Latin for Beginners Part 36

[Footnote 1: > was originally > and declined like

>. There is no plural.]

<318.>> EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 297.

I. 1. Barbari proelium committere statuerunt eo magis quod Romani infirmi esse videbantur. 2. Meum consilium est multo melius quam tuum quia multo facilius est. 3. Haec via est multo latior quam illa.

4. Barbari erant nihilo tardiores quam Romani. 5. Tuus equus est paulo celerior quam meus. 6. Ii qui paulo fortiores erant prohibuerunt reliquos aditum relinquere. 7. Inter illas civitates Germania milites habet optimos. 8. Propior via quae per hanc vallem ducit est inter portum et lac.u.m. 9. Servi, qui agros citeriores incolebant, priores dominos relinquere non cupiverunt, quod eos amabant. 10. Ultimae Germaniae partes numquam in fidem Romanorum venerunt. 11. Nam trans Rhenum aditus erat multo difficilior exercitui Romano.

II. 1. Another way much more difficult (more difficult by much) was left through hither Gaul. 2. In ancient times no state was stronger than the Roman empire. 3. The states of further Gaul did not wish to give hostages to Caesar. 4. Slavery is no better (better by nothing) than death. 5. The best citizens are not loved by the worst. 6. The active enemy immediately withdrew into the nearest forest, for they were terrified by Caesar's recent victories.

LESSON LVII

FORMATION AND COMPARISON OF ADVERBS

[Special Vocabulary]

>, f., _cohort_, a tenth part of a legion, about 360 men >, _run_ (course) >, f., _difficulty_ >, f., _ditch_ (fosse) >, f., _race, tribe, nation_ (Gentile) >, n., _business, affair, matter_ (negotiate) >, f., _region, district_ >, m., _rumor, report_. Cf. fama >, conj., _as soon as_

>, _undertake_ >, _drag, draw_ (ex-tract) >, _be strong_; plurimum valere, _to be most powerful, have great influence_ (value). Cf. validus

<319.>> Adverbs are generally derived from adjectives, as in English (e.g. adj. _sweet_, adv. _sweetly_). Like adjectives, they can be compared; but they have no declension.

<320.>> Adverbs derived from adjectives of the first and second declensions are formed and compared as follows:

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE _Adj._ carus, _dear_ carior carissimus _Adv._ care, _dearly_ carius carissime

_Adj._ pulcher, _beautiful_ pulchrior pulcherrimus _Adv._ pulchre, _beautifully_ pulchrius pulcherrime

_Adj._ liber, _free_ liberior liberrimus _Adv._ libere, _freely_ liberius liberrime

_a._ The positive of the adverb is formed by adding <-e>> to the base of the positive of the adjective. The superlative of the adverb is formed from the superlative of the adjective in the same way.

_b._ The comparative of any adverb is the neuter accusative singular of the comparative of the adjective.

<321.>> Adverbs derived from adjectives of the third declension are formed like those described above in the comparative and superlative.

The positive is usually formed by adding <-iter>> to the base of adjectives of three endings or of two endings, and <-ter>> to the base of those of one ending;[1] as,

POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE _Adj._ fortis, _brave_ fortior fortissimus _Adv._ fort.i.ter, _bravely_ fortius fortissime

_Adj._ audax, _bold_ audacior audacissimus _Adv._ audacter, _boldly_ audacius audacissime

[Footnote 1: This is a good working rule, though there are some exceptions to it.]

<322.>> > As we learned above, the neuter accusative of comparatives is used adverbially. So in the positive or superlative some adjectives, instead of following the usual formation, use the accusative or the ablative singular neuter adverbially; as,

_Adj._ facilis, _easy_ primus, _first_ _Adv._ facile (acc.), _easily_ primum (acc.), _first_ primo (abl.), _at first_ _Adj._ multus, _many_ plurimus, _most_ _Adv._ multum (acc.), _much_ plurimum (acc.), _most_ multo (abl.), _by much_

<323.>> Learn the following irregular comparisons:

bene, _well_ melius, _better_ optime, _best_ diu, _long_ (time) diutius, _longer_ diutissime, _longest_ magnopere, _greatly_ magis, _more_ maxime, _most_ parum, _little_ minus, _less_ minime, _least_ prope, _nearly, near_ propius, _nearer_ proxime, _nearest_ saepe, _often_ saepius, _oftener_ saep.i.s.sime, _oftenest_

<324.>> Form adverbs from the following adjectives, using the regular rules, and compare them: >, >, >,
>, >, >

<325.>> RULE.

<326.>> EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 297.

I. 1. Nulla res melius gesta est quam proelium illud[2] ubi Marius multo minore exercitu multo maiores copias Germanorum in fugam dedit.

2. Audacter in Romanorum cohortis hostes impetus fecerunt 3. Marius autem omnes hos fortissime sustinuit. 4. Barbari nihilo fortiores erant quam Romani. 5. Primo barbari esse superiores videbantur, tum Romani acrius contenderunt. 6. Denique, ubi iam diutissime paene aequo proelio pugnatum est, barbari fugam petierunt. 7. Quaedam Germanorum gentes, simul atque rumorem illius calamitatis audiverunt, sese in ultimis regionibus finium suorum abdiderunt. 8. Romani saepius quam hostes vicerunt, quod meliora arma habebant. 9. Inter omnis gentis Romani plurimum valebant. 10. Hae cohortes simul atque in aequiorem regionem se receperunt, castra sine ulla difficultate posuerunt.

II. 1. Some nations are easily overcome by their enemies. 2. Germany is much larger than Gaul. 3. Were not the Romans the most powerful among the tribes of Italy? 4. On account of (his) wounds the soldier dragged his body from the ditch with the greatest difficulty. 5. He was able neither to run nor to fight. 6. Who saved him? A certain horseman boldly undertook the matter. 7. The rumors concerning the soldier's death were not true.

[Footnote 2: > standing after its noun means _that well-known, that famous_.]

LESSON LVIII

NUMERALS THE PARt.i.tIVE GENITIVE

[Special Vocabulary]

>, m.. _provisions_ >, f., _width_ (lat.i.tude) >, f., _length_ (longitude) >, f., _size, magnitude_ >, m., _trader, merchant_ >, f., _fortification_ (munition) >, n., _room, s.p.a.ce, distance; time_

>, _learn_; in the perfect tenses, _know_ (re-cognize) >, _collect; compel_ (cogent) >, _defend_ >, _set fire to, burn_ (incendiary). Cf. > >, _possess, occupy, hold_ (obtain)

>, _come through, arrive_

<327.>> The Latin numeral adjectives may be cla.s.sified as follows:

1. >, answering the question _how many?_ as, >, _one_; >, _two_; etc.

2. >, derived in most cases from the cardinals and answering the question _in what order?_ as,

>, _first_; >, _second_; etc.

3. >, answering the question _how many at a time?_ as, >, _one at a time_.

<328.>> > The first twenty of the cardinals are as follows:

1, > 6, > 11, > 16, > 2, > 7, > 12, > 17, > 3, > 8, > 13, > 18, > 4, > 9, > 14, > 19, > 5, > 10, > 15, > 20, >

_a._ Learn also > = 100, > = 200, > = 1000.

<329.>> > Of the cardinals only >, >, >, the hundreds above one hundred, and > used as a noun, are declinable.

_a._ > is one of the nine irregular adjectives, and is declined like > (cf. ----109, 470). The plural of > is used to agree with a plural noun of a singular meaning, as, >, _one camp_; and with other nouns in the sense of _only_, as, >, _only the Gauls_.

_b._ Learn the declension of >, _two_; >, _three_; and >, _a thousand_. (--479.)