Latin for Beginners Part 8

<74.>> Write side by side the declension of >, >, and

>. A comparison of the forms will lead to the following rules, which are of great importance because they apply to all five declensions:

_a._ The vocative, with a single exception (see --73.b), is like the nominative. That is, the vocative singular is like the nominative singular, and the vocative plural is like the nominative plural.

_b._ The nominative, accusative, and vocative of neuter nouns are alike, and in the plural end in <-a>>.

_c._ The accusative singular of masculines and feminines ends in <-m>> and the accusative plural in <-s>>.

_d._ The dative and ablative plural are always alike.

_e._ Final <-i>> and <-o>> are always _long_; final <-a>> is _short_, except in the ablative singular of the first declension.

<75.>> Observe the sentences

>, _Lesbia is good_ >, _Lesbia is a maidservant_

We have learned (--55) that >, when used, as here, in the predicate to describe the subject, is called a _predicate adjective_. Similarly a _noun_, as

>.

<76.>> RULE.

> _A predicate noun agrees in case with the subject of the verb._

[Ill.u.s.tration: PILA]

<77.>> DIALOGUE

GALBA AND MARCUS

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285.

G. Quis, Marce, est legatus c.u.m pilo et tuba?

M. Legatus, Galba, est s.e.xtus.

G. Ubi s.e.xtus habitat?[2]

M. In oppido s.e.xtus c.u.m filiabus habitat.

G. Amantne oppidani s.e.xtum?

M. Amant oppidani s.e.xtum et laudant, quod magna c.u.m constantia pugnat.

G. Ubi, Marce, est ancilla tua? Cur non cenam parat?

M. Ancilla mea, Galba, equo legati aquam et frumentum dat.

G. Cur non servus s.e.xti equum domini curat?

M. s.e.xtus et servus ad murum oppidi properant. Oppidani bellum parant.[3]

[Footnote 2: > is here translated _does live_. Note the _three_ possible translations of the Latin present tense: > _he lives_ _he is living_ _he does live_ Always choose the translation which makes the best sense.]

[Footnote 3: Observe that the verb

> means not only _to prepare_ but also _to prepare for_, and governs the accusative case.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: LEGATUS c.u.m PILO ET TUBA]

<78.>> CONVERSATION

Translate the questions and answer them in Latin.

1. Ubi filiae s.e.xti habitant?

2. Quem oppidani amant et laudant?

3. Quid ancilla equo legati dat?

4. Cuius equum ancilla curat?

5. Quis ad murum c.u.m s.e.xto properat?

6. Quid oppidani parant?

LESSON X

SECOND DECLENSION (_Continued_)

[Special Vocabulary]

NOUNS >, f., _Germany_

>, f., _fatherland_

>, m., _people_ >, m., _the Rhine_ >, m., _village_

<79.>> We have been freely using feminine adjectives, like >, in agreement with feminine nouns of the first declension and declined like them. _Masculine_ adjectives of this cla.s.s are declined like >, and _neuters_ like pilum. The adjective and noun, masculine and neuter, are therefore declined as follows:

MASCULINE NOUN AND ADJECTIVE NEUTER NOUN AND ADJECTIVE >, _the good master_

>, _the good spear_ BASES domin- bon- BASES pil- bon-

TERMINATIONS TERMINATIONS SINGULAR _Nom._ do'minus bonus -us pilum bonum -um _Gen._ domini boni -i pili boni -i _Dat._ domino bono -o pilo bono -o _Acc._ dominum bonum -um pilum bonum -um _Abl._ domino bono -o pilo bono -o _Voc._ domine bone -e pilum bonum -um

PLURAL _Nom._ domini boni -i ila bona -a _Gen._ domino'rum bono'rum -orum ilo'rum bono'rum -orum _Dat._ dominis bonis -is ilis bonis -is _Acc._ dominos bonos -os ila bona -a _Abl._ dominis bonis -is ilis bonis -is

Decline together >, >, >, >, >.

<80.>> Observe the sentences

>, _Lesbia, the maidservant, is good_ >, _the daughter of Lesbia, the maidservant, is good_ >, _the slave loves Lesbia, the maidservant_

In these sentences

<81.>> RULE.

<82.>> EXERCISES

First learn the special vocabulary, p. 285.

I. 1. Patria servi boni, vicus servorum bonorum, bone popule. 2. Populus oppidi magni, in oppido magno, in oppidis magnis. 3. c.u.m pilis longis, ad pila longa, ad muros latos. 4. Legate male, amici legati mali, cena grata domino bono. 5. Frumentum equorum parvorum, domine bone, ad legatos claros. 6. Rhenus est in Germania, patria mea. 7. s.e.xtus legatus pilum longum portat. 8. Oppidani boni s.e.xto legato clara pecuniam dant.

9. Mali servi equum bonum Marci domini necant. 10. Galba agricola et Iulia filia bona laborant. 11. Marcus nauta in insula Sicilia habitat.

II. 1. Wicked slave, who is your friend? Why does he not praise Galba, your master? 2. My friend is from (>) a village of Germany, my fatherland. 3. My friend does not love the people of Italy. 4. Who is caring for[1] the good horse of Galba, the farmer? 5. Mark, where is Lesbia, the maidservant? 6. She is hastening[1] to the little cottage[2]

of Julia, the farmer's daughter.

[Footnote 1: See footnote 1, p. 33. Remember that > is transitive and governs a direct object.]

[Footnote 2: Not the dative. (Cf. --43.)]

LESSON XI