Collider Part 8

15 Niels Bohr, in Martin Gardner, Niels Bohr, in Martin Gardner, The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener The Whys of a Philosophical Scrivener (New York: Quill, 1983), p. 108. (New York: Quill, 1983), p. 108.

4. Smas.h.i.+ng Successes: The First Accelerators 1 George Gamow, George Gamow, My World Line: An Informal Autobiography My World Line: An Informal Autobiography (New York: Viking, 1970), pp. 77-78. (New York: Viking, 1970), pp. 77-78.

2 Ibid. Ibid.

3 Glenn T. Seaborg and Richard Corliss, Glenn T. Seaborg and Richard Corliss, Man and Atom: Building a New World through Nuclear Technology Man and Atom: Building a New World through Nuclear Technology (New York: Dutton, 1971), p. 24. (New York: Dutton, 1971), p. 24.

4 Leo Szilard, "Acceleration of Corpuscles," Patent Application, December 17, 1928, in Valentine Telegdi, "Szilard as Inventor: Accelerators and More," Leo Szilard, "Acceleration of Corpuscles," Patent Application, December 17, 1928, in Valentine Telegdi, "Szilard as Inventor: Accelerators and More," Physics Today Physics Today 53, no. 10 (October 2000): 25. 53, no. 10 (October 2000): 25.

5 "Man Hurls Bolt of 7,000,000 Volts," "Man Hurls Bolt of 7,000,000 Volts," New York Times New York Times, November 29, 1933, p. 14.

6 A. Brasch and F. Lange, A. Brasch and F. Lange, Zeitschrift fur Physik Zeitschrift fur Physik 70 (1931): 10-11, 17-18. 70 (1931): 10-11, 17-18.

7 Herbert Childs, Herbert Childs, An American Genius: The Life of Ernest Orlando Lawrence An American Genius: The Life of Ernest Orlando Lawrence (New York: Dutton, 1968), pp. 40-41. (New York: Dutton, 1968), pp. 40-41.

8 Ernest O. Lawrence and J. W. Beams, "The Element of Time in the Photoelectric Effect," Ernest O. Lawrence and J. W. Beams, "The Element of Time in the Photoelectric Effect," Physical Review Physical Review 32, no. 3 (1928): 478-485. 32, no. 3 (1928): 478-485.

9 Mark L. Oliphant, "The Two Ernests-I," Mark L. Oliphant, "The Two Ernests-I," Physics Today Physics Today (September 1966): 38. (September 1966): 38.

10 Childs, Childs, An American Genius An American Genius, pp. 146-147.

11 N. P. Davis, N. P. Davis, Lawrence and Oppenheimer Lawrence and Oppenheimer (New York: Da Capo, 1986), p. 28. (New York: Da Capo, 1986), p. 28.

12 Childs, Childs, An American Genius An American Genius, pp. 139-140.

13 E. T. S. Walton, "Recollections of Nuclear Physics in the Early Nineteen Thirties," E. T. S. Walton, "Recollections of Nuclear Physics in the Early Nineteen Thirties," Europhysics News Europhysics News 13, no. 8/9 (August/ September 1982): 2. 13, no. 8/9 (August/ September 1982): 2.

14 Ibid. Ibid.

15 E. T. S. Walton to Winifred (Freda) Wilson, April 17, 1932, in Brian Cathcart, E. T. S. Walton to Winifred (Freda) Wilson, April 17, 1932, in Brian Cathcart, The Fly in the Cathedral: How a Group of Cambridge Scientists Won the International Race to Split the Atom The Fly in the Cathedral: How a Group of Cambridge Scientists Won the International Race to Split the Atom (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004), p. 238. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004), p. 238.

16 Oliphant, "The Two Ernests-I," p. 45. Oliphant, "The Two Ernests-I," p. 45.

17 Childs, Childs, An American Genius An American Genius, p. 210.

18 Oliphant, "The Two Ernests-I," p. 44. Oliphant, "The Two Ernests-I," p. 44.

5. A Compelling Quartet: The Four Fundamental Forces 1 Emilio Segre, Emilio Segre, Enrico Fermi, Physicist Enrico Fermi, Physicist (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), p. 72. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), p. 72.

2 Cecil Powell, Cecil Powell, Fragments of Autobiography Fragments of Autobiography (Bristol: University of Bristol Press, 1987), p. 19. (Bristol: University of Bristol Press, 1987), p. 19.

3 Gamow, Gamow, My World Line My World Line, p. 127 (see chap. 4, n. 1).

6. A Tale of Two Rings: The Tevatron and the Super Proton Synchrotron 1 Ernest Lawrence, reported by Robert R. Wilson, interviewed by Spencer Weart on May 19, 1977, in Robert Rathbun Wilson, "From Frontiersman to Physicist," Ernest Lawrence, reported by Robert R. Wilson, interviewed by Spencer Weart on May 19, 1977, in Robert Rathbun Wilson, "From Frontiersman to Physicist," Physics in Perspective Physics in Perspective 2 (2000): 182. 2 (2000): 182.

2 Robert R. Wilson, interviewed by Spencer Weart on May 19, 1977, in ibid., p. 183. Robert R. Wilson, interviewed by Spencer Weart on May 19, 1977, in ibid., p. 183.

3 Ibid, p. 173. Ibid, p. 173.

4 Brookhaven National Laboratory, "The Cosmotron," Brookhaven National Laboratory, "The Cosmotron," www.bnl.gov (accessed April 28, 2008). (accessed April 28, 2008).

5 Andrew Sessler and Edmund Wilson, Andrew Sessler and Edmund Wilson, Engines of Discovery: A Century of Particle Accelerators Engines of Discovery: A Century of Particle Accelerators (Singapore: World Scientific, 2007), p. 59. (Singapore: World Scientific, 2007), p. 59.

6 Peter Rodgers, "To the LHC and Beyond," Peter Rodgers, "To the LHC and Beyond," Physics World Physics World 17 (September 1, 2004): 27. 17 (September 1, 2004): 27.

7 Philip J. Hilts, Philip J. Hilts, Scientific Temperaments: Three Lives in Contemporary Science Scientific Temperaments: Three Lives in Contemporary Science (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982), p. 23. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982), p. 23.

8 J. D. Jackson, "Early Days of Wine and Cheese," J. D. Jackson, "Early Days of Wine and Cheese," Fermilab Annual Report Fermilab Annual Report (Batavia, IL: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, 1992). (Batavia, IL: Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, 1992).

9 Robert P. Crease and Charles C. Mann, Robert P. Crease and Charles C. Mann, The Second Creation: Makers of the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics The Second Creation: Makers of the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics (New York: Collier Books, 1986), p. 343. (New York: Collier Books, 1986), p. 343.

10 Robert R. Wilson and Adrienne Kolb, "Building Fermilab: A User's Paradise," in Lillian Hoddeson et al., eds., Robert R. Wilson and Adrienne Kolb, "Building Fermilab: A User's Paradise," in Lillian Hoddeson et al., eds., The Rise of the Standard Model: Particle Physics in the 1960s and 1970s The Rise of the Standard Model: Particle Physics in the 1960s and 1970s (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 356-357. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), pp. 356-357.

11 M. Bodnarczuk, ed., "Reflections on the Fifteen-Foot Bubble Chamber at Fermilab" (Batavia, IL: Fermilab, 1988). M. Bodnarczuk, ed., "Reflections on the Fifteen-Foot Bubble Chamber at Fermilab" (Batavia, IL: Fermilab, 1988).

12 Burton Richter, "The Rise of Colliding Beams," in Lillian Hoddeson et al., Burton Richter, "The Rise of Colliding Beams," in Lillian Hoddeson et al., The Rise of the Standard Model The Rise of the Standard Model, p. 263.

13 Crease and Mann, Crease and Mann, The Second Creation The Second Creation, p. 345.

14 Dieter Haidt, "The Discovery of the Weak Neutral Currents," Dieter Haidt, "The Discovery of the Weak Neutral Currents," AAPPS Bulletin AAPPS Bulletin 15, no. 1 (February 2005): 49. 15, no. 1 (February 2005): 49.

15 Gary Taubes, "Carlo Rubbia and the Discovery of the W and the Z," Gary Taubes, "Carlo Rubbia and the Discovery of the W and the Z," Physics World Physics World (January 9, 2003): 23. (January 9, 2003): 23.

16 Daniel Denegri, "When CERN Saw the End of the Alphabet," Daniel Denegri, "When CERN Saw the End of the Alphabet," CERN Courier CERN Courier 43, no. 4 (May 1, 2003): 30. 43, no. 4 (May 1, 2003): 30.

17 "Europe 3, U.S. Not Even Z-Zero," "Europe 3, U.S. Not Even Z-Zero," New York Times New York Times, June 6, 1983, p. A16.

18 Boyce D. McDaniel and Albert Silverman, Boyce D. McDaniel and Albert Silverman, Robert Rathbun Wilson (1915-2000), Biographical Memoirs Robert Rathbun Wilson (1915-2000), Biographical Memoirs, vol. 80 (Was.h.i.+ngton, DC: National Academy Press, 2001), p. 12.

19 Herwig Schopper, telex to Leon Lederman, July 5, 2003, Fermilab Archives. Herwig Schopper, telex to Leon Lederman, July 5, 2003, Fermilab Archives.

7. Deep in the Heart of Texas: The Rise and Fall of the Superconducting Super Collider 1 Lillian Hoddeson and Adrienne W. Kolb, "The Superconducting Super Collider's Frontier Outpost, 1983-1988," Lillian Hoddeson and Adrienne W. Kolb, "The Superconducting Super Collider's Frontier Outpost, 1983-1988," Minerva Minerva 38 (2000): 275. 38 (2000): 275.

2 Leon Lederman with d.i.c.k Teresi, Leon Lederman with d.i.c.k Teresi, The G.o.d Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question? The G.o.d Particle: If the Universe Is the Answer, What Is the Question? (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2006), p. 379. (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2006), p. 379.

3 Attributed to Jack London. See, for example, Irving Shepard, Attributed to Jack London. See, for example, Irving Shepard, Jack London's Tales of Adventure Jack London's Tales of Adventure (New York: Doubleday, 1956), p. vii. (New York: Doubleday, 1956), p. vii.

4 George F. Will, "The Super Collider," George F. Will, "The Super Collider," Was.h.i.+ngton Post Was.h.i.+ngton Post, February 15, 1987, p. C7.

5 "Remarks by the President in Meeting with Supporters of the Superconducting Super Collider Program," March 30, 1988, Fermilab History Collection. "Remarks by the President in Meeting with Supporters of the Superconducting Super Collider Program," March 30, 1988, Fermilab History Collection.

6 Sharon Begley, "The 'Quark Barrel' Politics of the SSC," Sharon Begley, "The 'Quark Barrel' Politics of the SSC," Newsweek Newsweek, July 2, 1990.

7 "Yes, Big Science. But Which Projects?" "Yes, Big Science. But Which Projects?" New York Times New York Times editorial, May 20, 1988, p. A30. editorial, May 20, 1988, p. A30.

8 Robert Reinhold, "Physics, Shymics-This Project Is a $6 Billion Plum," Robert Reinhold, "Physics, Shymics-This Project Is a $6 Billion Plum," New York Times New York Times, March 29, 1987, p. D4.

9 Dietrick E. Thomsen, "States Race SSC Site-Proposal Deadline-Superconducting Super Collider Site Selection," Dietrick E. Thomsen, "States Race SSC Site-Proposal Deadline-Superconducting Super Collider Site Selection," Science News Science News, September 12, 1987.

10 Ben A. Franklin, "Texas Is Awarded Giant U.S. Project on Smas.h.i.+ng Atom," Ben A. Franklin, "Texas Is Awarded Giant U.S. Project on Smas.h.i.+ng Atom," New York Times New York Times, November 11, 1988, p. A1.

11 Venetios Polychronakos, in discussion with the author at CERN, June 27, 2008. Venetios Polychronakos, in discussion with the author at CERN, June 27, 2008.

12 Leon Lederman, in "Exodus of Scientists Forecast at Fermilab," Leon Lederman, in "Exodus of Scientists Forecast at Fermilab," New York Times New York Times, November 15, 1988, p. C8.

13 Tom Kirk to Michael Riordan, June 17, 1999, in Lillian Hoddeson and Adrienne W. Kolb, "The Superconducting Super Collider's Frontier Outpost, 1983-1988," Tom Kirk to Michael Riordan, June 17, 1999, in Lillian Hoddeson and Adrienne W. Kolb, "The Superconducting Super Collider's Frontier Outpost, 1983-1988," Minerva Minerva 38 (2000): 304. 38 (2000): 304.

14 Michael Riordan, "A Tale of Two Cultures: Building the Superconducting Super Collider," Michael Riordan, "A Tale of Two Cultures: Building the Superconducting Super Collider," Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 32 (2001): 129. 32 (2001): 129.

15 Neil Ashcroft, in William J. Broad, "Heavy Costs of Major Projects Pose a Threat to Basic Science," Neil Ashcroft, in William J. Broad, "Heavy Costs of Major Projects Pose a Threat to Basic Science," New York Times New York Times, May 27, 1990, p. A1.

16 Arno Penzias, in Malcolm Browne, "Supercollider's Rising Cost Provokes Opposition," Arno Penzias, in Malcolm Browne, "Supercollider's Rising Cost Provokes Opposition," New York Times New York Times, May 29, 1990, p. A1.

17 Michael Riordan, "The Demise of the Superconducting Super Collider," Michael Riordan, "The Demise of the Superconducting Super Collider," Physics in Perspective Physics in Perspective 2 (2000): 416. 2 (2000): 416.

18 Raphael Kasper, in Sherry Jacobson, "Superconductor Staff Reunites 10 Years Later," Raphael Kasper, in Sherry Jacobson, "Superconductor Staff Reunites 10 Years Later," Dallas Morning News Dallas Morning News (Ellis County), July 23, 2005, p. 1. (Ellis County), July 23, 2005, p. 1.

19 William John Womersley, in Charles Seife, "Physics Tries to Leave the Tunnel," William John Womersley, in Charles Seife, "Physics Tries to Leave the Tunnel," Science Science 302, no. 5642 (October 3, 2003): 36. 302, no. 5642 (October 3, 2003): 36.

20 Wade Roush, "Colliding Forces: Life after the SSC," Wade Roush, "Colliding Forces: Life after the SSC," Science Science 266, no. 5185 (October 28, 1994): 532. 266, no. 5185 (October 28, 1994): 532.

21 Eric Berger, "Behind a Scientific Success, a Failed Texas Experiment," Eric Berger, "Behind a Scientific Success, a Failed Texas Experiment," Houston Chronicle Houston Chronicle, May 25, 2008, p. 1.

22 Jeffrey Mervis, "Scientists Are Long Gone, But Bitter Memories Remain," Jeffrey Mervis, "Scientists Are Long Gone, But Bitter Memories Remain," Science Science 302, no. 5642 (October 3, 2003): 40. 302, no. 5642 (October 3, 2003): 40.

23 Lederman, Lederman, The G.o.d Particle The G.o.d Particle, p. x.

8. Cras.h.i.+ng by Design: Building the Large Hadron Collider 1 CERN Communication Group, "LHC the Guide," CERN-Brochure- 2008-001-Eng, p. 31. CERN Communication Group, "LHC the Guide," CERN-Brochure- 2008-001-Eng, p. 31.

9. Denizens of the Dark: Resolving the Mysteries of Dark Matter and Dark Energy 1 Vera Rubin, in Amy Boggs, "AAVC Award for Distinguished Achievement," Vera Rubin, in Amy Boggs, "AAVC Award for Distinguished Achievement," Va.s.sar, The Alumnae/i Quarterly Va.s.sar, The Alumnae/i Quarterly 103, no. 1 (Winter 2006). 103, no. 1 (Winter 2006).

2 Vera Rubin, in Stephen Cheung, "Alum Vera Rubin receives award for achievements in astrophysics," Vera Rubin, in Stephen Cheung, "Alum Vera Rubin receives award for achievements in astrophysics," Miscellany News (Va.s.sar College) Miscellany News (Va.s.sar College), February 15, 2007.

10. The Brane Drain: Looking for Portals to Higher Dimensions 1 Voltaire, Voltaire, Candide Candide, trans. Shane Weller (Mineola, NY: Dover, 1991), p. 5.

2 Bryce DeWitt, telephone conversation with author, December 4, 2002. Bryce DeWitt, telephone conversation with author, December 4, 2002.

3 C. B. Collins and S. W. Hawking, "Why Is the Universe Isotropic?" C. B. Collins and S. W. Hawking, "Why Is the Universe Isotropic?" Astrophysical Journal Astrophysical Journal 180 (March 1, 1973): 171. 180 (March 1, 1973): 171.

11. Microscopic Black Holes: A Boon to Science or a Boom for the World?

1 S. Dimopoulos and G. Landsberg, "Black holes at the LHC," S. Dimopoulos and G. Landsberg, "Black holes at the LHC," Physical Review Letters Physical Review Letters 87 (2001): 161602. 87 (2001): 161602.

2 "Complaint for temporary restraining order, preliminary injunction, and permanent injunction," Luis Sancho and Walter L. Wagner, plaintiffs, Civil No. 08-00136-HG-KSC, U.S. District Court of Hawaii. "Complaint for temporary restraining order, preliminary injunction, and permanent injunction," Luis Sancho and Walter L. Wagner, plaintiffs, Civil No. 08-00136-HG-KSC, U.S. District Court of Hawaii.

3 Ibid. Ibid.

4 Julia Gray, conversation with author at CERN, June 26, 2008. Julia Gray, conversation with author at CERN, June 26, 2008.

5 Nima Arkani-Hamed, in Dennis Overbye, "Asking a Judge to Save the World, and Maybe a Whole Lot More," Nima Arkani-Hamed, in Dennis Overbye, "Asking a Judge to Save the World, and Maybe a Whole Lot More," New York Times New York Times, March 29, 2008, p. D1.

6 "Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions," "Review of the Safety of LHC Collisions," LHC Safety a.s.sessment Group LHC Safety a.s.sessment Group, CERN Report, June 2008.

Conclusion. The Future of High-Energy Physics: The International Linear Collider and Beyond 1 Martinus Veltman, in J. R. Minkel, "As LHC Draws Nigh, n.o.belists Outline Dreams-and Nightmares," Martinus Veltman, in J. R. Minkel, "As LHC Draws Nigh, n.o.belists Outline Dreams-and Nightmares," Scientific American Scientific American, July 2, 2008, www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=as-lhc-draws-nigh-n.o.belis (accessed July 13, 2008). (accessed July 13, 2008).

2 Adam Yurkewicz, conversation with author at CERN, June 26, 2008. Adam Yurkewicz, conversation with author at CERN, June 26, 2008.

3 Barry Barish, "Director's Corner," Barry Barish, "Director's Corner," ILC Newsline ILC Newsline, December 20, 2007, www.linearcollider.org/cms/?pid=1000466 (accessed July 13, 2008). (accessed July 13, 2008).

4 Venetios Polychronakos, conversation with author at CERN, June 27, 2008. Venetios Polychronakos, conversation with author at CERN, June 27, 2008.

5 Science and Technology Facilities Council, "Delivery Plan," December 11, 2007, Science and Technology Facilities Council, "Delivery Plan," December 11, 2007, www.scitech.ac.uk/resources/pdf/delplan_07.pdf (accessed July 14, 2008). (accessed July 14, 2008).

6 Brian May, in Roger Highfield, "Brian May Attacks Science Research Cuts," Brian May, in Roger Highfield, "Brian May Attacks Science Research Cuts," Daily Telegraph Daily Telegraph, April 14, 2008, www.telegraph.co.uk/earth/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=&xml=/earth/2008/04/14/scibrian114.xml (accessed July 13, 2008). (accessed July 13, 2008).

Further Reading Technical works are marked with an asterisk.

Asimov, Isaac. Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos Atom: Journey Across the Subatomic Cosmos (New York: Dutton, 1991). (New York: Dutton, 1991).

Boorse, H. A. The Atomic Scientists: A Biographical History The Atomic Scientists: A Biographical History (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1989). (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1989).

Brown, A. The Neutron and the Bomb: A Biography of James Chadwick The Neutron and the Bomb: A Biography of James Chadwick (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997). (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997).

Brown, Laurie, and Lillian Hoddeson, eds. The Birth of Particle Physics The Birth of Particle Physics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).

Cathcart, Brian. The Fly in the Cathedral: How a Group of Cambridge Scientists Won the International Race to Split the Atom The Fly in the Cathedral: How a Group of Cambridge Scientists Won the International Race to Split the Atom (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004). (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2004).

Chamberlain, Basil Hall, trans. The Kojiki: Records of Ancient Matters The Kojiki: Records of Ancient Matters (Rutland, VT: C. E. Tuttle, 1982). (Rutland, VT: C. E. Tuttle, 1982).

Childs, Herbert. An American Genius: The Life of Ernest Orlando Lawrence An American Genius: The Life of Ernest Orlando Lawrence (New York: Dutton, 1968). (New York: Dutton, 1968).

c.o.c.kburn, S., and D. Ellyard. Oliphant. The Life and Times of Sir Mark Oliphant Oliphant. The Life and Times of Sir Mark Oliphant (Adelaide, Australia: Axiom Books, 1981). (Adelaide, Australia: Axiom Books, 1981).

Crease, Robert P., and Charles C. Mann. The Second Creation: Makers of the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics The Second Creation: Makers of the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics (New York: Collier Books, 1986). (New York: Collier Books, 1986).

Davies, Paul. Superforce: The Search for a Grand Unified Theory of Nature Superforce: The Search for a Grand Unified Theory of Nature (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984). (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984).

Fermi, Laura. Atoms in the Family: My Life with Enrico Fermi Atoms in the Family: My Life with Enrico Fermi (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954). (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954).

Gamow, George. My World Line: An Informal Autobiography My World Line: An Informal Autobiography (New York: Viking, 1970). (New York: Viking, 1970).

Greene, Brian. The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory The Elegant Universe: Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest for the Ultimate Theory (New York: Vintage Books, 2000). (New York: Vintage Books, 2000).