A New System; or, an Analysis of Antient Mythology Volume I Part 11

sp??a???, ?? e?d??, ?ea? a???? a??sta. There were many caves styled Corycian: one in Cilicia, mentioned by Stepha.n.u.s Byzantinus from Parthenius, who speaks of a city of the same name: ?a?' ? t? ????????

a?t??? ??f??, a??a?ast?? ?eaa. _Near which city was the Corycian cavern, sacred to the nymphs, which afforded a sight the most astonis.h.i.+ng_. There was a place of this sort at [670]Samacon, in Elis; and, like the above, consecrated to the nymphs. There were likewise medicinal waters, from which people troubled with cutaneous and scrofulous disorders found great benefit. I have mentioned the temple at Hierapolis in [671]Phrygia; and the chasm within its precincts, out of which there issued a pestilential vapour. There was a city of the same name in [672]Syria, where stood a temple of the highest antiquity; and in this temple was a fissure, through which, according to the tradition of the natives, the waters at the deluge retired. Innumerable instances might be produced to this purpose from Pausanias, Strabo, Pliny, and other writers.

It has been observed, that the Greek term ??????, hollow, was often subst.i.tuted for Coelus, heaven: and, I think, it will appear to have been thus used from the subsequent history, wherein the wors.h.i.+p of the Atlantians is described. The mythologists gave out, that Atlas supported heaven: one reason for this notion was, that upon mount Atlas stood a temple to Coelus. It is mentioned by Maximus Tyrius in one of his dissertations, and is here, as in many other instances, changed to ??????, hollow. The temple was undoubtedly a cavern: but the name is to be understood in its original acceptation, as Coel, the house of G.o.d; to which the natives paid their adoration. This mode of wors.h.i.+p among the Atlantian betrays a great antiquity; as the temple seems to have been merely a vast hollow in the side of the mountain; and to have had in it neither image, nor pillar, nor stone, nor any material object of adoration: [673]?st? de ?t?a? ???? ??????, ep?e???? ??????.--???t? ????? ?a? ?e???, ?a? ?e??, ?a?

?????, ?a? a?a?a. _This Atlas (of which I have been speaking) is a mountain with a cavity, and of a tolerable height, which the natives esteem both as a temple and a Deity: and it is the great object by which they swear; and to which they pay their devotions_. The cave in the mountain was certainly named Co-el, the house of G.o.d; equivalent to Clus of the Romans.

To this the people made their offerings: and this was the heaven which Atlas was supposed to support. It seems to have been no uncommon term among the Africans. There was a city in Libya named Coel, which the Romans rendered Coelu. They would have expressed it Coelus, or Clus; but the name was copied in the time of the Punic wars, before the s final was admitted into their writings. Vaillant has given several specimens of coins struck in this city to the honour of some of the Roman [674]emperors, but especially of Verus, Commodus, and Antoninus Pius.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Pl. II. _Temple of Mithras near Naki Rustan in Persia. Also temples in the rock near the Plain of the Magi._ From Le Bruyn.]

Among the Persians most of the temples were caverns in rocks, either formed by nature, or artificially produced. They had likewise Puratheia, or open temples, for the celebration of the rites of fire. I shall hereafter shew, that the religion, of which I have been treating, was derived from the sons of Chus: and in the antient province of Chusistan, called afterwards Persis, there are to be seen at this day many curious monuments of antiquity, which have a reference to that wors.h.i.+p. The learned Hyde supposes them to have been either [675]palaces, or tombs. The chief building, which he has taken for a palace, is manifestly a Puratheion; one of those open edifices called by the Greeks ?pa???a. It is very like the temple at Lucorein in upper Egypt, and seems to be still entire. At a glance we may perceive, that it was never intended for an habitation. At a distance are some sacred grottos, hewn out of the rock; the same which he imagines to have been tombs. Many of the antients, as well as of the moderns, have been of the same opinion. In the front of these grottos are representations of various characters: and among others is figured, more than once, a princely personage, who is approaching the altar where the sacred fire is [676]burning. Above all is the Sun, and the figure of a Deity in a cloud, with sometimes a sacred bandage, at other times a serpent entwined round his middle, similar to the Cnuphis of Egypt. Hyde supposes the figure above to be the soul of the king, who stands before the altar: but it is certainly an emblem of the Deity, of which we have a second example in Le [677]Bruyn, copied from another part of these edifices. Hyde takes notice, that there were several repet.i.tions of this history, and particularly of persons, solem et ignem in pariete delineatos intuentes: yet he forms his judgment from one specimen only. These curious samples of antient architecture are described by [678]Kaempfer, [679]Mandesloe, [680]Chardin, and [681]Le Bruyn. They are likewise taken notice of by [682]Thevenot, and Herbert. In respect to the grottos I am persuaded, that they were temples, and not tombs. Nothing was more common among the Persians than to have their temples formed out of rocks. Mithras e [683]Petra was in a manner a proverb. Porphyry a.s.sures us, that the Deity had always a rock or cavern for his temple: that people, in all places, where the name of Mithras was known, paid their wors.h.i.+p at a [684]cavern.

Justin Martyr speaks to the same [685]purpose: and Lutatius Placidus mentions that this mode of wors.h.i.+p began among the Persians, [686]Persae in spelaeis coli solem primi invenisse dic.u.n.tur. There is therefore no reason to think that these grottos were tombs; or that the Persians ever made use of such places for the sepulture of their kings. The tombs of [687]Cyrus, [688]Nitocris, and other oriental princes, were within the precincts of their cities: from whence, as well as from the devices upon the entablatures of these grottos, we may be a.s.sured that they were designed for temples. Le Bruyn indeed supposes them to have been places of burial; which is very natural for a person to imagine, who was not acquainted with the antient wors.h.i.+p of the people. Thevenot also says, that he [689]went into the caverns, and saw several stone coffins. But this merely conjectural: for the things, to which he alludes, were not in the shape of coffins, and had undoubtedly been placed there as cisterns for water, which the Persians used in their nocturnal l.u.s.trations. This we may, in great measure, learn from his own words: for he says, that these reservoirs were square, and had a near resemblance to the basons of a fountain. The hills, where these grottos have been formed, are probably the same, which were of old famous for the strange echoes, and noises heard upon them. The circ.u.mstance is mentioned by Clemens Alexandrinus[690], who quotes it from the writers, who treated of the Persic history. It seems that there were some sacred hills in Persis, where, as people pa.s.sed by, there were heard shouts, as of a mult.i.tude of people: also hymns and exultations, and other uncommon noises. These sounds undoubtedly proceeded from the priests at their midnight wors.h.i.+p: whose voices at that season were reverberated by the mountains, and were accompanied with a reverential awe in those who heard them. The country below was called ???a t?? ?a???, the region of the Magi.

The princ.i.p.al building also, which is thought to have been a palace, was a temple; but of a different sort. The travellers above say, that it is called Istachar: and Hyde repeats it, and tells us, that it signifies e rupe sumptum, seu rupe constans saxeum palatium: and that it is derived from the Arabic word sachr, rupes, in the eighth [691]conjugation. I am sorry, that I am obliged to controvert this learned man's opinion, and to encounter him upon his own ground, about a point of oriental etymology. I am entirely a stranger to the Persic, and Arabic languages; yet I cannot acquiesce in his opinion. I do not think that the words e rupe sumptum, vel rupe constans saxeum palatium, are at any rate materials, out of which a proper name could be constructed. The place to be sure, whether a palace, or a temple, is built of stone taken from the quarry, or rock: but what temple or palace is not? Can we believe that they would give as a proper name to one place, what was in a manner common to all; and choose for a characteristic what was so general and indeterminate? It is not to be supposed. Every symbol, and representation relates to the wors.h.i.+p of the country: and all history shews that such places were sacred, and set apart for the adoration of fire, and the Deity of that element, called Ista, and Esta.[692] Ista-char, or Esta-char is the place or temple of Ista or Esta; who was the Hestia, ?st?a, of the Greeks, and Vesta of the Romans. That the term originally related to fire we have the authority of Petavius.

[693]Hebraca lingua ?? ignem significat, Aramaea ???? qua voce ignem a Noemo vocatum Berosus prodidit: atque inde forta.s.sis Graeci ?st?a? originem deduxerunt. Herbert, therefore, with great propriety, supposes the building to have been the temple of [694]Anaia, or Anas; who was the same as Hanes, as well as Hestia. Procopius, speaking of the sacred fire of the Persians, says expressly, that it was the very same which in aftertimes the Romans wors.h.i.+pped, and called the fire of Hestia, or Vesta. [695]???t? est? t?

p??, ?pe? ?st?a? e?a????t?, ?a? ese??t? e? t??? ?ste???? ??????? ??a???.

This is farther proved from a well known verse in Ovid.

[696]Nec tu aliud Vestam, quam vivam intellige flammam.

Hyde renders the term after Kaempfer, Ista: but it was more commonly expressed Esta, and Asta. The Deity was also styled Astachan, which as a masculine signified Sol Dominus, sive Vulca.n.u.s Rex. This we may infer from a province in Parthia, remarkable for eruptions of fire, which was called [697]Asta-cana, rendered by the Romans Astacene, the region of the G.o.d of fire. The island Delos was famous for the wors.h.i.+p of the sun: and we learn from Callimachus, that there were traditions of subterraneous fires bursting forth in many parts of it.

[698]F???? ?pa? ?atef?e?a?, epe? pe???a?e? p???.

Upon this account it was called [699]Pirpile; and by the same poet Histia, and Hestia, similar to the name above. [700]?st??, ? ??s?? e?est??. The antient Scythae were wors.h.i.+ppers of fire: and Herodotus describes them as devoted to Histia[701]. ??as???ta? ?st??? e? a??sta. From hence, I think, we may know for certain the purport of the term Istachar, which was a name given to the grand Pureion in Chusistan from the Deity there wors.h.i.+pped. It stands near the bottom of the hills with the caverns in a widely-extended plain: which I make no doubt is the celebrated plain of the magi mentioned above by Clemens. We may from these data venture to correct a mistake in Maximus Tyrius, who in speaking of fire-wors.h.i.+p among the Persians, says, that it was attended with acclamations, in which they invited the Deity to take his repast[702]. ???, desp?ta, es??e. What he renders es??e, was undoubtedly ?st?e, Hestie, the name of the G.o.d of fire. The address was, O ???, desp?ta, ?st?e: O mighty Lord of fire, Hestius: which is changed to O Fire, come, and feed.

The island Cyprus was of old called [703]Cerastis, and Cerastia; and had a city of the same name. This city was more known by the name of Amathus: and mention is made of cruel rites practised in its [704]temple. As long as the former name prevailed, the inhabitants were styled Cerastae. They were more particularly the priests who were so denominated; and who were at last extirpated for their cruelty. The poets imagining that the term Cerastae related to a horn, fabled that they were turned into bulls.

[705] Atque illos gemino quondam quibus aspera cornu Frons erat, unde etiam nomen traxere Cerastae.

There was a city of the same name in Euba, expressed Carystus, where the stone [706]Asbestus was found. Of this they made a kind of cloth, which was supposed to be proof against fire, and to be cleansed by that element. The purport of the name is plain; and the natural history of the place affords us a reason why it was imposed. For this we are obliged to Solinus, who calls the city with the Grecian termination, Carystos; and says, that it was noted for its hot streams: [707]Carystos aquas calentes habet, quas ????p?a? vocant. We may therefore be a.s.sured, that it was called Car-ystus from the Deity of fire, to whom all hot fountains were sacred. Ellopia is a compound of El Ope, Sol Python, another name of the same Deity. Carystus, Cerastis, Cerasta, are all of the same purport: they betoken a place, or temple of Astus, or Asta, the G.o.d of fire. Cerasta in the feminine is expressly the same, only reversed, as Astachar in Chusistan. Some places had the same term in the composition of their names, which was joined with Kur; and they were named in honour of the Sun, styled ?????, Curos. He was wors.h.i.+pped all over Syria; and one large province was hence named Curesta, and Curestica, from ??? ?st??, Sol Hestius.

In Cappadocia were many Puratheia; and the people followed the same manner of wors.h.i.+p, as was practised in Persis. The rites which prevailed, may be inferred from the names of places, as well as from the history of the country. One city seems to have been denominated from its tutelary Deity, and called Castabala. This is a plain compound of Ca-Asta-Bala, the place or temple of Asta Bala; the same Deity, as by the Syrians was called Baaltis. Asta Bala was the G.o.ddess of fire: and the same customs prevailed here as at Feronia in Latium. The female attendants in the temple used to walk with their feet bare over burning [708]coals.

Such is the nature of the temple named Istachar; and of the caverns in the mountains of Chusistan. They were sacred to Mithras, and were made use of for his rites. Some make a distinction between Mithras, Mithres, and Mithra: but they were all the same Deity, the [709]Sun, esteemed the chief G.o.d of the Persians. In these gloomy recesses people who were to be initiated, were confined for a long season in the dark, and totally secluded from all company. During this appointed term they underwent, as some say, eighty kinds of trials, or tortures, by way of expiation.

[710]Mithra apud Persas Sol esse existimatur: nemo vero ejus sacris initiari potest, nisi per aliquot suppliciarum gradus transierit. Sunt tormentorum ij lx.x.x gradus, partim intensiores.--Ita demum, exhaustis omnibus tormentis, sacris imbuuntur. Many [711]died in the trial: and those who survived were often so crazed and shaken in their intellects, that they never returned to their former state of mind.

Some traces of this kind of penance may be still perceived in the east, where the followers of Mahomet have been found to adopt it. In the history given by Hanway of the Persian monarch, Mir Maghmud, we have an account of a process similar to that above, which this prince thought proper to undergo. He was of a sour and cruel disposition, and had been greatly dejected in his spirits; on which account he wanted to obtain some light and a.s.sistance from heaven. [712]_With this intent Maghmud undertook to perform the spiritual exercises which the Indian Mahommedans, who are more addicted to them than those of other countries, have introduced into Kandahar. This superst.i.tious practice is observed by shutting themselves up fourteen or fifteen days in a place where no light enters. The only nourishment they take is a little bread and water at sun-set. During this retreat they employ their time in repeating incessantly, with a strong guttural voice, the word_ Hou, _by which they denote one of the attributes of the Deity. These continual cries, and the agitations of the body with which they were attended, naturally unhinge the whole frame. When by fasting and darkness the brain is distempered, they fancy they see spectres and hear voices. Thus they take pains to confirm the distemper which puts them upon such trials_.

_Such was the painful exercise which Maghmud undertook in January this year; and for this purpose he chose a subterraneous vault. In the beginning of the next month, when he came forth, he was so pale, disfigured, and emaciated, that they hardly knew him. But this was not the worst effect of his devotion. Solitude, often dangerous to a melancholy turn of thought, had, under the circ.u.mstances of his inquietude, and the strangeness of his penance, impaired his reason. He became restless and suspicious, often starting_.--In one of these fits he determined to put to death the whole family of his predecessor, Sha Hussein; among whom were several brothers, three uncles, and seven nephews, besides that prince's children. All these, in number above an hundred, the tyrant cut to pieces with his own hand in the palace yard, where they were a.s.sembled for that b.l.o.o.d.y purpose. Two small children only escaped by the intervention of their father, who was wounded in endeavouring to screen them.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Pl. III. Petra, Mithra or Temple of Mithras from Thevenot. Part 2.]

The reverence paid to caves and grottos arose from a notion that they were a representation of the [713]world; and that the chief Deity whom the Persians wors.h.i.+pped proceeded from a cave. Such was the tradition which they had received, and which contained in it matter of importance. Porphyry attributes the original of the custom to Zoroaster, whoever Zoroaster may have been; and says, that he first consecrated a natural cavern in Persis to Mithras, the creator and father of all things. He was followed in this practice by others, who dedicated to the Deity places of this [714]nature; either such as were originally hollowed by nature, or made so by the art of man. Those, of which we have specimens exhibited by the writers above, were probably enriched and ornamented by the Achaimenidae of Persis, who succeeded to the throne of Cyrus. They are modern, if compared with the first introduction of the wors.h.i.+p; yet of high antiquity in respect to us.

They are n.o.ble relics of Persic architecture, and afford us matter of great curiosity.

OF THE

OMPHI,

AND OF

THE WORs.h.i.+P UPON HIGH PLACES.

The term Omphi is of great antiquity, and denotes an oracular influence, by which people obtained an insight into the secrets of futurity. I have taken notice with what reverence men in the first ages repaired to rocks and caverns, as to places of particular sanct.i.ty. Here they thought that the Deity would most likely disclose himself either by a voice, or a dream, or some other praeternatural token. Many, for the same purpose, wors.h.i.+pped upon hills, and on the tops of high mountains; imagining that they hereby obtained a nearer communication with heaven. Hence we read, as far back as the days of Moses, concerning the high places in [715]Canaan. And, under the kings of Israel and Judah, that the people _made their offerings in high places_. We are particularly told of Pekah, the son of Remaliah, that _he walked in the way of the [716] kings of Israel; yea, and made his sons to pa.s.s through the fire, according to the abominations of the heathen--and he sacrificed and burnt incense in the high places, and on the hills, and under every green tree_. And many times when a reformation was introduced under some of the wiser and better princes, it is still lamented by the sacred writer, that [717] _the high places were not taken away: the people still offered, and burnt incense on the high places_. It is observable, when the king of Moab wanted to obtain an answer from G.o.d, that he took Balaam the prophet, and brought him to the [718]high places of Baal. And, finding that he could not obtain his purpose there, he carried him into the field of Zophim unto the top of Pisgah; and from thence he again removed him to the top of Peor. In all these places _he erected seven altars, and offered a bullock and a ram on every[719] altar_. It is said of Orpheus, that he went with some of his disciples to meet Theiodamas, the son of Priam, and to partake in a sacrifice which he every year offered upon the summit of a high[720] mountain. We are told by Strabo, that the Persians always performed their wors.h.i.+p upon hills[721]. ?e?sa? t????? a?a?ata ?a?

???? ??? ?d????ta?? T???s? de e? ????? t?p?, t?? ???a??? ????e??? ??a.

The people of Cappadocia and Pontus observed the like method of wors.h.i.+p: and, of all sacrifices, wherever exhibited upon high places, none, perhaps, ever equalled in magnificence that which was offered by Mithridates upon his war with the Romans. He followed the Persic modes of wors.h.i.+p, as well as the mixed rites of the Chaldeans and Syrians. Hence he chose one of the highest mountains in his dominions: upon the top of which he reared an immense pile, equal in size to the summit on which it stood: and there he sacrificed to the G.o.d of armies--[722]???e t? St?at?? ??? pat???? ??s?a?, ep? ????? ?????? ????f?? e????a a???? ep?t??e??. The pile was raised by his va.s.sal princes: and the offerings, besides those customary, were wine, honey, oil, and every species of aromatics. The fire is said to have been perceived at the distance of near a thousand stadia. The Roman poet makes his hero choose a like situation for a temple which he erected to Venus; and for the grove which he dedicated to the manes of his father.

[723]Tum vicina astris Ericino in vertice sedes Fundatur Veneri Idaliae: tumuloque Sacerdos, Et lucus, late sacer, additur Anchiseo.

In j.a.pan most of their temples at this day are constructed upon eminences; and often upon the ascent of high mountains. They are all, [724]says Kaempfer, most sweetly seated: A curious view of the adjacent country, a spring and rivulet of clear water, and the neighbourhood of a grove with pleasant walks, being the necessary qualifications of those spots of ground where these holy structures are to be built: for they say that the G.o.ds are extremely delighted with such high and pleasant places.

This practice in early times was almost universal; and every [725]mountain was esteemed holy. The people, who prosecuted this method of wors.h.i.+p, enjoyed a soothing infatuation, which flattered the gloom of superst.i.tion.

The eminences to which they retired were lonely, and silent; and seemed to be happily circ.u.mstanced for contemplation and prayer. They, who frequented them, were raised above the lower world; and fancied that they were brought into the vicinity of the powers of the air, and of the Deity who resided in the higher regions. But the chief excellence for which they were frequented, was the Omphi, expressed ?f? by the Greeks, and interpreted [726]Te?a ???d??, vox divina, being esteemed a particular revelation from heaven. In short, they were looked upon as the peculiar places where G.o.d delivered his oracles. Hermaeus in Plutarch expresses this term ?f??, omphis; and says, that it was the name of an Egyptian Deity: and he interprets it, I know not for what reason, [727]e?e??et??. The word truly rendered was Omphi or Amphi, the oracle of Ham; who, according to the Egyptian theology, was the same as the Sun, or Osiris. He was likewise revered as the chief Deity by the Chaldeans; and by most nations in the east. He was styled both Ham, and Cham: and his oracles both Omphi and Ompi. In consequence of this, the mountains where they were supposed to be delivered, came to be denominated Har-al-Ompi; which al-ompi by the Greeks was changed to ???p??, Olympus; and the mountain was called ???? ???p??.

There were many of this name. The Scholiast upon Apollonius reckons up [728]six: but there were certainly more, besides a variety of places styled upon the same account [729]Olympian. They were all looked upon to be prophetic; and supposed to be the residence of the chief Deity, under whatever denomination he was specified, which was generally the G.o.d of light. For these oracles no place was of more repute than the hill at Delphi, called Omphi-El, or the oracle of the Sun. But the Greeks, who changed Al-omphi to Olympus, perverted these terms in a manner still more strange: for finding them somewhat similar in sound to a word in their own language, their caprice immediately led them to think of ?fa???, a navel, which they subst.i.tuted for the original word. This they did uniformly in all parts of the world; and always invented some story to countenance their mistake. Hence, whenever we meet with an idle account of a navel, we may be pretty sure that there is some allusion to an oracle. In respect to Delphi, they presumed that it was the umbilicus, or centre of the whole earth. The poets gave into this notion without any difficulty; Sophocles calls it [730]es?fa?a G?? a?te?a: and Euripides avers that it was the precise centre of the earth:

[731]??t?? es?? ?fa??? ?a?

F???? ?ate?e? d???.

Livy, the historian, does not scruple to accede to this notion, and to call it [732]umbilic.u.m orbis terrarum. Strabo speaks of it in this light, but with some hesitation. [733]??? ???ad?? e? es? ?OS est? t??

s?pas??--?????ST? d? ?a? ?????e???? ?a? e?a?esa? t?? ??? ??F????. Varro very sensibly refutes this idle notion in some [734]strictures upon a pa.s.sage in the poet Manilius to the purpose above.

O, sancte Apollo, Qui umbilic.u.m certum terrarum obtines.

Upon which he makes this remark: Umbilic.u.m dictum aiunt ab umbilico nostro, quod is medius locus sit terrarum, ut umbilicus in n.o.bis: quod utrumque est falsum. Neque hic locus terrarum est medius; neque noster umbilicus est hominis medius. Epimenides long before had said the same:

[735]??te ?a? ?? ?a??? es?? ?fa???, ??de ?a?a.s.s??.

But supposing that this name and character had some relation to Delphi, how are we to account for other places being called after this manner? They could not all be umbilical: the earth cannot be supposed to have different centres: nor could the places thus named be always so situated, as to be central in respect to the nation, or the province in which they were included. Writers try to make it out this way: yet they do not seem satisfied with the process. The contradictory accounts shew the absurdity of the notion. It was a term borrowed from Egypt, which was itself an Omphalian region. Horus Apollo not knowing the meaning of this has made Egypt the centre of the earth: [736]????pt?? ?? es? t?? ?????e???.

Pausanias mentions an Omphalus in the Peloponnesus, which was said to have been the middle of that country. He seems however to doubt of this circ.u.mstance, as he well may[737]. ?? p???? de est?? ? ?a???e??? ?fa???, ?e??p????s?? de pas?? es??, e? d? ta ??ta e????as?. _At no great distance is a place called the Omphalus, or navel; which is the centre of the whole Peloponnesus, if the people here tell us the truth_. At Enna in [738]Sicily was an Omphalus: and the island of Calypso is represented by Homer as the umbilicus of the sea. The G.o.ddess resided--[739]??s? e? af???t? ??? t'

?fa??? est? ?a?a.s.s??. The aetolians were styled umbilical; and looked upon themselves as the central people in Greece, like those of Delphi. But this notion was void of all truth in every instance which has been produced: and arose from a wrong interpretation of antient terms. What the Grecians styled Omphalus was certainly Ompha-El, the same as Al-Ompha; and related to the oracle of Ham or the Sun: and these temples were Prutaneia, and Puratheia, with a tumulus or high altar, where the rites of fire were in antient times performed. As a proof of this etymology most of the places styled Olympian, or Omphalian, will be found to have a reference to an oracle. Epirus was celebrated for the oracle at Dodona: and we learn from the antient poet, Reia.n.u.s, that the natives were of old called Omphalians:

[740]S?? te ?a?a?a???, ?a? a???e? ?fa???e??.

There was an Omphalia in Elis; and here too was an oracle mentioned by [741]Pindar and Strabo: [742]??? de ep?fa?e?a? es?e? (? ???p?a) e? a????

d?a t? a?te??? t?? ???p??? ????. _The place derived all its l.u.s.tre originally from the oracular temple of Olympian Jove._ In this province was an antient city [743]Alphira; and a grove of Artemis [744]Alpheionia, and the whole was watered by the sacred river Alpheus. All these are derived from El, the prophetic Deity, the Sun; and more immediately from his oracle, Alphi. The Greeks deduced every place from some personage: and Plutarch accordingly makes Alpheus[745]--??? t?? t? ?e??? af' ?????

?ata???t??, one of those who derived their race from the Sun. The term Alphi, from whence the Greeks formed Alphira, Alpheionia, and Alpheus, is in acceptation the same as Amphi. For Ham being by his posterity esteemed the Sun, or El; and likewise Or, the same as Orus; his oracles were in consequence styled not only Amphi, and Omphi, but Alphi, Elphi, Orphi, Urphi.

I have taken notice of several cities called Omphalian, and have observed, that they generally had oracular temples: but by the Greeks they were universally supposed to have been denominated from a navel. There was a place called [746]Omphalian in Thessaly: and another in Crete, which had a celebrated [747]oracle. It is probably the same that is mentioned by Strabo, as being upon mount Ida, where was the city Elorus. Diodorus speaks of this oracle, named Omphalian; but supposes that the true name was ?fa???, omphalus: and says, that it was so called (strange to tell) because Jupiter, when he was a child, lost his navel here, which dropped into the river Triton: [748]?p? t??t?? t?te s?a?t?? ?fa???

p??sa???e????a? t? ??????: _from this accident the place had the name of Omphalus, or the navel_. Callimachus in his hymn to Jupiter dwells upon this circ.u.mstance:

[749]??te Te?a? ape?e?pe? ep? ???ss??? fe???s?, ?e? pate?, ? ??f? se (Te?a? d' esa? e????? ???ss??) ???ta?? t?? pese, ?a???, ap' ?fa???, e??e? e?e???

?fa???? etepe?ta ped?? ?a?e??s? ??d??e?.

Who would imagine, that one of the wisest nations that ever existed could rest satisfied with such idle figments: and how can we account for these illusions, which overspread the brightest minds? We see knowing and experienced people inventing the most childish tales; lovers of science adopting them; and they are finally recorded by the grave historian: all which would not appear credible, had we not these evidences so immediately transmitted from them. And it is to be observed that this blindness is only in regard to their religion; and to their mythology, which was grounded thereupon. In all other respects they were the wisest of the sons of men.

We meet in history with other places styled Omphalian. The temple of Jupiter Ammon was esteemed of the highest antiquity, and we are informed that there was an omphalus here; and that the Deity was wors.h.i.+pped under the form of a navel. Quintus Curtius, who copied his history from the Greeks, gives us in the life of Alexander the following strange account, which he has embellished with some colouring of his own. [750]Id, quod pro Deo colitur, non eandem effigiem habebat, quam vulgo Diis Artifices accommodarunt. _Umbilico_ maxime similis est habitus, smaragdo, et gemmis, coagmentatus. Hunc, c.u.m responsum pet.i.tur, navigio aurato gestant Sacerdotes, multis argenteis _pateris_ ab utroque navigii latere pendentibus. The whole of this is an abuse of terms, which the author did not understand, and has totally misapplied. One would imagine that so improbable a story, as that of an umbilical Deity with his silver basons, though patched up with gold and emeralds, would have confuted itself. Yet Schottus in his notes upon Curtius has been taken with this motly description: and in opposition to all good history, thinks that this idle story of a navel relates to the compa.s.s. Hyde too has adopted this notion; and proceeds to shew how each circ.u.mstance may be made to agree with the properties of the magnet. [751]Illa nempe Jovis effigies videtur semiglobulare quiddam, uti est compa.s.sus marinus, forma umbilici librarii, seu umbonis, tanquam e??e?? quoddam adoratum, propter ejusdem divinum auxilium: utpote in quo index magneticus erat sicut intus existens quidam deus, navigiorum cursum in medio aequore dirigens. These learned men were endued with a ready faith: and not only acquiesce in what they have been told, but contribute largely to establish the mistake. The true history is this. Most places in which was the supposed oracle of a Deity, the Grecians, as I have before mentioned, styled Olympus, Olympia, and Olympiaca: or else Omphale, and Omphalia, and the province ?????? ?fa????.