, an officer's commission in the British army. The British army, however, did not want him, and in the years after the failed Braddock Expedition, he did his best to create his own provincial version of the regular army.

In 1755, Virginia governor Robert Dinwiddie named Was.h.i.+ngton colonel of the Virginia Regiment. It was an unparalleled opportunity for an aspiring twenty-three-year-old American officer-a chance to organize a group of a thousand full-time soldiers, their salaries paid by the colony. Was.h.i.+ngton proved to be a tough disciplinarian, whipping malcontents and hanging deserters at a rate that equaled, if not exceeded, what prevailed in the British army. He designed his own distinctive uniforms that ultimately led to the regiment being called "the Blues." After just a year of defending the colony's frontier, the Blues had become the toughest, best-trained group of soldiers in America. "If it should be said," he wrote Governor Dinwiddie, "that the troops of Virginia are irregulars, and cannot expect more notice than other provincials, I must beg leave to differ and observe in turn that we want nothing but commissions from His Majesty to make us as regular a corps as any upon the continent."

By that time, the focus of the French and Indian War had s.h.i.+fted to the north, and Was.h.i.+ngton and his regiment toiled in relative obscurity. But in 1758 he finally got his chance to step into the limelight. General John Forbes had been ordered to venture to the region where Was.h.i.+ngton's military career had begun and take Fort Duquesne. Forbes proved surprisingly receptive to almost all of Was.h.i.+ngton's ideas and suggestions; unfortunately, the young colonel's frustrations with the British military establishment had reached the point that he was unable to contain his resentment. Surly and recalcitrant throughout the planning of this arduous campaign, he seemed almost disappointed when after hacking their way through the wilderness the British army discovered that the French had burned and fled the fort, thus giving Forbes a well-deserved, if anticlimactic, victory. Soon after, Was.h.i.+ngton announced his retirement from the military.

Some have speculated that Was.h.i.+ngton's petulant behavior during the Forbes campaign could be attributed to something besides the hurt he felt at being denied a commission in the British army. In 1758 he was on the verge of marrying the wealthiest widow in Virginia, Martha Custis. Unfortunately, he'd also managed to fall in love with his best friend's wife, Sally Fairfax. But just as he had helped to a.s.suage his frustrations with the regular army by creating a regiment that was "more British than the British," he contained his unruly pa.s.sions for the beautiful and aristocratic Sally by marrying the woman who enabled him to attain the wealth and social standing to which he'd always aspired.

In the years ahead, the New York statesman Gouverneur Morris came to know Was.h.i.+ngton well. Like the painter Gilbert Stuart, Morris recognized that "boiling in his bosom [were] pa.s.sion[s] almost too mighty for man." Was.h.i.+ngton was destined to become one of the foremost generals of his age, but "his first victory," Morris maintained, "was over himself."

As was to become clear in the months after his arrival in Boston, that victory had not yet been entirely won.

On July 20, 1775, James Thacher, a twenty-one-year-old physician from Plymouth, got his first glimpse of the army's new commander. "I have been much gratified this day with a view of General Was.h.i.+ngton," he recorded in his journal. "His Excellency was on horseback, in company with several military gentlemen. It was not difficult to distinguish him from all others; his personal appearance is truly n.o.ble and majestic; being tall and well proportioned. His dress is a blue coat with buff-colored facings, a rich epaulette on each shoulder, buff under dress, and an elegant small sword; a black c.o.c.kade in his hat."

All agreed. No one looked better than Was.h.i.+ngton on a horse. He was six foot two, large-boned with thigh muscles that gave him, one observer remembered, "such a surpa.s.sing grip with his knees, that a horse might as soon disenc.u.mber itself of the saddle, as of the rider." If there was a visceral power about Was.h.i.+ngton, there was also an undeniable elegance. The Philadelphia physician Benjamin Rush claimed that Was.h.i.+ngton had "so much martial dignity in his deportment that you would distinguish him to be a general and a soldier from among ten thousand people. There is not a king in Europe that would not look like a valet de chamber by his side."

Was.h.i.+ngton had spent most of the last two decades as one of Virginia's wealthiest plantation owners, managing several hundred slaves, experimenting with crops, and gradually expanding his home at Mount Vernon into one of the most impressive residences on the Potomac. He was accustomed to living with a sophistication and grace that was difficult for the average Yankee to comprehend. Underwhelmed by the first house selected for him by the Ma.s.sachusetts authorities, he quickly found a grander and more appropriate alternative-the Va.s.sall house on Cambridge's Tory Row, about a mile from the town common. Here he installed what he called his "family," surrounding himself with a staff that tended to be from just about anywhere but New England. One of the exceptions was his commissary general Joseph Trumbull, from Connecticut, who was joined briefly by his younger brother John, the future painter, who served as one of Was.h.i.+ngton's aides. "I suddenly found myself in the family of one of the most distinguished and dignified men of the age," the younger Trumbull remembered; "surrounded at his table by the princ.i.p.al officers of the army, and in constant intercourse with them."

A year before, Boston's patriots had spoken disparagingly of the aristocratic opulence of the loyalists of Tory Row. Now their new general, whom everyone referred to as His Excellency, was living in one of the neighborhood's grandest houses in a style befitting the home's original owners. A revolution that had begun when several dozen yeomen farmers decided to linger defiantly at Lexington Green was now being led by a general who looked and acted suspiciously like the enemy. But whereas the provincial soldiers appear to have been for the most part pleasantly surprised by their new commander, the feeling was hardly mutual. Was.h.i.+ngton was not just disappointed by the New Englanders who had begun this war with the mother country; he was disgusted by them.

He had been led to believe by the Continental Congress that he would find twenty thousand battle-tested soldiers. What he found instead was a northern version of the undisciplined militiamen who had made his first command in the western wilderness a nightmare. This was not a proper army; this was a mob of puritanical savages that included seventeen actual Indians from the Ma.s.sachusetts town of Stockbridge as well as Native Americans from New Hamps.h.i.+re, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. Even worse, from the perspective of a slaveholder from Virginia, was the presence of a significant number of African Americans in the ranks.

Rather than tents, these soldiers lived in hovels or, in the case of the Stockbridge Indians, wigwams. "Some are made of boards," the minister William Emerson wrote, "some of sailcloth and some partly of one and partly of the other. Others are made of stone and turf and others again of brick and others brush. Some are thrown up in a hurry and look as if they could not help it-mere necessity-others are curiously wrought with doors and windows, done with wreathes and withes in manner of a basket." Emerson thought "the great variety of the American camp is upon the whole rather a beauty than a blemish to the army," but Was.h.i.+ngton thought otherwise, describing the New Englanders in a letter to his cousin in Virginia as "an exceeding dirty and nasty people." But there was more. He detected "an unaccountable kind of stupidity in the lower cla.s.s of these people, which believe me prevails but too generally among the officers of the Ma.s.sachusetts part of the army, who are nearly of the same kidney with the privates."

The extremity of Was.h.i.+ngton's reaction to the army he had inherited is curious. Generals Charles Lee and Horatio Gates, two former British officers whose military experience was much more extensive than Was.h.i.+ngton's, came to recognize that the militia model upon which this New England army was based had great potential in the peculiar kind of war that lay ahead. These farmers might lack the rigid training of the British regulars, but they knew how to fight. As Gates was overheard to say that fall, "he never desired to see better soldiers than the New England men made." By reacting so negatively, Was.h.i.+ngton was in danger of irreparably damaging his relations.h.i.+p with the army before he had a chance to rebuild it.

The problem, as Was.h.i.+ngton saw it, was in how these soldiers had been originally a.s.sembled. Since an officer's rank was based on how many men from his hometown he could convince to serve under him, it was almost impossible for him to get these soldiers to do something they didn't want to do. Making a bad situation even worse was the fact that the men's enlistments ended in December, just five months away. If these churlish, unkempt Yankees weren't happy with how they were being treated, they would undoubtedly refuse to reenlist for another year and leave for home at the end of December. He needed to do here in Ma.s.sachusetts what he had done in Virginia twenty years ago. He needed to create an American version of the British army.

As had been proven on April 19, the militia, which could be a.s.sembled in the proverbial blink of an eye, was the perfect vehicle with which to begin a revolution. But as Joseph Warren had come to realize, an army of militiamen was not built for the long haul. Each company was loyal to its specific town; given time, an army made up of dozens of competing loyalties would tear itself apart-either that, or turn on the civil government that had created it and form a military dictators.h.i.+p. An army that was to remain loyal to the Continental Congress could not be based on local affiliation.

Twenty years ago, Was.h.i.+ngton had experienced firsthand the dangerous volatility of an army made up of citizen soldiers. He knew how bad things could get when all control was lost. A war fought along the lines of what had happened only three months earlier during the British retreat through Menotomy might turn the Revolution into a ferocious orgy of bloodshed out of which America's liberties might never emerge intact. The ultimate aim of an army was, in Was.h.i.+ngton's view, not to generate violence but to curtail it.

He might have recognized the dangers of an undisciplined army, but Was.h.i.+ngton was also driven by a desperate need to prove himself. Even though it might not be justified militarily by what he'd found in Cambridge and Roxbury, he wanted to attack. This meant that the Siege of Boston had entered a new phase that was as much about the conflict raging within Was.h.i.+ngton as it was a standoff between two armies. Half of him wanted to create an altogether different kind of army-a painstaking process that required time and patience. The other, more impulsive half wanted to "destroy" the British army with one cataclysmic thrust and be done with it. Boston's fate, it turned out, depended on whether Was.h.i.+ngton could be saved from himself.

For the time being, Was.h.i.+ngton directed his energies to overhauling the provincial army. He pushed forward the courts-martial that had acc.u.mulated in the wake of the Battle of Bunker Hill, making, he bragged, "a pretty good slam among such kind of officers as the Ma.s.sachusetts government abound[s] in." He issued order after order, insisting that the sentries no longer fraternize with the enemy, and that anyone swimming in the Charles River be sure to hide his nakedness-particularly when a genteel lady was crossing the bridge into Cambridge; he detailed what an officer must wear (a colorful sash across his chest or an epaulette on his shoulder or a c.o.c.kade in his hat) to distinguish him from his men; perhaps most important, the men must begin using the latrines, or the dysentery that had already begun to spread through the camp would only get worse. "There is great overturning in camp," the Reverend William Emerson wrote, "as to order and regularity. New lords new laws... . The strictest government is taking place... . Everyone is made to know his place and keep in it or be tied up and receive ... 30 or 40 lashes... . Thousands are at work [digging entrenchments] every day from four till eleven in the morning. It is surprising how much work has been done."

Almost immediately, Was.h.i.+ngton was forced to confront a crisis among his own officers. Back in June, the Continental Congress had granted commissions that did not reflect the pecking order already established by the colonies. When Connecticut's General Spencer learned that General Putnam now outranked him, he left for home. General Thomas of Ma.s.sachusetts was outraged when he discovered that his subordinate William Heath now outranked him. After several weeks of soothing ruffled feathers and applying for new commissions from Congress, Was.h.i.+ngton eventually worked things out to just about everyone's satisfaction. This was not possible, however, when it came to the army's regiment of artillery, whose failings at the Battle of Bunker Hill had brought about many of the courts-martial proceedings. The real problem was the regiment's commander, Colonel Gridley, whose insistence on promoting the fortunes of his incompetent relatives had disaffected what few good officers remained. The medical corps was in an even worse state, with little or no coordination among the many hospitals scattered along the lines. In an attempt to apply some order to this mess, the Continental Congress had appointed Dr. Benjamin Church to be the equivalent of the army's surgeon general, but the controversial doctor had already angered and alienated a significant number of his fellow physicians.

And then there was the issue of the riflemen from Pennsylvania, Virginia, and Maryland, who the Continental Congress had believed were going to wreak havoc with the British sentries. Thanks to their weapons' grooved barrels (which imparted a stabilizing spin to the bullet), the riflemen could reputedly hit a tiny target two hundred yards away-more than twice the range of the average musket. Unfortunately, the riflemen proved to be even more undisciplined than the Yankees. When they weren't threatening mutiny, they were deserting to the British. At one point a fight broke out between a group of riflemen from Virginia and a regiment of fishermen from Marblehead. Years later, Israel Trask, who was just a boy of ten at the time, remembered seeing Was.h.i.+ngton suddenly appear with his black slave Billy Lee at his side, both of them mounted on big, n.o.ble horses.

With the spring of a deer [Trask remembered], he leaped from his saddle, threw the reins of his bridle into the hands of his servant, and rushed into the thickest of the melee [and] with an iron grip seized two tall, brawny, athletic, savage-looking riflemen by the throat, keeping them at arm's length, alternately shaking and talking to them. In this position the eye of the belligerents caught sight of the general. Its effect on them was instantaneous flight at the top of their speed in all directions from the scene of the conflict. Less than fifteen minutes had elapsed from the commencement of the row before the general and his two criminals were the only occupants of the field of action.

But the misbehavior of the riflemen was nothing compared to the challenge Was.h.i.+ngton faced in supplying his army with gunpowder. When he first arrived in July, he had been a.s.sured that the army had 308 barrels of the precious substance. Three weeks later he learned that there were, in actuality, only 90 barrels, meaning that each man in this army of fourteen thousand (as opposed to the advertised twenty thousand) had enough gunpowder for just nine cartridges. General Sullivan from New Hamps.h.i.+re reported that when Was.h.i.+ngton heard this stunning news, he was rendered speechless for the next half hour. Without powder, Was.h.i.+ngton could not attack the British. "Could I have foreseen what I have, and am like to experience," he complained, "no consideration upon earth should have induced me to accept this command."

For the most part, Was.h.i.+ngton seems to have kept his frustrations to himself. The persona he had labored to create over the years-that of a dignified, modest, physically magnificent, and exquisitely dressed American n.o.bleman-provided him with a s.h.i.+eld to hide behind. If privately he fumed, he impressed almost everyone he met with his equanimity and willingness to listen, even if that too was an act. "[He] has so happy a faculty of appearing to accommodate and yet carrying his point," Abigail Adams wrote, "that if he was really not one of the best-intentioned men in the world, he might be a very dangerous one."

And besides, this summer of disappointments had its occasional moments of promise. In hopes of quickly securing some more gunpowder, he began to look to the possibility of sending out a fleet of armed schooners that might prey on the British supply s.h.i.+ps that continued to stream into Boston Harbor. It would take months before the schooners came up with any tangible results, but at least the creation of what was, in essence, an American navy provided Was.h.i.+ngton with a diversion from the tedium of this unrelenting siege.

In August he decided to send Benedict Arnold, just back from Fort Ticonderoga, on an expedition first proposed by Jonathan Brewer back in May. Working his way up the Kennebec River, Arnold would eventually arrive at the Saint Lawrence River, link up with yet another advance toward Canada from New York being led by General Richard Montgomery, and take Quebec. The plan-aimed at "liberating" Canada from the British Empire-proved almost impossible to implement, but like the initiative with the schooners, the Arnold Expedition demonstrated an early willingness on Was.h.i.+ngton's part to explore potentially innovative solutions to seemingly intractable problems.

Closer to home, Was.h.i.+ngton was relieved to discover that not all of the officers in the army he had inherited from General Ward were the spineless, self-serving imbeciles he initially took them to be. General Nathanael Greene from Rhode Island, a thirty-three-year-old lapsed Quaker who walked with a limp, was cool, thoughtful, and refres.h.i.+ngly forceful for a man of his tender years. It also didn't hurt matters that Greene had a beautiful wife from Block Island.

Just when Was.h.i.+ngton had begun to think that he was without any competent engineers, he came upon the lumbering former bookseller Henry Knox of Boston. Knox had overseen the design and construction of the most impressive works Was.h.i.+ngton had come across so far in Roxbury. Knox was big and imposing in the manner of Was.h.i.+ngton, but there was also an almost cherubic fles.h.i.+ness and good humor about him. He freely admitted that almost everything he knew about engineering and artillery had come from the books he had sold in his store. A few years earlier he had lost several fingers of his left hand when his fowling piece exploded on Noddle's Island, and he concealed the injury by wrapping his hand in a stylish silk scarf. Although only twenty-five years of age, he might be just the one to make sense of the army's artillery regiment. And like Nathanael Greene, he had a fetching wife, the ebullient and raven-haired former Lucy Flucker, daughter of the province's secretary, Thomas Flucker. Was.h.i.+ngton, it seems, had a weakness for charismatic but physically damaged officers, particularly ones with beautiful spouses.

Back on the morning of April 19, thirteen-year-old Benjamin Russell and his schoolmates from the Queen Street Writing School had followed General Percy's brigade out of Boston. Events quickly left them marooned in Cambridge with no way to communicate with their parents back in Boston. Since then, Russell had become an errand boy for the army, picking up his company's provisions at the commissary in Cambridge and returning to the lines laden with drink and foodstuffs. He and four soldiers were making their way through the town's streets when they came upon Russell's father and uncle, who had "just escaped from Boston."

Throughout the summer and fall Bostonians kept finding ways to get out of the city. Some were lucky enough to receive permits to pa.s.s across the lines. At least one inhabitant-a barber named Richard Carpenter-swam his way to freedom, only to return to Boston, once again by swimming, and get thrown into jail, where he languished for the duration of the siege as a suspected spy. The boats that daily departed from the town wharves to fish in Boston Harbor provided another way to sneak out of the city; that was how George Hewes, the shoemaker who had gotten caned by the customs agent John Malcom a year and a half before, managed to make his escape.

Whatever method Benjamin Russell's father used, he showed little joy at finally finding his long-lost son. Instead of wrapping the boy in a hug, Mr. Russell grabbed him by the shoulders and began to berate him "for not writing." One of the soldiers came to Russell's defense. "Don't shake that boy, Sir," he said. "He is our clerk."

Russell's days with the army were numbered. His father took him to see General Putnam, who agreed to discharge the boy into his father's custody. Soon Russell was in Worcester and indentured to the newspaper editor Isaiah Thomas.

Around this same time in August, Mercy Scollay and two of Joseph Warren's young daughters traveled from Worcester to the seat of the newly reinst.i.tuted General Court at Watertown. As might be expected, Scollay had been devastated by the news of Warren's death. "For a time," she wrote, "[I was] incapable of writing or feeling any animating sensations." What made it particularly difficult was what she described as "my uncertain situation." Although she and Warren had agreed to marry and she had been acting as his children's surrogate parent for the last four months, she had no legal claim to Warren's offspring. The Continental Congress in Philadelphia was then in recess, and with John Hanc.o.c.k, Samuel Adams, and John Adams back in New England, she had sought them out for advice as to what she should do. "[I] find nothing can be done respecting the children," she reported to her friend Mrs. Dix in Worcester, "till a judge is appointed and I cannot hold them one moment after the relations claim their right."

She also reported that her fellow New Englanders appeared to have already forgotten about her beloved Joseph Warren. "Instead of seeing people look dejected with the dire calamities that are impending over our heads, they appear like frolic coming to [a Harvard] commencement. My melancholy countenance is a novelty in this place... . Everything appears with a different affect to me now and the sight of my friends gives a keener edge to my grief." She still had trouble believing that Warren was dead-especially since she could find no one who had actually seen his body. "Pray heaven," she wrote, "I may some time or other be able to acquiesce in the received opinion or else be confirmed in my own hopes and ardent wishes [that he is alive]."

But the most devastating blow had come from Warren's own family. His brother John, she had just learned, had sold Warren's "every feather bed" to George Was.h.i.+ngton. Another man-and not just any other man-was literally sleeping in her dead fiancee's bed. She poured out her heart to John Hanc.o.c.k, who "appeared," she wrote to Mrs. Dix, "much affected by my relation [and] said his brother had no right to do those things without proper authority."

What, if anything, Hanc.o.c.k ever did to appease Mercy Scollay is unknown. There is evidence, however, that she found a way, if indirectly, to stake her claim to Warren's legacy. Later that year an elegy to Joseph Warren appeared as a broadside. This poem by an anonymous author is not about a n.o.ble warrior dying heroically on the battlefield; it is about a loving father and friend, "faithful, gentle and sincere," whose "orphan babes" deserve the sympathy and support "of every parent through the extensive land." More significantly, the poem, almost certainly penned by Scollay, contains a rhetorical question: