World's War Events Volume I Part 18

[Sidenote: _Gneisenau_ and _Nurnberg_ fire on wireless station.]

[Sidenote: Germans are surprised.]

The Graf von Spee had, meanwhile, after the Battle of Coronel, been devoting himself to harrying maritime commerce. The Falklands could wait for the present. Since the beginning of hostilities the work of his light cruisers had been moderately successful. The _Nurnberg_ had cut the cable between Bamfield, British Columbia, and Fanning Island. The _Leipzig_ had accounted for at least four British merchantmen, and the _Dresden_ for at least two more. The armed liner _Eitel Friedrich_ had also achieved some success. Several traders had had narrow escapes. The Chilian coast was in a state of blockade to British vessels, the ports being crowded with s.h.i.+pping that hesitated to venture forth into the danger zone. The Germans were masters of the Pacific and South Atlantic trade routes. The Straits of Magellan and the Horn formed a great waterway of commerce, which for sailing vessels was, indeed, the only eastern outlet from the Pacific. But completely as he had the situation in hand, von Spee was experiencing increasing problems and difficulties with regard to supplies of coal and provisions. Without these he was impotent. He had been employing German merchantmen to great advantage for refueling. But trouble was brewing with the Chilian authorities.

Many signs were leading the latter to suspect that, contrary to international law, German traders were loading at Chilian ports cargoes of coal and provisions, contraband of war, and were transferring them at sea to the German wars.h.i.+ps. There were other causes of complaint. Juan Fernandez, the isle of romance and of mystery, the home of the original of Robinson Crusoe, was said to have been degraded into use as a base for apportioning the booty, coals and victuals, among the belligerent vessels. The island was a Chilian possession. It was practically certain that von Spee's squadron had stayed there beyond the legal limit of time. A French merchantman had, contrary to rule, also been sunk there by the _Dresden_, within Chilian territorial waters. Inquiries in other quarters were being made, moreover, as to the friendly wireless stations which the Germans had been utilizing secretly in Colombia and Ecuador; while a rumour was current in the United States that neutral vessels had been seized and pillaged on the high seas. Von Spee soon found that he was nearing the end even of his illegitimate resources. He had tried the patience of the Chilian authorities too far. About the middle of November they suddenly prohibited, as a provisional measure, the vessels of the Kosmos Company from leaving any Chilian port. On November 24 a Government s.h.i.+p was sent to Juan Fernandez to investigate, and to see that Chilian neutrality was upheld. Many such signs seemed to warn von Spee that the time was appropriate to a sudden disappearance. He gathered his squadron for a descent at last upon the Falklands. His plans must be, not merely for a raid, but for an occupation. There were probably two or three small s.h.i.+ps there. They should be sunk. The wireless station must be destroyed. The Islands, after a landing had been effected and the defence reduced, could be used as a base for the German operations. There were large quant.i.ties of coal and stores at Stanley. The harbour possessed facilities for refitting. To dislodge a strong German naval force, with adequate guns, placed in occupation of the colony, would be a difficult task for the enemy. The Falklands had many possibilities. According to von Spee's information they were feebly defended and would fall an easy prey. At length, early in the morning of December 8, the Admiral brought his fleet off Stanley. His five cruisers approached from the south. They were, of course, observed. A warning gun, probably from one of the small s.h.i.+ps which he would shortly sink, sounded the alarm inside the harbour. There was no need, however, for haste. At twenty minutes past nine the _Gneisenau_ and the _Nurnberg_ moved towards the wireless station, and brought their guns to bear upon it. But suddenly from inside the harbour there came the thunder of a big gun. Five sh.e.l.ls, of very heavy calibre, screamed in quick succession from over the low-lying land. One of the vessels was struck. Surprise and bewilderment took the Germans. This was most unexpected. The _Gneisenau_ and the _Nurnberg_ hastily retired out of range.

[Sidenote: Strength of British squadron.]

[Sidenote: Admiral St.u.r.dee both confident and cautious.]

[Sidenote: Enemy eight miles away.]

[Sidenote: _Canopus_ opens fire.]

Sir Doveton and his fleet, meanwhile, had gone to breakfast. Steam for full speed was got up as rapidly as possible. Coaling operations had recommenced at 6.30 that morning. The colliers were hurriedly cast off, and the decks were cleared for action. Officers and men were delighted at the prospect of an early fight. The Germans had saved them a long cold search around the Horn by calling for them. There was going to be no mistake this time. The enemy could not escape. St.u.r.dee's squadron was superior both in weight and speed to the German. It consisted of two battle-cruisers of over 17,000 tons, the _Invincible_ and _Inflexible_; of three cruisers of about 10,000 tons, the _Carnarvon_, _Kent_, and _Cornwall_; and of two light cruisers of 4,800 tons, the _Glasgow_ and _Bristol_. The primary armament of the _Invincible_ and _Inflexible_ was eight 12-inch guns; of the _Carnarvon_, four 7'5-inch; of the _Kent_ and _Cornwall_, fourteen 6-inch; of the _Glasgow_ and _Bristol_, two 6-inch.

The speed of the battle-cruisers was twenty-eight knots; of the three middle-cla.s.s cruisers, twenty-two to twenty-four knots; and of the light cruisers, twenty-five to twenty-six knots. In size, in armament, in speed, the British squadron would decidedly preponderate. Admiral St.u.r.dee, however, though confident of victory, was determined to take no risks, and to minimize loss in men and material by making full use of his superior long-range gunfire, and of his superior speed. He would wait, screened by the land, until the Germans had drawn nearer.

Everything should be got ready carefully. Undue excitement was to be deprecated. Meanwhile, he watched the enemy closely. At about a quarter to nine, Captain Grant of the _Canopus_ reported that the first two s.h.i.+ps sighted were now about eight miles away: the other two were still at a distance of some twenty miles. The _Kent_ pa.s.sed down the harbour and took up a position at the entrance. Five minutes later the smoke of a fifth German vessel was observed. When, in about half an hour's time, the two leading enemy s.h.i.+ps made a threatening move in the direction of the wireless station, the Admiral ordered a swift counterstroke.

Officers upon the hills above the town signalled the range, 11,000 yards, to the _Canopus_. She opened fire with her 12-inch guns. The Germans hoisted their colours and drew back. Their masts and smoke were now visible from the upper bridge of the _Invincible_ across the low land bounding Port William on the south. Within a few minutes the two cruisers altered course and made for the harbour-mouth. Here the _Kent_ lay stationed. It seemed that the Germans were about to engage her. As, however, they approached, the masts and funnels of two large s.h.i.+ps at anchor within the port became visible to them. The _Gneisenau_ and the _Nurnberg_ could hardly expect to contend alone with this force. They at once changed their direction, and moved back at increased speed to join their consorts.

[Sidenote: Weather unusually fair.]

[Sidenote: Chase begins.]

[Sidenote: More German s.h.i.+ps sighted.]

[Sidenote: Battle joined.]

The morning was gloriously fine. The sun shone brightly, the sky was clear, the sea was calm, and a breeze blew lightly from the north-west.

It was one of the rare bright stretches that visit the Islands, for usually rain falls, mostly in misty drizzles, on about 250 days in the year. At twenty minutes to ten the _Glasgow_ weighed anchor, and joined the _Kent_ at the harbour-mouth. Five minutes later the rest of the squadron weighed, and began to steam out. The battles.h.i.+p _Canopus_, her speed making her unsuitable for a chase, was left in harbour. The _Bristol_ and the _Macedonia_ also remained behind for the present. By a dexterous use of oil fuel the two battle-cruisers were kept shrouded as much as possible in dense clouds of smoke. The enemy for some time could not gauge their size. But as vessel after vessel emerged, Admiral von Spee grew uneasy. The English were in altogether unexpected strength.

His squadron could not cope with such force. He had played into the enemy's hands, and unless he could outspeed their s.h.i.+ps, the game was up. Without hesitation, he steamed off at high speed to eastward. The British followed, steaming at fifteen to eighteen knots. The enemy, to their south-east, were easily visible. At twenty past ten an order for a general chase was signalled. The _Invincible_ and the _Inflexible_ quickly drew to the fore. The Germans were roughly in line abreast, 20,000 yards, or some eleven miles, ahead. The morning sunlight, the gleaming seas, the grey wars.h.i.+ps, white foam springing from their bows, tearing at high speed through the waves, formed a magnificent spectacle.

Crowds of the inhabitants of Stanley gathered upon the hills above the town to view the chase. The excitement and enthusiasm were intense. The vessels were in sight about two hours. At about a quarter past eleven it was reported from a point in the south of East Falkland that three other German s.h.i.+ps were in sight. They were probably colliers or transports.

The _Bristol_ signalled the information to Admiral St.u.r.dee. He at once ordered her, with the armed liner _Macedonia_, to hasten in their direction and destroy them. The newcomers made off to south-west, and the British followed. Meanwhile the rest of the squadron, now travelling at twenty-three knots, were slowly closing upon the enemy. The distance had narrowed to 15-16,000 yards. The British were within striking range. Nevertheless, St.u.r.dee decided to wait till after dinner before engaging. His guns could outdistance those of the enemy. It would be advisable for him to keep at long range. The Germans, on the other hand, would be forced, when firing commenced, to alter course and draw in, in order to bring their own guns into play. The men had their midday meal at twelve o'clock as usual. It is said that comfortable time was allowed afterwards for a smoke. The _Invincible_, _Inflexible_, and _Glasgow_ at about 12.30 increased their speed to between twenty-five and twenty-eight knots, and went on ahead. Just after a quarter to one there was a signal from the Admiral: 'Open fire and engage the enemy.' A few minutes later there were sharp commands. The ranges were signalled, and the bigger guns were laid. Fiery glares and dense clouds of smoke burst suddenly from their muzzles. The air quivered with their thunder. Sh.e.l.ls went screaming in the direction of the nearest light cruiser, the _Leipzig_, which was dropping rapidly astern. The firing was uncomfortably accurate. The three smaller German cruisers very soon left the line, and made an attempt, veering off to the south, to scatter and escape. Flame and smoke issued from the _Leipzig_, before she drew clear, where a sh.e.l.l had struck. Sir Doveton St.u.r.dee directed the _Glasgow_, _Kent_, and _Cornwall_ to pursue the German light cruisers.

With his remaining vessels, the _Invincible_, the _Inflexible_, and the slower _Carnarvon_, he turned upon the _Scharnhorst_ and the _Gneisenau_, and began operations in earnest.

[Sidenote: The _Scharnhorst_ on fire.]

[Sidenote: The _Scharnhorst_ sinks.]

[Sidenote: The _Gneisenau_ goes down.]

The interval of sunlight which had opened the day with such promise was of short duration. The sky became overcast. Soon after four o'clock the air was thick with rain-mist. From 1.15 onwards for three hours a fierce duel was maintained between the two British battle-cruisers and the two German armoured cruisers. The enemy made every effort to get away. They replied to the British fire for some time, having dropped back to within 13,500 yards. But shortly after two o'clock they changed their course, and began to haul out to south-east. The _Invincible_ and the _Inflexible_ had eased their speed, and the range now widened by about 3,000 yards. A second chase ensued. A full-rigged sailing-s.h.i.+p appeared in the distance at about a quarter to three. Her crew must have beheld an awe-inspiring scene. Shortly before the hour firing recommenced. The action began to develop. Great coolness and efficiency were shown on board the British vessels. Every man was at his battle-station, behind armour. Fire-control parties were at their instruments. Water from numerous hoses was flooding the decks as a precaution against fire. The roaring of the discharges, the screaming of the sh.e.l.ls, the clangour of metal upon metal, the crashes of the explosions, made up a tumult that was painful in its intensity. During intervals in the firing came the rus.h.i.+ng of the waves and of the breeze, and the grinding and grunting of the hydraulic engines in the turrets, where swung, training constantly upon the enemy, the greater guns. The Germans soon began to show signs of distress. The _Scharnhorst_ particularly suffered. Dense clouds of smoke, making it difficult for the British accurately to gauge the damage, rose from her decks. Sh.e.l.ls rending her side disclosed momentarily the dull red glow of flame. She was burning fiercely. The firing on both sides was deadly, though the German had slackened considerably. But the British vessels, through their preponderance in gunfire, suffered little damage. Their 12-inch guns. .h.i.t their marks constantly, while 82-inch guns of the _Scharnhorst_ were accurate, but ineffective. She veered to starboard at about 3.30, to bring into play her starboard batteries. Both her masts and three of her four funnels were shot away. At length the German flags.h.i.+p began to settle down rapidly in the waters. It was about a quarter past four. There was a swirl of the seas and a rush of steam and smoke. The _Scharnhorst_ disappeared. She went down with her flag flying to an ocean grave, bearing 760 brave men and a gallant admiral, whose name will deservedly rank high in the annals of German naval history. The _Gneisenau_ pa.s.sed on the far side of her sunken flags.h.i.+p. With the guns of both battle-cruisers now bearing upon her alone, the German was soon in sore straits. But she fought on gallantly for a considerable time. At half-past five she had ceased firing, and appeared to be sinking. She had suffered severe damage. Smoke and steam were rising everywhere. Her bridge had been shot away. Her foremost funnel was resting against the second. Her upper deck was so shattered that it could not be crossed, and every man upon it had been killed. An exploding sh.e.l.l had hurled one of the gun-turrets bodily overboard. Fire was raging aft. Her colours had been shot away several times, and hoisted as often. One of the flags was hauled down at about twenty to six, though that at the peak was still flying. She began to fire again with a single gun. The _Invincible_, the _Inflexible_, and the _Carnarvon_, which had now come up, closed in upon the doomed vessel. Firing was recommenced. The _Gneisenau_ was not moving. Both her engines were smashed. Sh.e.l.ls striking the water near her sent up colossal columns of water, which, falling upon the s.h.i.+p, put out some of the fires. She soon began to settle down in the waves. All her guns were now out of action, and St.u.r.dee ordered the "Cease fire". There could be little doubt that her stubborn resistance was nearing its end. The German commander lined up his men on the decks. The ammunition was exhausted. The s.h.i.+p would soon go down. Some six hundred men had already been killed. The survivors had better provide themselves with articles for their support in the water.

At six o'clock the _Gneisenau_ heeled over suddenly. Clouds of steam sprang forth. Her stem swung up into the air, and she sank. Large numbers of her crew could be seen floating in the icy waves, hanging on to pieces of wreckage, and uttering terribly uncanny cries. The sea was choppy. Drizzling rain was falling. The British steamed up immediately.

All undamaged boats were got out. Ropes were lowered. Lifebuoys and spars were thrown to the drowning men. But many of them, numbed by the freezing water, let go their hold and sank. About 180, among them the captain of the _Gneisenau_, were saved. It is said that much agreeable surprise, upon the discovery that their antic.i.p.ations of being shot would not be realized, was manifested by the German sailors.

[Sidenote: The _Eitel Friedrich_ escapes.]

[Sidenote: The _Leipzig_ is sunk.]

Meanwhile, battle had been in progress elsewhere. The _Bristol_ and the _Macedonia_ had overtaken the transports _Baden_ and _Santa Isabel_, had captured their crews, and had sunk the s.h.i.+ps. The armed liner accompanying them, the _Eitel Friedrich_, had, however, made off and got away by means of her superior speed. The _Kent_, _Glasgow_ and _Cornwall_ had pursued the German light cruisers in a southerly direction. The _Dresden_, the fastest, proved too speedy a vessel to overtake. She was ahead of her consorts, upon either quarter, and made her escape whilst they were being engaged. The _Kent_ gave chase to the _Nurnberg_. The _Glasgow_, in pursuit of the _Leipzig_, raced ahead of the _Cornwall_, and by about three o'clock in the afternoon had closed sufficiently, within 12,000 yards, to open fire with her foremost guns.

The German s.h.i.+p turned every now and then to fire a salvo. Soon a regular battle began which was maintained for some hours. Sh.e.l.ls fell all around the _Glasgow_. There were several narrow escapes, but the casualties were few. Shortly after six a wireless message was received from Admiral St.u.r.dee, announcing that the _Scharnhorst_ and the _Gneisenau_ had been sunk. A cheer surged up, and the men set to work with renewed spirits and energy. The _Cornwall_ had come up some time before, and the _Leipzig_ was now severely damaged. But she fought on for three more hours. Darkness came on. The German cruiser began to burn fore and aft. It was nine o'clock before she at last turned over and sank.

[Sidenote: The _Kent_ returns.]

[Sidenote: Sinking of the _Nurnberg_.]

The British vessels had, during the course of the action, steamed miles apart, and far out of sight of land. During the evening and night they began to get into touch with one another and with Stanley by means of their wireless. All the s.h.i.+ps except the _Kent_ were accounted for, and reported all well. But no reply was forthcoming to the numerous calls, "Kent, Kent, Kent", that were sent out. She had, in chase of the _Nurnberg_, lost all touch with the rest of the squadron. There was great uneasiness. It was feared that she had been lost. The other s.h.i.+ps were directed to search for her, and for the _Nurnberg_ and the _Dresden_. Late in the afternoon of the following day, however, she entered Stanley harbour safely. Her wireless had been destroyed, but she had sunk the _Nurnberg_, after a very stern struggle. The German captain, Schonberg, is reported, indeed, to have said at Honolulu, "The _Nurnberg_ will very likely be our coffin. But we are ready to fight to the last". He had fought and died true to his words. The German s.h.i.+p was ordinarily more than a knot faster than the British. But the engineers and stokers of the _Kent_ rose magnificently to the occasion. Fuel was piled high. Her engines were strained to the utmost. Soon she was speeding through the waves at twenty-five knots, a knot and a half more than her registered speed. The _Nurnberg_ drew nearer. At five o'clock she was within range, and firing was opened. A sharp action began which lasted some two and a half hours. The _Kent_ was struck many times, and lost several men. She had one narrow escape. A bursting sh.e.l.l ignited some cordite charges, and a flash of flame went down the hoist into the ammunition pa.s.sage. Some empty sh.e.l.l bags began to burn. But a sergeant picked up a cordite charge and hurled it out of danger. Seizing a fire hose, he flooded the compartment and extinguished the fire. A disastrous explosion, which might have proved fatal to the vessel, was thus averted. Her silken ensign and jack, presented by the ladies of Kent, were torn to ribbons. The gallant captain collected the pieces, some being caught in the rigging, and carefully preserved them. The _Nurnberg_, however, was soon in sore straits. Many sh.e.l.ls struck her, and she was set afire. Day drew into evening, and darkness deepened. The Germans ceased firing, and the _Kent_, within about 3,000 yards, followed suit upon the enemy's colours being hauled down. The _Nurnberg_ sank just before half-past seven. As she disappeared beneath the surface, men upon her quarterdeck were waving the German ensign. The _Kent_, after picking up some survivors, put about, and returned to Stanley.

Here the rest of the squadron soon gathered. Congratulatory telegrams began to pour in to Sir Doveton St.u.r.dee. And the curtain closed, in the flush of triumph, upon the most memorable and most dramatic episode in the history of the Falklands.

[Sidenote: Exploits of the _Eitel Friedrich_.]

[Sidenote: The _Eitel Friedrich_ comes to Newport News.]

[Sidenote: The _Dresden_ sinks.]

One further episode remains to complete the story. The _Dresden_ and the armed liner _Eitel Friedrich_, the sole survivors of the German squadron, made once more for the Pacific. They were lost sight of for many weeks. Suspicious movements and activities on the part of German merchantmen were, however, again observed. The Government wireless station at Valparaiso intercepted messages from the _Dresden_ summoning friendly vessels to bring her supplies. Persistent rumours began to be circulated that she was hiding in the inlets of southern Chili. During January, 1915, the _Eitel Friedrich_ seized and destroyed six vessels, chiefly sailing-s.h.i.+ps, some in Pacific, most in Atlantic waters. In February she accounted for four more. Towards the end of the month a British barque was sunk by the _Dresden_. The position was again rapidly becoming troublesome. The movement of British s.h.i.+pping, on the Chilian coast had to be suspended. But the _Glasgow_ and the _Kent_ were on the _Dresden's_ track. The _Kent_ entered Coronel on March 13, coaled, and departed the same night. The _Eitel Friedrich_, meanwhile, had arrived at Newport News, a United States port, with her engines badly in need of repair. Much indignation was aroused among Americans by the announcement that one of her victims had been an American vessel. The German liner had many prisoners on board. Declarations of a resolve, if he had been caught by the British, to have sunk fighting to the last, were repeatedly and emphatically declaimed by the German captain. Five days later he learned that the _Dresden_ had tamely surrendered off Juan Fernandez after a five minutes' action. The _Kent_, at nine o'clock on the morning after she had left Coronel, together with the _Glasgow_ and the auxiliary cruiser _Orama_, came up with the _Dresden_ near the island. A sharp encounter followed. The German cruiser was. .h.i.t heavily.

Fire broke out. In five minutes' time she hauled down her colours and hoisted a white flag. The crew were taken off. The _Dresden_ continued to burn for some time, until finally her magazine exploded and she sank.

The German officers contended that their vessel was sunk within Chilian territorial waters. It had not hitherto been noticeable that their consciences were concerned to maintain Chilian neutrality inviolate.

[Sidenote: Results of the Falkland battle.]

The Battle of the Falkland Islands was the first decisive naval contest of the war. It removed a formidable menace to the trade routes. It relieved British convoys and transports from danger of interruption. It freed many battles.h.i.+ps and cruisers, engaged in sweeping the oceans, for other usefulness. It gave Great Britain effective mastery of the outer seas. Henceforth German naval ambition, frustrated in its endeavour to disorganize the trade routes, was forced, within the limits of the North Sea and of British waters, to seek less adventurous but more disreputable ends. A series of bombardments of coast towns was planned.

A preliminary success was followed by a galling disaster.

With the exception of the naval engagements described above, the operations of the Germans in the sea was limited chiefly to preying upon enemy commerce by isolated vessels. Of these terrors of the sea the most famous was the cruiser _Emden_, which began her career on October 29 by sinking the Russian cruiser _Jemtchug_ in Penang Harbor. Her career until her destruction and the adventures of those of her crew who escaped are described in the following chapter.

CRUISE OF THE EMDEN

CAPTAIN MuCKE

[Sidenote: The _Indus_ sunk.]

"We on the _Emden_ had no idea where we were going, as on August 11, 1914, we separated from the cruiser squadron, escorted only by the coaler _Markomannia_. Under way, the _Emden_ picked up three officers from German steamers. That was a piece of luck, for afterward we needed many officers for the capturing and sinking of steamers, or manning them when we took them with us. On September 10 the first boat came in sight.

We stop her. She proves to be a Greek tramp, chartered from England. On the next day we met the _Indus_, bound for Bombay, all fitted up as a troop transport, but still without troops. That was the first one we sunk. The crew we took aboard the _Markomannia_. 'What's the name of your s.h.i.+p?' the officers asked us. '_Emden!_ Impossible. Why, the _Emden_ was sunk long ago in battle with the _Ascold_!'

[Sidenote: Capturing s.h.i.+ps a habit.]

[Sidenote: Provisions secured.]

"Then we sank the _Lovat_ a troop transport s.h.i.+p, and took the _Kabinga_ along with us. One gets used quickly to new forms of activity. After a few days capturing s.h.i.+ps became a habit. Of the twenty-three which we captured, most of them stopped after our first signal. When they didn't, we fired a blank shot. Then they all stopped. Only one, the _Clan Mattesen_, waited for a real shot across the bow before giving up its many automobiles and locomotives to the seas. The officers were mostly very polite and let down rope ladders for us. After a few hours they'd be on board with us. We ourselves never set foot in their cabins, nor took charge of them. The officers often acted on their own initiative and signaled to us the nature of their cargo; then the Commandant decided as to whether to sink the s.h.i.+p or take it with us. Of the cargo, we always took everything we could use, particularly provisions. Many of the English officers and sailors made good use of the hours of transfer to drink up the supply of whisky instead of sacrificing it to the waves.

I heard that one Captain was lying in tears at the enforced separation from his beloved s.h.i.+p, but on investigation found that he was merely dead drunk. But much worse was the open betrayal which many practiced toward their brother Captains, whom they probably regarded as rivals.

'Haven't you met the _Kilo_ yet? If you keep on your course two hours longer, you must overhaul her,' one Captain said to me of his own accord. To other tips from other Captains we owed many of our prizes. I am prepared to give their names," Captain Mucke added.