Our Government: Local, State, and National: Idaho Edition Part 20

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SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS AND REFERENCES.

1. For the history of land cessions, references are given in Government in State and Nation, p. 334, question 1.

2. The topics treated in this chapter are discussed in Harrison, This Country of Ours, pp. 270-279.

3. On public lands, see Reinsch, Young Citizen's Reader, 90-101.

Marriott, Uncle Sam's Business, 175-184; 254-269.

CHAPTER XVIII.

AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSt.i.tUTION.

Methods of Amending the Const.i.tution.--We have already considered the effect of amendments on some of the original clauses[61]. It now remains to consider, briefly, the methods of amending the Const.i.tution and a few other provisions found in the amendments. Article V provides for amendments as follows:--

_The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amendments to this Const.i.tution, or, on the application of the legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Const.i.tution, when ratified by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate_.

[Footnote 61: For Amendment XI, see p. 160; for Amendment XII, see p.

119.]

Thus, amendments may be proposed in either of two ways: by a vote of two-thirds of both houses of Congress; or by a National convention called by Congress for that purpose on the application of two-thirds of the State legislatures. The convention method has never been used in proposing amendments to this Const.i.tution.

Amendments may also be ratified in two ways: by the legislatures in three-fourths of the several States; or by conventions in three-fourths thereof. Congress has always selected the first of these methods.

Amending the Const.i.tution Difficult.--That it is difficult to amend the Const.i.tution may be seen when we consider that some two thousand amendments have been proposed in an official way. During a single session of the Fifty-seventh Congress, fifty amendments, on twenty different phases of government, were proposed in one or other of the houses of Congress.

Amendment XIII.--The purpose of the first ten amendments has already been noted on p. 112.

The Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments were the results of negro slavery. The Emanc.i.p.ation Proclamation granted freedom to all of the slaves in the States then in rebellion. There were some States, however, as Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri, where slavery might still exist legally. In order to be rid of this inst.i.tution altogether, Congress proposed the Thirteenth Amendment to the Const.i.tution, which is as follows:--

_Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction._

_Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation._

It was declared a part of the Const.i.tution, December 18, 1865.

Amendment XIV.--This amendment was proposed by Congress, June 16, 1866, as a part of the general plan for reconstruction. The Southern States were not to be regarded as a part of the Union until they should ratify it. The entire amendment, given in Appendix A, should be read.

Sections 1 and 2, however, contain the most important provisions.

Section 1 has already been partially discussed on p. 95, under the question, "Who are citizens?" Section 2 has also been considered on p.

54, in connection with the apportionment of representatives.

Congress has at different times removed the disabilities from certain of the cla.s.ses mentioned in Section 3. Finally, an act of June 6, 1898, removed the last disability imposed by this section.

Amendment XV.--In order to secure full political rights for the negroes, the Fifteenth Amendment was pa.s.sed, as indicated on p. 51.

_The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude._

_The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation._

Amendment XVI.--_The Congress shall have power to lay or collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration_.

This amendment, which provides for the laying of an income tax, was adopted by the thirty-sixth legislature, the requisite three-fourths, on February 3, 1913. It was hoped that the money supplied from this tax would make up for any loss of revenue due to the reduction of tariff duties. The new tax will affect those whose yearly incomes are in excess of a certain line of exemption.

Amendment XVII.--_The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature_.

_When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies. Provided, that the legislature of any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may direct_.

_This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Const.i.tution_.

SUPPLEMENTARY QUESTIONS AND REFERENCES.

1. What facts can be given showing the difficulty of amending the Articles of Confederation? Fiske, Critical Period, 218-220.

2. Is it now considered difficult to amend the Const.i.tution? Bryce, American Commonwealth, I, 359-362 (368-371).

3. What were the conditions under which the Emanc.i.p.ation Proclamation was issued? Wilson, Division and Reunion, 226-228.

4. Was the adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment a wise policy?

5. Give the arguments in favor of the Sixteenth Amendment.

6. What reasons can you give in favor of the Seventeenth Amendment?

CHAPTER XIX.

THE GOVERNMENTS OF THE WORLD.

Kinds of Governments.--It is customary to cla.s.sify the governments of the world under two heads: (1) republics, (2) monarchies. The real nature of our republic may be made more apparent by a comparison of our system with that of other republics, and with the governments of certain great monarchies.

Our Federal Republic.--It has been emphasized in the course of our study that the States are important parts in the political system which we call the Republic of the United States. The States are not mere administrative divisions of the nation; they do not stand in the same relation to the National government that counties bear to the State.

They do not derive their powers from the National government; nor, on the other hand, does the latter derive its powers from the States. The source of power for both is the same--"the people themselves, as an organized body politic." The United States is, then, a _Federal Republic_. It is essential to understand that, in the division of powers between States and nation, the latter is sovereign over the matters that are placed within its jurisdiction; but it is a feature of our system no less essential (though less clearly understood by the people) that the States are as completely sovereign over matters that lie within their control.

France a Centralized Republic.--In France we find an entirely different type of republic--not federal, but centralized. France is divided into eighty-six departments, which correspond in some respects to our States. But in their relation to the central government the difference is very striking; for the departments are merely administrative divisions of the central government. They are completely subject to the national government. The chief authority in each department is a prefect, who is appointed by the ministry of France (the central executive body) and is responsible to it. There is a legislative body in each department, called the general council, but the powers of this body are very much restricted.

The national government of France exercises legislative authority upon many subjects in the departments, and it administers the laws directly.

Consequently, the people's powers of local self-government are very much less extensive than those enjoyed by the people in the United States.

There result in France much greater uniformity of legislation and more effective administration; while in many parts of the United States local self-government results in corrupt laws and wasteful administration. But we believe that the people will become educated in the use of political power if the responsibility for its use rests upon them, rather than upon some central authority.