Submarine Warfare of To-day Part 7

THE "Q" boat, or mystery s.h.i.+p, has been surrounded by so much secrecy that to most people its very being is an unknown quant.i.ty. Yet it is to these curious vessels of all sizes and types that the destruction of many hostile submarines was due, and the dangerous work performed by their intrepid crews equalled anything described in sea romance.

The mystery s.h.i.+p was not a specially constructed war vessel, such as a destroyer or cruiser, but merely a merchantman converted into a powerfully armed patrol s.h.i.+p, camouflaged to give the appearance of genuine innocence, but with masked batteries, hulls stuffed with wood to render them almost unsinkable, hidden torpedo tubes, picked gunners, a roving commission and a daring commander and crew. Their work was performed on the broad highways of the sea, and they hunted singly or in pairs, often fighting against overwhelming odds with certain death as the price of failure.

[Ill.u.s.tration: INNOCENT LOOKING BUT DEADLY, H.M.S. "HYDERABAD"

The famous "Mystery s.h.i.+p," powerfully built to resemble a helpless merchantman. Sitting almost flat on the surface of the sea the torpedoes from U-boats ran harmlessly beneath her keel.

_Th.o.r.n.ycroft & Co., Ltd._]

[Ill.u.s.tration: THE HIDDEN TORPEDO TUBES OF H.M.S. "HYDERABAD"

_Th.o.r.n.ycroft & Co., Ltd._]

The number of these vessels was not large, possibly 180, but their operations extended far and wide. They roamed the North Sea, the Atlantic, the English Channel, the Mediterranean, the Arctic Ocean and even the Baltic, but until challenged were quite unknown to all other vessels of the Allied navies. Theirs was a secret service, performed amidst great hards.h.i.+ps, with no popular applause to spur them on.

As all "Q" boats--as they were officially called--differed from each other in size and armament, any description given here can only be taken as applying to one or more vessels with which the writer was personally familiar. Some of these so-called mystery s.h.i.+ps were old sailing schooners, others fine steams.h.i.+ps, while quite a number were converted fis.h.i.+ng smacks, drifters and trawlers, the method being to give the prospective commander a free hand in the conversion of his s.h.i.+p from a peaceable merchantman to a camouflaged man-of-war, and many were the ingenious devices used.

One vessel fitted out for this desperate duty at a Scottish base was a steamer of about 400 tons burden. She was armed with a 4.7 quick-firing gun hidden in a deck-house with imitation gla.s.s windows, the sides of which could be dropped flat on to the deck for the gun to be trained outboard by simply pressing an electric b.u.t.ton on the steamer's bridge.

Two life-boats, one on each side of the aft deck, were bottomless, and formed covers for two additional 12-pounder guns. A false deck in the bow s.h.i.+elded a pair of wicked-looking torpedo tubes, each containing an 18-inch Whitehead ready for launching; and the crew for each gun were able to reach their respective weapons, without appearing on deck, by means of specially constructed gangways and hatches. The very act of dropping the sides of the aft gun-house hoisted the White Ensign, and technically converted this unsuspicious-looking merchantman, which asked only to be allowed to pursue its lawful vocation on the high seas, into a heavily armed wars.h.i.+p.

This "Q" boat had, when met and challenged by the writer's s.h.i.+p, already accounted for no less than three German submarines which had opened the attack from close range, thinking her defenceless.

Another smaller mystery s.h.i.+p was a converted fis.h.i.+ng drifter with a single 12-pounder gun on a specially strengthened platform fitted in the fish-hold, which had been cleaned, matchboarded and painted to provide accommodation for the crew of picked gunners. This little s.h.i.+p had no torpedo tubes and the muzzle of her gun was hidden beneath fis.h.i.+ng nets.

There were, however, some very large and elaborately fitted "Q" boats.

These had specially constructed torpedo tubes low down in the hull, masked 4.7-inch guns in more than one position, special chutes for depth charges, coal bunkers arranged round the vital machinery to protect it from sh.e.l.l-fire, and, moreover, were filled with wood to make them almost unsinkable even if torpedoed.

Each such vessel was provided with a "panic party," whose duty was to rush to the life-boats when the s.h.i.+p was attacked by a submarine. This gave the final touch to the disguise, and often induced the submarine to save further torpedoes by coming to the surface and continuing the a.s.sault with gun-fire.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 16.--Method of masking a 3, 6, 12 or 13 pounder gun.

_A._ Stern of s.h.i.+p. _B._ s.h.i.+eld constructed to resemble a life-boat which can be raised or lowered over gun _C_.]

The story of the sinking of the last German submarine in the war by the "Q 19" will give some idea of how these vessels worked. It occurred in the Straits of Gibraltar, about twenty-four hours before the signing of the Armistice. The Q 19 was waiting in the Straits expecting to intercept three big U-boats on their way back to Heligoland. About midnight the first of these craft came along, and sighting the innocent-looking "Q" boat prepared to attack her with gun-fire. For nearly an hour the mystery s.h.i.+p "played" the submarine by pretending to make frantic efforts to escape, but all the time allowing the under-water craft to draw closer and closer.

The "Q" boat was under a heavy fire from the submarine, one sh.e.l.l wounding eleven out of the crew of sixty, another carrying away the mast and a portion of the funnel, but no sign of a gun was yet displayed on board the surface s.h.i.+p. This withholding of fire until the last moment, when the range has become short and the effect certain, is one of the great nerve tests imposed on the crews of all mystery s.h.i.+ps. It is an essential of success, for a few wild shots at long range would disclose the fact that the vessel was heavily armed, and the attacking submarine would either sheer off or else submerge and use her torpedoes.

When the chase had been on for about fifty minutes, and the submarine was only 200 yards astern, the "panic party" in the "Q" boat rushed for the life-boats. The sh.e.l.ls were now doing serious damage to both hull and upper works, and the submarine was creeping close to give the _coup de grace_.

At this, the psychological moment, the order to open fire was given. The collapsible deck-house, s.h.i.+elding the 4.7 gun, fell away on its hinges.

Eleven shots were fired in quick succession, all of which struck the submarine. One blew the commander off the conning-tower and another rent a gaping hole in the vessel's hull. In less than fifteen minutes the fight was over and the last U-boat to be sunk in the Great War of civilisation had disappeared beneath the waters of the Straits of Gibraltar.[4]

FOOTNOTE:

[4] One of the remaining U-boats afterwards succeeded in torpedoing the battles.h.i.+p _Britannia_.

CHAPTER VIII

A TYPICAL WAR BASE

THE last few chapters have dealt mainly with the weapons used in anti-submarine warfare. We now come to the naval bases on which the fleets armed with these curious devices were stationed for active operations.

Around the coasts of the British Isles there were about forty of these war bases, each with its own patrol flotillas, minesweeping units and hunting squadrons. The harbours, breakwaters and docks had to be furnished with stores, workshops, wireless stations, quarters for officers and men, searchlights, oil-storage tanks, coal bunkers, magazines, fire equipment, guard-rooms, signal stations, hospitals, pay offices, dry docks, intelligence centres and all the vitally necessary stores, machinery and equipment of small dockyards.

To do this in the shortest possible time, and to maintain the supplies of such rapidly consumed materials as oil fuel, coal, food, paint, rope and sh.e.l.ls for perhaps a hundred s.h.i.+ps for an indefinite number of years, it was often necessary to lay down metals and sidings to connect the base with the nearest railway system. At many bases secure moorings had also to be laid by divers, and the channels and fair-ways dredged.

The larger bases also required temporary sh.o.r.e defences, and booms arranged across the harbour entrances to prevent hostile under-water attacks.

Then came the problem of finding the personnel. The s.h.i.+ps had already been provided for, but to keep them in fighting condition, and for the work of administration, it was necessary to have a sh.o.r.e navy behind the sea-going units. An admiral from the active or retired list was appointed to each base as the "Senior Naval Officer." Then came additions to his staff in the persons of executive and engineer commanders, officers of the Reserve, chaplains, surgeons and paymasters.

With these departmental chiefs came their respective staffs of warrant officers, petty officers, wireless operators, engine-room artificers, motor mechanics, s.h.i.+pwrights, carpenters, smiths, naval police, signalmen, storekeepers, sick berth attendants and parties of seamen.

Finally, a generous supply of printed forms and train-loads of stores.

This then, in brief outline, was the material which went to form the war bases of the auxiliary, or anti-submarine, fleets. In many cases much more was required, especially at such important depots as Dover, Granton and Queenstown. About the permanent dockyards, like Portsmouth, Devonport and Rosyth, or the Grand Fleet bases, nothing need be said here, because they do not come within the scope of this book. The same may also be said of that desolate but wonderful natural anchorage, _Scapa Flow_, the headquarters of the Grand Fleet in the misty north.

Each of these mammoth naval bases had an auxiliary base for anti-submarine and minesweeping divisions.

With a knowledge of these essentials a more detailed description of a typical war base and the work of its staff may prove of interest. Taking as an example a large depot, supplying all the needs of over a hundred erstwhile wars.h.i.+ps, and situated in the centre of the danger zone, we find a central stone pier on which has been erected a perfect maze of wood and corrugated iron buildings, with the tall antennae of a wireless station, a little look-out tower and a gigantic signal mast from which a line of coloured flags is aflutter in the sea breeze. The sh.o.r.e end of the pier is shut off from prying eyes by a lofty wooden palisade with big gates, in one of which is a small wicket. Outside a sentry with fixed bayonet paces to and fro.

[Ill.u.s.tration: AFTER-DECK OF THE "HYDERABAD"

Showing quick-firing gun on disappearing platform.

_Th.o.r.n.ycroft & Co., Ltd._]

[Ill.u.s.tration: AFTER-DECK OF THE "HYDERABAD"

Showing gun raised to firing position.

_Th.o.r.n.ycroft & Co., Ltd._]

The first person inside the sacred precincts to greet the stranger is a keen-eyed "Petty Officer of the Guard." When the credentials have been examined the visitor is sent under the guidance of a bluejacket to the "Officer of the Day," whose "cabin" is inside the maze of corrugated iron and weather-board. The doors flanking the pa.s.sages traversed display cryptic lettering, such as I.O. (Intelligence Office), S.R.

(Signal Room), S.N.O. (Senior Naval Officer), "Commander" (usually the second in command of the base), P.M.S.O. (Port Minesweeping Officer), C.B.O. (Confidential Book Office), M.L.Com. (Motor Launch Commander), O.O.W. (Officer of the Watch), "Officers only" (the wardroom and gunroom combined), and, finally, the O.O.D., or the abode of that much-worried individual, the Officer of the Day, whose duties happily terminate when his twenty-four hours of administrative responsibility are over, only, however, to return in strict rotation.

[Ill.u.s.tration: FIG. 17.--The central pier of a typical anti-submarine naval base. 1. Wardroom. 2. Sec. to senior naval officer. 3. Admiral's cabin (S.N.O.). 4. Flag commander (or lieutenant). 5. Base intelligence office. 6. Base commander. 7. Chaplain and gift store. 8. Drafting officer. 9. Store officer. 10. Chart-issuing office. 11. Cabin of the officer of the day. 12. Telephone exchange. 13. Warrant officers. 14.

Pay office. 15. Fleet paymaster. 16. Paymasters and a.s.st.-paymasters.

17. Writers and W.R.N.S. 18. Engineer-commander's office. 19. Men's quarters (for base duties and reserve). 20. Men's recreation room. 21.

Petty officers. 22. Men's mess-room and adjoining galley. 23. Sick-bay.

24. Fleet surgeon. 25. Baths. 26. Baths. 27. Stores. 28. Boom defence office. 29. King's harbour master. 30. Hull defects office. 31. Police and cells. 32. Coaling office. 33. Wireless cabin. 34. Guard room. 35.

Railway platform. 36. Sentry box. 37. Cranes. 38. Berths for armed yachts in harbour. 39. Motor launches in harbour. 40. Drifters. 41.

Patrol trawlers. 42. Minesweepers. 43. Whalers. 44. Coastal motor boats.

Larger s.h.i.+ps, such as sloops, destroyers, "P" boats, coaling and ammunition hulks, lying out in basin.]

Again comes an apologetic examination of credentials, possibly followed by a few minutes with the admiral commanding, and then the grand tour commences. First come the s.h.i.+ps lying alongside the stone pier, with their short funnels belching black and very sooty smoke. These are the "stand-off" units, whose crews are enjoying a brief few hours ash.o.r.e after days or weeks out on the dangerous seas beyond. Big drums of oil are being lowered by ropes on to their decks. The sound of hammering comes from more than one engine-room, where machinery is being overhauled. On the decks of several, men with little or no resemblance to the clean "Jacks" of the naval review are fondly polis.h.i.+ng, painting or greasing the long grey barrels, steel breech mechanism, or the yellow metal training wheels of guns. Others are cleaning rifles, which have recently been used with special bullets for sinking floating mines. One s.h.i.+p is was.h.i.+ng down decks after coming in late from night patrol; another is receiving its three-monthly coat of grey paint; while on to the deck of a whaler--black and ominous-looking--hundredweights of provisions in boxes and bags are being lowered from the quay.