Phallic Miscellanies Part 2

Moor in his "Hindu Pantheon," bears general testimony to the perfectly decent character of Hindu wors.h.i.+p, on the whole, whatever may take place in exceptional cases. Speaking of the sect of naked gymnosophists, called Lingis, and the Sactas, he says:-"In this last mentioned sect, as in most others, there is a right-handed and decent path, and a left-handed and indecent mode of wors.h.i.+p; but the indecent wors.h.i.+p of this sect is most grossly so, and consists of unbridled debauchery with wine and women. This profligate sect is supposed to be numerous, though unavowed. In most parts of India, if not in all, they are held in deserved detestation; and even the decent Sactas do not make public profession of their tenets, nor wear on their foreheads the marks of their sect, lest they should be suspected of belonging to the other branch of it.... It is some comparative and negative praise to the Hindus, that the emblems under which they exhibit the elements and operations of nature, are not externally indecorous. Unlike the abominable realities of Egypt and Greece, we see the phallic emblem in the Hindu Pantheon without offence; and know not, until the information be extorted, that we are contemplating a symbol whose prototype is indecent. The plates of my book may be turned and examined, over and over again, and the uninformed observer will not be aware that in several of them he has viewed the typical representation of the generative organs or powers of humanity." "From the very nature, also, of this symbol," says Kennedy, "it will be evident that it was never intended to be carried in the processions consecrated to s.h.i.+va," and Abraham Roger, two hundred years ago, has in consequence correctly stated,-"Mais quand on fait la procession par les villes avec l'idole Eswara, ce qui arrive en certains temps, on ne la porte pas sous la figure de lingam, mais sous la figure d'homme: la raison est, comme le Brahmine temoignoit, pour ce que les hommes ont plus de plasir et de contentement en la veue d'une figure humaine que dans la veue du lingam, en laquelle figure il est dans son paG.o.de."[6]

[6] La Porte Ouverte, p. 157.

Both Herodotus and Diodorus Siculus, as noticed by Gyraldus, though speaking of the phallus, fail to explain its precise nature and form.

Mr. Payne Knight in his "Symbolical Language of Ancient Art and Mythology," says:-"In Egypt and all over Asia, the mystic and symbolical wors.h.i.+p appears to have been of immemorial antiquity. The women of the former country carried images of Osiris in their sacred processions, with a movable phallus of disproportionate magnitude, the reason for which Herodotus does not think proper to relate, because it belonged to the mystic religion. Diodorus Siculus, however, who lived in a more communicative age, informs us that it signified the generative attribute; and Plutarch, that the Egyptian statues of Osiris had the phallus to signify his procreative and prolific power, the extension of which through the three elements of air, earth and water, they expressed by another kind of statue, which was occasionally carried in procession, having a triple symbol of the same attribute. The Greeks usually represented the phallus alone, as a distinct symbol, the meaning of which seems to have been among the last discoveries revealed to the initiated. It was the same, in emblematical writing, as the Orphic epithet, _Pan-genetor, universal generator_, in which sense it is still employed by the Hindus."

Herodotus, in allusion to the above, says:-"To Bacchus, on the eve of his feast, every Egyptian sacrifices a hog before the door of his house, which is then given back to the swineherd by whom it was furnished, and by him carried away. In other respects the festival is celebrated almost exactly as Bacchic festivals are in Greece, excepting that the Egyptians have no choral dances. They also use, instead of phalli, another invention, consisting of images a cubit high, pulled by strings, which the women carry round to the villages.

A piper goes in front; and the women follow, singing hymns in honour of Bacchus. They give a religious reason for the peculiarities of the image." Payne Knight supports his statement relative to the discovery of the meaning of the symbol by a quotation from Tertullian: Concerning the Valentinians (a sect of Ophites or of Gnostics) "After many sighings of the seers, the entire sealing of the tongue (from divulging it) an image of the virile organ is revealed." This opinion, however, has been p.r.o.nounced by others as extremely questionable; "but were it admitted," says Colonel Kennedy, "it seems indisputable that the phallus was always formed in such a manner as to leave no doubt with respect to the object which it represented, and that in religious processions it was always attached to a human figure. It hence appears evident that the phallus bore no similarity to the lingam, and that, though the causes which may originally have produced the wors.h.i.+p of these objects may have been the same in Egypt and India, still the symbols adopted for their representation, and the adoration paid to them by the Egyptians and the Hindus, differed most materially."

Clement of Alexandria was most severe in his condemnation of the abominations connected with certain festivals in which the phallus occupied a conspicuous position, but as the lingam is never carried in procession, and its wors.h.i.+p is not celebrated by baccha.n.a.lian rites, his castigation could have had no reference, or at any rate, was not applicable to the Hindus. "Extinguish the fire, O hierophant!" he said, "be ashamed of thy own torches, O torch-bearer! the light betrays thy Jacchus: permit, if thou wish them to be reverenced, thy mysteries to be concealed by night, and thy orgies to be covered with darkness; fire does not dissimulate, but exposes and punishes all that is subjected to its power. These, therefore, are the mysteries of atheistical men; atheists I call them justly, because ignorant of the true G.o.d, they unblus.h.i.+ngly wors.h.i.+p an infant who was torn in pieces by the t.i.tans, and a lamenting woman, and those parts of the body which modesty forbids us to name."

"The games and phalli consecrated to Bacchus, not only corrupt manners, but are considered shameful and disgraceful by all the world."

Clement then speaks of a certain event, in commemoration of which, "was this mystery inst.i.tuted, and phalli erected in every city in honour of Dionusos; so that Herac.l.i.tus even says that misfortune would ensue, if processions were not made, and hymns sung, and pudenda shamelessly wors.h.i.+pped, in honour of Dionusos. This then is the Hades and the Dionusos, in whose honour men become agitated with baccha.n.a.lian madness and fury; not so much, in my opinion, an account of natural inebriation, as in consequence of the reprehensible ceremonies which were first inst.i.tuted in commemoration of that abominable turpitude."

The event just referred to is this:-Dionysus was particularly anxious to descend to Hades, but was ignorant of the way; a certain man named Prosymnus offered to shew him the same, provided he would grant him a specified reward. "The reward," says Clement, "was a disgraceful one, though not so in the opinion of Dionysus: it was an Aphrodisian favour that was asked. The G.o.d was not reluctant to grant the request made to him, and promised to fulfil it should he return, conforming his promise with an oath. Having learned the way, he departed and again returned: he did not find Prosymnus for he had died. In order to acquit himself of his promise to his lover, he rushed to his tomb, burning with unnatural l.u.s.t. Cutting a fig-branch that came to his hand, he shaped the likeness of the _membrum virile_, and sat over it; thus performing his promise to the dead man. As a mystic memorial of this incident, _phalloi_ are raised aloft in honour of Dionysus through the various cities."

The character of Lingam wors.h.i.+p may be gathered from the ritual prescribed in the Lainga Puran, which we find to be as follows: "Having bathed in the prescribed manner, enter the place of wors.h.i.+p; and having performed three suppressions of the breath, meditate on that G.o.d who has three eyes, five heads, ten arms, and is of the colour of pure crystal, arrayed in costly garments, and adorned with all kinds of ornaments: and having thus fixed in thy mind the real form of Maheshwara, proceed to wors.h.i.+p him with the proper prayers and hymns. First, sprinkle the place and utensils of wors.h.i.+p with a bunch of darbha dipped in perfumed water, repeating at the same time the sacred word _Om_, and arrange all the utensils and other things required in the prescribed order; then in due manner and repeating the proper invocations, prayers and hymns, preceded by the sacred word _Om_, prepare thy offerings. For the padiam (water for the ablution of the feet), these should consist of us.h.i.+ram (the root of the Andropogon muricatus), sandal, and sweet-smelling woods: for the achamanam (water for rinsing the mouth), of mace, camphor, bdellium, and agallochum, ground together; and for the arghya (a particular kind of oblation, which, consisted of different articles in the wors.h.i.+p of different deities), of the tops of Kusha gra.s.s, prepared grains of rice, barley, sesamum, clarified b.u.t.ter, pieces of money, ashes and flowers. At the same time, also, must be wors.h.i.+pped Nandi (the princ.i.p.al attendant of s.h.i.+va, and supposed to be a portion of that G.o.d, who granted a son as a boon to a holy ascetic named s.h.i.+lada, and also consented that he would be born as that son), and his wife, the daughter of Marut.

Having then, with due rites, prepared a seat, invoke with the prescribed prayers the presence of Parameshwara, and present to him the _padiam_, _achamanam_ and _arghya_. Next bathe the lingam with perfumed water, the five products of the cow, clarified b.u.t.ter, honey, the juice of the sugar-cane, and lastly pour over it a pot of pure water, consecrated by the requisite prayers. Having thus purified it, adorn it with clean garments and a sacrificial string, and then offer flowers, perfumes, frankincense, lamps, fruit, and different kinds of prepared eatables, and ornaments. Thus wors.h.i.+p the lingam with the prescribed offerings, invocations, prayers and honours, and by circ.u.mambulating it, and by prostrating thyself before s.h.i.+va, represented under this symbol."

Colonel Vans Kennedy says that at the present day the whole of this ritual is not observed, nor is this wors.h.i.+p performed in that costly manner which is recommended in the Purans. But the wors.h.i.+p of all the deities consists of sixteen essential requisites:-1, _Asanam_, the preparing a seat for the G.o.d; 2, _Asahanam_, the invoking his presence; 3, _padiam_; 4, _achamanam_; 5, _Arghya_; 6, bathing the image; 7, clothing it; 8, investing it with a sacrificial string: offerings of; 9, perfumes; 10, flowers; 11, incense; 12, lamps; 13, naivedya, _i.e._ offerings consisting of fruits and prepared eatables; 14, betel leaf; 15, prayers, &c.; 16, circ.u.mambulation. The more of these acts that are performed the more complete is the wors.h.i.+p; but at present it in general consists of nothing more than presenting some of the prescribed offerings, and muttering a short prayer or two while the lingam is circ.u.mambulated: the rest of the acts being performed by the officiating priest.

This wors.h.i.+p, it seems, need not be performed at a temple, any properly purified place will do; it is most efficacious when performed on the bank of some holy river, before a lingam formed of clay, which, on the termination of the wors.h.i.+p, is thrown into the sacred stream.

Colonel Kennedy says:-"The legends respecting the origin of the wors.h.i.+p of the lingam, cannot satisfy the philosophical enquirer; and the real cause, therefore, which produced the adoration of so singular an object might appear to be a curious subject of speculation. But, though in the Purans there are copious descriptions of the high importance of this wors.h.i.+p, and of the spiritual advantages to be derived from it, still these works contain not the slightest indication from which any just conclusion could be formed, with respect to either the period when it was first introduced, or the motives which may have occasioned the subst.i.tution of this symbol for the image of s.h.i.+va. Yet it seems probable that this change had not been effected at the time when the Vedas were composed, and that the earliest record of this wors.h.i.+p which has been preserved is contained in the Purans. But, as in those sacred books there is not the least appearance of its being either mystical or symbolical, it must be evident that if it originated in such causes they have long ceased to exist; and consequently that the speculations on this subject, in which the literati of Europe have indulged, are totally incompatible with the simple principles, as far as they are known, on which this wors.h.i.+p is founded. For, in fact, both in the Purans and by the Hindus of the present day, the lingam is held to be merely a visible type of an invisible deity; and nothing whatever belongs to its wors.h.i.+p, or to the terms in which this is mentioned, which has the slightest tendency to lead the thoughts, from the contemplation of the G.o.d, to an undue consideration of the object by which he is typified. But it is impossible to understand by what process of reasoning the founders of the Hindu religion were induced to place s.h.i.+va among the divine hypostases; for they supposed, at the same time, that dissolution and death proceeded from the fixed laws of nature, and that his power was not called into exertion until after the termination of twelve millions of years. During the whole, therefore, of this inconceivable period, what functions could be ascribed to this G.o.d consistent with his character of destroyer? This difficulty, however, seems to have been very soon obviated by investing him with the attributes of the Supreme Being, and even in the Purans it is under this character that he is generally represented. As, therefore, the attributes which are, according to the Hindus, peculiar to the one G.o.d are immovability and inaction, s.h.i.+va is described as being princ.i.p.ally engaged in devout meditation, and as exerting his divine power through the means either of Devi (or his energy personified) or of certain forms which he creates for the occasion, such as Bhairava and Virabhadra. In Hindu mythology, consequently, there are only three legends, the destruction of the Tripura Asuras, and of the Asuras Audhaka, and Jalandhara, in which s.h.i.+va appears as the actor, unconnected with any reference to the wors.h.i.+p of the lingam. But on the introduction of this wors.h.i.+p, not a lingam seems to have been erected without its foundation having been ascribed to some miraculous appearance of s.h.i.+va; and hence have originated a multiplicity of legends in the highest degree puerile, and everyone erring against the just principle,-

Nec deus intersit, nisi dignus vindice nodus Inciderit.

For in the s.h.i.+va Puran, Suta thus speaks: "Innumerable are the lingams which are adorned, as the type of s.h.i.+va, in heaven, earth, and Tartarus; but where some of these are erected, there s.h.i.+va for the good of the three worlds appeared, and consequently whoever visits and wors.h.i.+ps them, acquires more complete remission of sins and a greater degree of holiness. Even of these, however, the number is unascertainable, but the twelve Jyolisha lingams are considered the most sacred; there are, of course, many others, the wors.h.i.+p of which insures the remission of sins and final blessedness."

_Legend from the s.h.i.+va Puran._

A Rakshasa, named Bhima, the son of k.u.mbakarna, having obtained invincible might as a boon from Brahma, commenced exerting his newly acquired power by attacking the king of Kamarupa. Him he conquered, and having seized his riches and kingdom, he placed him in chains in a solitary prison. This king was eminently pious, and, notwithstanding his confinement, continued daily to make clay lingams, and to wors.h.i.+p s.h.i.+va with all the prescribed rites and ceremonies. Meanwhile the Rakshasa continued his conquests, and everywhere abolished the religious observances and wors.h.i.+p enjoined by the Vedas; and the immortals also, were reduced by his power to great distress. At length the G.o.ds hastened to implore the protection of s.h.i.+va, and to obtain his favour by the wors.h.i.+p of clay lingams; and Shambu, being thus propitiated, a.s.sured them that he would effect the destruction of the Rakshasa through the medium of the king of Kamarupa, who was his devoted wors.h.i.+pper. At this time the king was engaged in profound meditation before a lingam, when one of the guards went and informed the Rakshasa that the king was performing some improper ceremonies in order to injure him. On hearing this, the Rakshasa, enraged, seized his sword and hastened to the king, whom he thus addressed:-"Speak the truth, and tell me who it is that thou wors.h.i.+ppest, and I will not slay thee, but otherwise I will instantly put thee to death." The king having considered, placed his firm reliance in the protection of s.h.i.+va, and replied undauntedly,-"In truth, I wors.h.i.+p Shankara: do thou what thou pleasest." The Rakshasa said,-"What can Shankara do to me? for I know him well, and that he once was obliged to become the servant of my uncle (Ravana); and thou, trusting in his power, did'st endeavour to conquer me, but defeat was the consequence. Until, however, thou showest me thy lord, and convincest me of his might, I shall not believe in his divinity." The king replied,-"Vile as I am, what power have I over that G.o.d? but mighty as he is, I know that he will never forsake me." Then Rakshasa said,-"How can that delighter in ganja (an intoxicating drug prepared from the hemp plant) and inebriation, that wandering mendicant, protect his wors.h.i.+ppers? let but thy lord appear, and I will immediately engage in battle with him!" Having thus spoken, he ordered the attendance of his army, and then, revisiting the king, the mighty Rakshasa, while he smote the lingam with his sword, thus, laughing, said,-"Now behold the power of thy lord." But scarce had the sword touched the lingam than Hara instantly issued from it, exclaiming,-"Behold! I am Ishwara, who appears for the protection of his wors.h.i.+pper, on whom he always bestows safety and happiness; and now learn to dread my might." On hearing this spoken, s.h.i.+va engaged in combat with the Rakshasa, and after fighting with him for some time, at length with the fire of his third eye reduced him and all his army to ashes; and in commemoration of this event was the spot where it occurred rendered sacred, and the lingam, under the name of Bhimashankara, an object of pilgrimage and wors.h.i.+p until all succeeding ages. (_From the legend Jyolisha-linga Mahatmyam_).

Colonel Kennedy says:-"On perusing this legend, it will immediately occur that it is a mere imitation of the fourth avatar of Vishnu, the concluding part of the account of which is thus given in the Padma Puran:-'Hiranyakas.h.i.+pu having ordered his son Pralhada to be put to death on account of his devotion to Vishnu, and all means employed for this purpose having proved ineffectual, the king of the Daityas was astonished, and with gentleness addressed his son:-'Where is that Vishnu whose pre-eminence thou hast declared before me, and who, as thou sayest, was called Vishnu because he pervades all things, and consequently, being omnipresent, he must also be the Supreme Being?

Show to me a proof of the divine power and qualities which thou ascribest to him, and I will acknowledge the divinity of Vishnu; or let him conquer in battle me, who have obtained the boon of being unslayable by any existing thing.' Pralhada, astonished, replied,-'Narayana, the eternal, omnipotent, omnipresent, and Supreme Spirit dwells in heaven, and man cannot obtain the view of his divine form through anger and hatred, but, though unseen, he is present in all things.' Having heard these words, Hiranyakas.h.i.+pu was incensed with anger, and, reviling his son, said,-'Why dost thou thus with endless boasts exalt the power of Vishnu?' and then striking a pillar of his royal hall, thus continued: 'If Vishnu pervades all things let him appear in this pillar, or I will this moment put thee to death.'

This said, he struck the pillar with his sword, and instantly from it burst a loud and dreadful sound, while Vishnu issued forth under a fearful form, half man and half lion.'

"But as the avatars of Vishnu are unquestionably an essential part of the Hindu religion, since they are noticed in the Vedas, Upanishads, and Purans, and as the miraculous appearances of s.h.i.+va, on which the sanct.i.ty of various lingams is founded, are not generally acknowledged by the Hindus, and are mentioned only in the Shanka and s.h.i.+va Purans, it must necessarily follow that the fourth avatar of Vishnu is the original from which the above legend of Bhima Shankara has been merely copied. The introduction, however, of a new mode of wors.h.i.+p, is always, as experience has shewn, supported by miracles; and it may therefore be concluded that the legends respecting the Jyolisha lingams, at least, are as ancient as the first inst.i.tution of the wors.h.i.+p of the lingam. In which case it will be evident that the transferring by the Shaivas to s.h.i.+va of the peculiar attribute of Vishnu, that of preservation, and their founding various miracles on such transfer, are convincing proofs that Vishnuism must have existed before the present form of s.h.i.+vaism; and that, in inventing these miracles, the Shaivas have wished to ascribe to the G.o.d of their particular adoration similar manifestations of divine power to those by which Vishnu was supposed to be peculiarly distinguished."[7]

[7] Vaus Kennedy, Hindu Mythology.

An account was published, about a hundred years ago, by Captain Colin Mackenzie, of a visit he had lately paid to the PaG.o.da at Perwuttum, the home of the Linga Mallikarjuna or Sri Saila. He said:-"Having sent notice to the manager of the revenues, that I was desirous of seeing the paG.o.da, provided there was no objection, I was informed at noon, that I might go in. On entering the fourth gate, we descended by steps, and through a small door, to the inner court, where the temples are: in the centre was the paG.o.da of Mallecarjee, the princ.i.p.al deity wors.h.i.+pped here. From hence I was conducted to the smaller and more ancient temple of Mallecarjee, where he is adored, in the figure of a rude stone, which I could just distinguish, through the dark vista of the front building on pillars. Behind this building, an immense fig tree covers with its shade the devotees and attendants, who repose on seats, placed round its trunk, and carpeted. Among these, was one Byraggy, who had devoted himself to a perpetual residence here; his sole subsistence was the milk of a cow, which I saw him driving before him: an orange coloured rag was tied round his loins, and his naked body was besmeared with ashes.

"The weather being warm, I was desirous of getting over as much of this bad road, as I could, before noon: my tents and baggage had been sent off at four A.M., and I only remained near the paG.o.da with the intention of making some remarks on the sculptures of its wall, as soon as daylight appeared.

"But the Brahmins, with the Rajpoot amuldar (who had hitherto shewn a shyness that I had not experienced in any other part of the journey), came to request, that as I was the first European who had ever come so far to visit Mallecarjee, and had been prevented from seeing the object of their wors.h.i.+p, by yesterday not being a lucky day, I would remain with them that day, a.s.suring me that the doors would be opened at ten o'clock. I agreed to wait to that hour, being particularly desirous of seeing by what means the light was reflected into the temple, which the unskilfulness of my interpreter could not explain intelligibly to my comprehension. Notice being at last given, at about half-past eight, that the sun was high enough, the doors on the east side, the gilt paG.o.da were thrown open, and a mirror or reflecting speculum was brought from the Rajpoot amuldar's house. It was round, about two feet in diameter, and fixed to a bra.s.s handle, ornamented with figures of cows; the polished side was convex, but so foul, that it could not reflect the sunbeams; another was therefore brought, rather smaller, and concave, surrounded by a narrow rim, and without a handle. Directly opposite to the gate of the paG.o.da is a stone building, raised on pillars, enclosing a well, and ending in a point; and being at the distance of twelve or fourteen feet, darkens the gateway by its shadow, until the sun rises above it: this no doubt has been contrived on purpose to raise the expectation of the people, and by rendering the sight of the idol more rare, to favour the imposition of the Brahmins. The moment being come, I was permitted to stand on the steps in front of the threshold without (having put off my shoes, to please the directors of the ceremony, though it would not have been insisted on), while a crowd surrounded me, impatient to obtain a glimpse of the awful figure within. A boy being placed near the doorway, waved and played the concave mirror in such a manner, as to throw gleams of light into the paG.o.da, in the deepest recess whereof was discovered by means of these coruscations, a small, oblong, roundish white stone with dark rings, fixed in a silver case. I was permitted to go no further, but my curiosity was now sufficiently satisfied. It appears, that this G.o.d Mallecarjee, is no other than the Lingam, to which such reverence is paid by certain castes of the Gentoos; and the reason why he is here represented by stones unwrought, may be understood from the Brahmin's account of the origin of this place of wors.h.i.+p. My interpreter had been admitted the day before into the sanctum sanctorum, and allowed to touch the stone, which he says is smooth and s.h.i.+ning, and that the dark rings or streaks, are painted on it; probably it is an agate, or some other stone of a similar kind, found near some parts of the Kistna, and of an uncommon size.

"The Brahmins gave me the following account of the origin of the paG.o.da. At Chundra-gumpty-patnum, twelve parvus down the river, on the north side, formerly ruled a Raja, of great power; who being absent several years from his house, in consequence of his important pursuits abroad; on his return, fell in love with his own daughter, who had grown up during his long absence. In vain the mother represented the impiety of his pa.s.sion; proceeding to force, his daughter fled to these deserts of Perwuttum, first uttering curses and imprecations against her father; in consequence of which, his power and wealth declined, his city, now a deserted ruin, remains a monument of divine wrath, and himself, struck by the vengeance of heaven, lies deep beneath the waters of Puttela-gunga, which are tinged green by the string of emeralds that adorned his neck.

"The princess was called Mallicadivi, and lived in this wilderness.

Among her cattle, was a remarkably fine black cow, which, she complained to her herdsman, never gave her milk. He watched behind the trees, and saw the cow daily milked by an unknown person; Mallicadivi informed of this, placed herself in a convenient situation, and beholding the same unknown person milking the cow, ran to strike him with the iron rod, or mace, which she held in her hand; but, the figure suddenly disappeared, and to her astonishment, nothing remained but a rude shapeless stone. At night, the G.o.d appeared to her in a dream, and informed her, he was the person that milked the cow; she therefore, on this spot, built the first temple that was consecrated to the wors.h.i.+p of this deity, represented by a rude stone. This is the second temple that was shewn yesterday, where he is exhibited in the rude state of the first discovery, and is called Mudi-Nulla-carjee or Mallacarjee; the other temples were afterwards built, in later times, by Rajahs and other opulent persons. The Lingam shewn by reflected light in the gilded temple, has also its history, and stories, still more absurd and wonderful, attached to it. It was brought from the city of Chundra-goompty-patnam. The princess, now wors.h.i.+pped as a G.o.ddess, is also called Brama-Rumbo or Strichillumrumbo, from which the paG.o.da is sometimes called Strichillum.""

CHAPTER III.

Representations of Siva-Siva's quarrel with his father-in-law-Quarrel between Brahma and Vishnu-Misconduct of Siva-Bengal temples of Siva-Ancient linga idols-Siege of Somnath-Ferishtah's history-The twelve great lingams-Account of the Viri-Saivas-The Jangamas-Legend of Ravunu.

Siva, has the second place among the Hindoo deities, though in general, in allusion to their offices, the princ.i.p.al G.o.ds are cla.s.sed thus: Brahma, Vishnu, Siva. Siva, personifies destruction or reproduction, for Hindu philosophy excludes, while time shall exist, the idea of complete annihilation: to destroy is, therefore, but to _change_, or _recreate_, or _reproduce_.

This G.o.d is represented in various ways. In the dhyanu he appears as a white or silver coloured man with five faces; an additional eye (one of his names is Trilochunu, the three eyed), and a half-moon on each forehead; four arms; in the first a purushao; in the second a deer; with the third giving a blessing, and with the fourth forbidding fear; sitting on a water-lily, and wearing a tiger's skin. He is wors.h.i.+pped in the daily puja of the brahmins, who silently meditate upon him in this form.

At other times Siva is represented with one head, three eyes, and two arms, riding on a bull, covered with ashes, naked, his eyes inflamed with intoxicating herbs, having in one hand a horn, and in the other a musical instrument called a dumbooru.

Another of his images is the linga, a smooth black stone very much like a sugar-loaf in shape, with a projection of a spoon shape.

There are three different stories respecting the origin of this image.

The Purana called Doorga-bhagavata gives the following account: King Dukshu, having had a quarrel with Siva, refused to invite him to a sacrifice which he was performing. Siva had married Sutee, the daughter of Dukshu. She resolved, uninvited, to attend at this sacrifice; but while there, she was so overcome by the abuse which Dukshu poured upon her husband, that she died.

The ground of the quarrel between Siva and his father-in-law was this: It was the custom for the junior branches of a family, as they arrived at an a.s.sembly, to bow to their older relation. On a certain occasion Siva neglected, or refused, to bow to his father-in-law, who began to abuse him in such a manner that a dreadful enmity was raised which ended in the destruction of Dukshu.

On hearing the news of the fate of his beloved wife, Siva, in vexation, renounced a secular life, and a.s.sumed the profession of a religious mendicant called a sunyasee. As a naked sunyasee he wandered from forest to forest, in the bitterness of grief. At length he arrived in a certain wilderness where many moonees were performing religious austerities, by the side of the river at a distance from their homes. The wives of these moonees, on beholding this naked, dirty, and withered sunyasee, asked him who he was, and why he was wandering up and down in this state? He related to them the cause of his sorrow, viz., that he had been deprived of his wife, and was overwhelmed with distress on her account. The women laughed at him, and pretended to doubt his relation, declaring that his body was so withered, that all desires must have been extinguished. In this manner they provoked Siva, till at length he seized the wife of one of the moonees and deflowered her. The moonee on hearing this relation, p.r.o.nounced a curse on Siva, and he became an hermaphrodite. As soon as the curse had taken effect, the linga sunk into patalu, the world of serpents, and ascended into the boundless s.p.a.ce.

Before this period, a fierce quarrel had taken place betwixt Brahma and Vishnu, as to which of them was the greatest, the former as the creator, or the latter as the preserver or cherisher, of all. They appealed to Siva, who left it to be determined by a trial of strength at some future time, when he should have leisure.

Siva at length proposed to the two G.o.ds to settle their quarrel in this way: one of them should ascend, and endeavour to ascertain the height of the linga, and the other descend, and bring up word of its depth. Brahma ascended, and Vishnu plunged into patalu. In this way both the G.o.ds tried their utmost efforts, but could not find either the height or the depth of the linga. As Brahma ascended, he met a flower which had fallen from the top of the linga, and asked how far it was to the top. The flower told him that it had been falling from the head of the linga so many kulpus (one kulpu is four hundred and thirty-two millions of years of mortals) and had not reached the earth yet; what hope was there then of his reaching the top? Brahma related the account of the difference betwixt him and Vishnu, and that upon this trial of their powers the point of pre-eminence was to be decided. The flower advised Brahma to tell the a.s.sembled G.o.ds, that he had gone to the top, and if they doubted the fact, he might call him to confirm it.

Brahma descended, and Vishnu came up disappointed in his attempt to get to the bottom of the linga. When the two G.o.ds arrived in the a.s.sembly, Brahma declared that he had been to the top, and brought the flower to prove it. Vishnu confessed his disappointment, and charged the flower with witnessing a falsehood. To this all the G.o.ds a.s.sented, and Vishnu p.r.o.nounced a curse upon the flower, that it should never be received among the offerings presented to Siva.

After the matter was thus disposed of, the G.o.ds resolved that the wors.h.i.+p of the linga should have the precedency of every other wors.h.i.+p; that the benefits attending its wors.h.i.+p should be boundless, and that the heaviest curses should fall on those who neglected to wors.h.i.+p this image. So much for the account in the Doorga-bhagavata: in the Kaduru-khundu the origin of the wors.h.i.+p is thus mentioned:

When the G.o.ds resolved to churn the sea, in order to obtain the water of life, become immortal, and overcome the usoorus, they were greatly afraid lest the usoorus should seize the water of life, and become immortal also. When the water of life came up, they contrived to send the usoorus to bathe; but after bathing, they arrived before the G.o.ds had drank the life-giving beverage. To draw off their attention, Vishnu a.s.sumed the form of a most beautiful female. This contrivance was successful.

The G.o.d Siva hearing that Vishnu had a.s.sumed this form, went to the spot, and was so overcome by the charms of Mohinee, that he was about to seize her by force: she fled, and Siva followed her; mad with l.u.s.t, he pursued her till she could run no longer, when she turned, and p.r.o.nouncing a curse upon him by which he became a hermaphrodite, she immediately a.s.sumed her original form, viz., that of Vishnu. Siva was so enraged, that all the G.o.ds, full of fear, arrived to soften him by praise. He at length consented to dismiss his anger on condition that the linga should become an object of universal wors.h.i.+p.

Another account of the origin of this wors.h.i.+p is contained in some of the other puranas: At the time of a universal destruction of the world all the G.o.ds are absorbed in what is called akashu; the linga alone remains. The puranas, therefore, say that as all the G.o.ds except the linga are absorbed in the akashu, he who wors.h.i.+ps the linga, obtains the unbounded merit of embracing all the deities at once. From these stories, temples innumerable have arisen in India, and a Siva linga placed in each of them, and wors.h.i.+pped as a G.o.d.

The wors.h.i.+p of Siva under the type of the Linga, is almost the only form in which that deity is reverenced. Its prevalence throughout the whole tract of the Ganges, as far as Benares, is sufficiently conspicuous. In Bengal the temples are commonly erected in a range of six, eight, or twelve, on each side of a Ghat, leading to the river.

At Kalna is a circular group of one hundred and eight temples, erected by the Rajah of Bardwan. Each of the temples in Bengal consists of a single chamber, of a square form, surmounted by a pyramidal centre; the area of each is very small, the Linga, of black or white marble, occupies the centre; the offerings are presented at the threshold.

Benares, however, is the peculiar seat of this form of wors.h.i.+p: the princ.i.p.al deity, Visweswara, is a Linga, and most of the chief objects of the pilgrimage are similar blocks of stone. Particular divisions of the pilgrimage direct visiting forty-seven Lingas, all of pre-eminent sanct.i.ty; but there are hundreds of inferior note still wors.h.i.+pped, and thousands whose fame and fas.h.i.+on have died away. If we may believe Siva, indeed, he counted a hundred Pararrdhyas in the Kasi, of which, at the time he is supposed to tell this to Devi, he adds sixty crore, or six hundred millions were covered by the waters of the Ganges. A Pararrdhya is said, by the commentator on the Kasi-Khanda, in which this dialogue occurs, to contain as many years of mortals as are equal to fifty of Brahma's years.

This wors.h.i.+p of Siva, under the type of the Linga, is also, perhaps, the most ancient object of homage adopted in India, subsequently to the ritual of the Vedas, which was chiefly, if not wholly, addressed to the elements, and particularly to Fire. How far the wors.h.i.+p of the Linga is authorised by the Vedas, is doubtful, but it is the main purport of several of the Puranas-such as the Skanda-Purana, the Siva, Brahmanda, and Linga Puranas. There can be no doubt of its universality at the period of the Mohammedan invasion of India. The idol destroyed by Mahmud of Ghizni, was nothing more than a Linga, being, according to Mirkhond, a block of stone of four or five cubits long, and of proportionate thickness. The pa.s.sage from the _Rozet as Sefa_ (cited in the Asiatic Researches, vol. 17), runs thus:-"The temple in which the idol of Somnath stood, was of considerable extent, both in length and breath, and the roof was supported by fifty-six pillars in rows. The idol was of polished stone, its height was about five cubits, and its thickness in proportion: two cubits were below ground. Mahmud having entered the temple, broke the stone Somnath with a heavy mace; some of the fragments he ordered to be conveyed to Ghizni, and they were placed at the threshold of the great Mosque."