An English Grammar Part 59

(2) Subordinate, joining a subordinate or dependent clause to a princ.i.p.al or independent clause.

COoRDINATE CONJUNCTIONS.

297. Coordinate conjunctions are of four kinds:

(1) COPULATIVE, coupling or uniting words and expressions in the same line of thought; as _and_, _also_, _as well as_, _moreover_, etc.

(2) ADVERSATIVE, connecting words and expressions that are opposite in thought; as _but_, _yet_, _still_, _however_, _while_, _only_, etc.

(3) CAUSAL, introducing a reason or cause. The chief ones are, _for_, _therefore_, _hence_, _then_.

(4) ALTERNATIVE, expressing a choice, usually between two things. They are _or_, _either_, _else_, _nor_, _neither_, _whether_.

[Sidenote: _Correlatives._]

298. Some of these go in pairs, answering to each other in the same sentence; as, _both_..._and_; _not only_..._but_ (or _but also_); _either_..._or_; _whether_..._or_; _neither_..._nor_; _whether_..._or whether_.

Some go in threes; as, _not only_..._but_... _and_; _either_..._or_..._or_; _neither_..._nor_... _nor_.

Further examples of the use of coordinate conjunctions:--

[Sidenote: _Copulative._]

Your letter, _likewise_, had its weight; the bread was spent, the b.u.t.ter _too_; the window being open, _as well as_ the room door.

[Sidenote: _Adversative._]

The a.s.sertion, _however_, serves but to show their ignorance. "Can this be so?" said Goodman Brown. "_Howbeit_, I have nothing to do with the governor and council."

_Nevertheless_, in this mansion of gloom I now proposed to myself a sojourn of some weeks.

[Sidenote: _Alternative._]

While the earth bears a plant, _or_ the sea rolls its waves.

_Nor_ mark'd they less, where in the air A thousand streamers flaunted fair.

[Sidenote: _Causal._]

_Therefore_ the poet is not any permissive potentate, but is emperor in his own right. _For_ it is the rule of the universe that corn shall serve man, and not man corn.

Examples of the use of correlatives:--

He began to doubt whether _both_ he _and_ the world around him were not bewitched.--IRVING.

He is _not only_ bold and vociferous, _but_ possesses a considerable talent for mimicry, _and_ seems to enjoy great satisfaction in mocking and teasing other birds.--WILSON.

It is...the same _whether_ I move my hand along the surface of a body, _or whether_ such a body is moved along my hand.--BURKE.

_Neither_ the place in which he found himself, _nor_ the exclusive attention that he attracted, disturbed the self-possession of the young Mohican.--COOPER.

_Neither_ was there any phantom memorial of life, _nor_ wing of bird, _nor_ echo, _nor_ green leaf, _nor_ creeping thing, that moved or stirred upon the soundless waste.--DE QUINCEY.

SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS.

299. Subordinate conjunctions are of the following kinds:--

(1) PLACE: _where_, _wherever_, _whither_, _whereto_, _whithersoever_, _whence_, etc.

(2) TIME: _when_, _before_, _after_, _since_, _as_, _until_, _whenever_, _while_, _ere_, etc.

(3) MANNER: _how_, _as_, _however_, _howsoever_.

(4) CAUSE or REASON: _because_, _since_, _as_, _now_, _whereas_, _that_, _seeing_, etc.

(5) COMPARISON: _than_ and _as_.

(6) PURPOSE: _that_, _so_, _so that_, _in order that_, _lest_, _so_..._as_.

(7) RESULT: _that_, _so that_, especially _that_ after _so_.

(8) CONDITION or CONCESSION: _if_, _unless_, _so_, _except_, _though_, _although_; _even if_, _provided_, _provided that_, _in case_, _on condition that_, etc.

(9) SUBSTANTIVE: _that_, _whether_, sometimes _if_, are used frequently to introduce noun clauses used as _subject, object, in apposition_, etc.

Examples of the use of subordinate conjunctions:--

[Sidenote: _Place._]

Where the treasure is, there will the heart be also.--_Bible._

To lead from eighteen to twenty millions of men _whithersoever_ they will.--J. QUINCY.

An artist will delight in excellence _wherever_ he meets it.

--ALLSTON.

[Sidenote: _Time._]

I promise to devote myself to your happiness _whenever_ you shall ask it of me.--PAULDING.

It is sixteen years _since_ I saw the Queen of France.--BURKE.

[Sidenote: _Manner._]

Let the world go _how_ it will.--CARLYLE