The Works of Hubert Howe Bancroft Part 42

The _Klamaths_ or _Lutuami_--'Lutuami, or Tlamatl, or Clamet Indians.

The first of these names is the proper designation of the people in their own language. The second is that by which they are known to the Chinooks, and through them to the whites. They live on the head waters of the river and about the lake, which have both received from foreigners the name of Clamet.' _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 218. That portion of the eastern base of the Cascade Range, south of the forty-fourth parallel, 'extending twenty-five or thirty miles east, and south to the California line, is the country of the Klamath Indians.' _Palmer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 262. The Tlameths 'inhabit the country along the eastern base of the Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains, and south to the Great Klameth Lake.'

_Thompson_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, p. 283. The Clamets inhabit 'Roquas River, near the south boundary' (of Oregon). _Warre and Vavasour_, in _Martin's Hudson's Bay_, p. 81. 'Lutuami, Clamets; also Tlamatl--Indians of southwestern Oregon, near the Clamet Lake.'

_Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 100. 'Klamacs, sur la riviere de ce nom et dans l'interieur des terres.' _De Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p. 335.

Clamet: on the upper part of the river, and sixty miles below the lake so named. _Framboise_, in _Lond. Geog. Soc., Jour._, vol. xi., p. 255.

'Next east of the Shastas are the Klamath Lake Indians, known in their language as the Okshee, who inhabit the country about the Klamath lakes, and east about half way to the Goose Lake, to Wright Lake, and south to a line running about due east from Shasta b.u.t.te.' _Steele_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1864, pp. 120-1. 'The name of Klamath or Tlamath, belonging to the tribes on the lake where the river rises, is not known among those farther down.... Thus, at the forks, the Weitspeks call the river below Pohlik, signifying down; and that above Pehtsik, or up; giving, moreover, the same name to the population in speaking of them collectively. Three distinct tribes, speaking different languages, occupy its banks between the sea and the mouth of the Shaste, of which the lowest extends up to Bluff Creek, a few miles above the forks. Of these there are, according to our information, in all, thirty-two villages.... The names of the princ.i.p.al villages ... are the Weitspek (at the forks), Wahsherr, Kaipetl, Moraiuh, Nohtscho, Mehteh, Schregon, Yauterrh, Pecquan, Kauweh, Wauhtecq, Scheperrh, Oiyotl, Naiagutl, Schaitl, Hopaiuh, Rekqua, and Weht'lqua, the two last at the mouth of the river.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 138.

The _Eurocs_ inhabit 'the lower Klamath from Weitspeck down, and along the coast for about twenty miles.' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol.

viii., p. 530. The Eurocs 'inhabit the banks of the Klamath from the junction of the Trinity to the mouth, and the sea coast from Gold Bluff up to a point about six miles above the mouth of the Klamath.' _Powers'

Pomo, MS._

The _Cahrocs_ live between the Eurocs and the foot of the Klamath Mountains, also a short distance up Salmon River. 'On the Klamath River there live three distinct tribes, called the Eurocs, Cahrocs, and Modocs; which names mean respectively, "down the river," "up the river,"

and "head of the river."' _Powers_, in _Overland Monthly_, vol. viii., p. 328. Speaking of Indians at the junction of Salmon and Klamath Rivers, Mr. Gibbs says: 'they do not seem to have any generic appellation for themselves, but apply the terms "Kahruk," up, and "Youruk," down, to all who live above or below themselves, without discrimination, in the same manner that the others (at the junction of the Trinity) do "Pehtsik," and "Pohlik."' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.

iii., p. 151.

The _Tolewahs_ are the first tribe on the coast north of Klamath River.

_Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 139. The Tahlewahs are a 'tribe on the Klamath River.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 179. 'In the vicinity of Crescent City and Smith's River there are the ... Lopas, Talawas, and Lagoons.' _Heintzelman_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, pp.

391-2. 'In Del Norte County ... the Haynaggis live along Smith River, the Tolowas on the Lagoon, and the Tahatens around Crescent City.'

_Powers' Pomo, MS._ The Cops, Hanags, Yantuckets, and Tolawas, are 'Indian tribes living near the Oregon and California coast frontiers.'

_Crescent City Herald_, _Aug. 1857_. The Tolowas at the meeting point of Trinity, Humboldt, and Klamath counties. _MS. Map._

The _Terwars_, north-west of the Tolowas. _MS. Map._

The _Weitspeks_ are the 'princ.i.p.al band on the Klamath, at the junction of the Trinity.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 422; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 200.

The _Oppegachs_ are a tribe at Red-Cap's Bar, on the Klamath River.

_Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 148.

The _Hoopahs_ live 'am unteren Rio de la Trinidad, oder Trinity River.'

_Buschmann_, _Das Apache als eine Athhapask. Spr._, p. 218. 'Indian tribe on the lower part of the Trinity River.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p.

82. The Hoopas live 'in Hoopa Valley, on the lower Trinity River.'

_Power's Pomo, MS._, p. 85. 'The lower Trinity tribe is, as well as the river itself, known to the Klamaths by the name of Hoopah.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 139; see also p. 422. In the northern part of Klamath County. _MS. Map._

'Upon the Trinity, or Hoopah, below the entrance of the south fork or Otahweiaket, there are said to be eleven ranches, the Okenoke, Agaraits, Uplegoh, Olleppauh'lkahtehtl and Pephtsoh; ... and the Haslintah, Aheltah, Sokeakeit, Tashhuanta, and Witspuk above it; A twelfth, the Meyemma, now burnt, was situated just above "New" or "Arkansas" River.'

_Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 139.

The _Copahs_, in the extreme north of Klamath county, north of the Hoopahs. _MS. Map._ The Cops are mentioned as 'living near the Oregon and California coast frontiers,' in the _Crescent City Herald_, _Aug., 1857_.

The _Kailtas_ live on the south fork of Trinity River. _Powers' Pomo, MS._

The _Pataways_ occupy the banks of the Trinity, from the vicinity of Big Bar to South Fork. _Powers' Pomo, MS._

The _Chimalquays_ lived on New River, a tributary of the Trinity.

_Powers' Pomo, MS._

The _Siahs_ 'occupied the tongue of land jutting down between Eel River, and Van Dusen's Fork.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._ The Sians or Siahs lived on the headwaters of Smith River. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.

iii., p. 139.

The _Ehneks_, Eenahs, or Eenaghs, lived above the Tolewas on Smith River. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 139. 'Ehnek was the name of a band at the mouth of the Salmon or Quoratem River.' _Id._, p. 422; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 67.

_Wishosk_ 'is the name given to the Bay (Humboldt) and Mad River Indians by those of Eel River.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p.

422; _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 201.

The _Weeyots_ are 'a band on the mouth of Eel River and near Humboldt Bay.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 200. The Humboldt Bay Indians call themselves Wishosk; and those of the hills Teokawilk; 'but the tribes to the northward denominate both those of the Bay and Eel River, Weyot, or Walla-walloo.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 133.

'The _Patawats_ live on the lower waters of Mad River, and around Humboldt Bay, as far south as Arcata, perhaps originally as far down as Eureka.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._

_Ossegon_ is the name given to the Indians of Gold Bluff, between Trinidad and the Klamath. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 133.

'The _La.s.sics_ formerly dwelt in Mad River Valley, from the head waters down to Low Gap, or thereabout, where they borrowed on the Wheelcuttas.'

_Powers' Pomo, MS._

_Chori_ was the name given to the Indians of Trinidad by the Weeyots.

_Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 133.

The _Chillulahs_ 'occupied the banks of Redwood Creek, from the coast up about twenty miles.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._ The Oruk, Tchololah, or Bald Hill Indians, lived on Redwood Creek. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 139.

The _Wallies_ occupy the sandy country north of Humboldt Bay. _Overland Monthly_, vol. ii., p. 536.

'The _Wheelcuttas_ had their place on the Upper Redwood Creek, from the land of the Chillulahs up to the mountains. They ranged across southward by the foot of the Bald Hills, which appear to have marked the boundary between them and the Chillulahs in that direction; and penetrated to Van Dusen's Fork, anent the Siahs and La.s.sics, with whom they occasionally came in b.l.o.o.d.y collision.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._

The _Veeards_ 'live around lower Humboldt Bay, and up Eel River to Eagle Prairie.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._

The _Shastas_ live to the south-west of the Lutuamis or Klamaths.

_Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 218. 'Sastes, dans l'interieur au Nord de la Californie.' _Mofras_, _Explor._, tom. ii., p.

335. 'The Shasta Indians, known in their language as Weohow--it meaning stone house, from the large cave in their country--occupy the land east of Shasta river, and south of the Siskiyou mountains, and west of the lower Klamath lake.' _Steele_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1864, p. 120. The Shastas occupy the centre of the county of that name. _MS. Map._ 'Indians of south-western Oregon, on the northern frontiers of Upper California.' _Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 168. Watsahewah is the name 'of one of the Scott River bands of the Shasta family.' _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 422. The name is spelled variously as Shasty, Shaste, Saste, &c.

The _Palaiks_ live to the southeast of the Lutuamis or Klamaths. _Hale's Ethnog._, in _U. S. Ex. Ex._, vol. vi., p. 218. 'Indians of south-western Oregon, on the northern frontiers of Upper California.'

_Ludewig's Ab. Lang._, p. 145.

On the Klamath are the Odeeilahs; in Shasta Valley the Ikarucks, Kosetahs, and Idakariukes; and in Scott's Valley the Watsahewas and Eehs. _Gibbs_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p. 171.

'The _Hamburg Indians_, known in their language as the Tka, inhabit immediately at the mouth of Scott's river, known in their language as the Ottetiewa river.' _Steele_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1864, p. 120.

'The _Scott's Valley Indians_, known in their language as the Iddoa, inhabit Scott's Valley above the canon.' _Ib._

'The _Yreka_ (a misnomer for Yeka--Shasta b.u.t.te) Indians, known in their language as the Hoteday, inhabit that part of the country lying south of Klamath river, and west of Shasta river.' _Ib._

The _Yuka_ or Uka tribe 'inhabited the Shasta Mountains in the vicinity of McCloud's fork of Pitt River.' _Cal. Farmer_, _June 22, 1860_. The Ukas are directly south of the Modocs. _MS. Map._ 'The Yukeh, or as the name is variously spelt, Yuka, Yuques, and Uca, are the original inhabitants of the Nome-Cult, or Round Valley, in Tehama County ... and are not to be confounded with the Yukai Indians of Russian River.'

_Gibbs_, in _Hist. Mag._, vol. vii., p. 123.

'The _Noser_ or _Noza_ Indians ... live in the vicinity of La.s.sen's b.u.t.te.' _Siskiyou Chronicle_, _May, 1859_.

The _Ylakas_ are to the southeast of the Ukas. _MS. Map._

The CENTRAL CALIFORNIANS occupy the whole of that portion of California extending north and south, from about 40 30' to 35, and east and west, from the Pacific Ocean to the Californian boundary. They are tribally divided as follows:

'The _Mattoles_ have their habitat on the creek which bears their name, and on the still smaller stream dignified with the appellation of Bear River. From the coast they range across to Eel River, and by immemorial Indian usage and prescriptive right, they hold the western bank of this river from about Eagle Prairie, where they border upon the Veeards, up southward to the mouth of South Fork.' _Powers' Pomo, MS._