The Siouan Indians Part 6

25 "Coues, "History of the Expedition," op. cit., vol. I, p. 140. A note adds, "The dogs are not large, much resemble a wolf, and will haul about 70 pounds each."

26 Narrative of an Expedition to the Source of St. Peter's River ...

under the Command of Stephen H. Long, U.S.T.E., by William H.

Keating; London, 1825, vol. I, p. 451; vol. II, p. 44, et al.

Account of an Expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains ...

under the Command of Major S.H. Long, U.S.T.E., by Edwin James; London, 1823, vol. I, pp. 155, 182, et al.

Say remarks (James, loc. cit., p. 155) of the coyote(?), "This animal ... is probably the original of the domestic dog, so common in the villages of the Indians of this region [about Council Bluffs and Omaha], some of the varieties of which still retain much of the habit and manners of this species." James says (loc. cit., vol. II, p. 13), "The dogs of the Konzas are generally of a mixed breed, between our dogs with pendent ears and the native dogs, whose ears are universally erect. The Indians of this nation seek every opportunity to cross the breed. These mongrel dogs are less common with the Omawhaws, while the dogs of the p.a.w.nees generally have preserved their original form."

27 Travels in the Interior of North America; London, 1843. The Prince adds, "In shape they differ very little from the wolf, and are equally large and strong. Some are of the real wolf color; others are black, white, or spotted with black and white, and differing only by the tail being rather more turned up. Their voice is not a proper barking, but a howl like that of the wolf, and they partly descend from wolves, which approach the Indian huts, even in the daytime, and mix with the dogs" (cf. p. 203 et al.). Writing at the Mandan village, he says, "The Mandans and Manitaries have not, by any means, so many dogs as the a.s.siniboin, Crows, and Blackfeet.

They are rarely of true wolf color, but generally black or white, or else resemble the wolf, but here they are more like the prairie wolf (_Canis latrans_). We likewise found among these animals a brown race, descended from European pointers; hence the genuine bark of the dog is more frequently heard here, whereas among the western nations they only howl. The Indian dogs are worked very hard, have hard blows and hard fare; in fact, they are treated just as this fine animal is treated among the Esquimaux" (p. 345).

28 "Letters and Notes," etc, vol. I, p. 14; of. p. 230 et al. He speaks (p. 201) of the Minitari canines as "semiloup dogs and whelps."

29 Keating's "Narrative," op. cit., vol. II, p. 452; James' "Account,"

op. cit., vol. I, p.127 et al.

30 According to Prince Maximilian, both the Mandan and Minitari kept owls in their lodges and regarded them as soothsayers ("Travels,"

op. cit., pp. 383, 403), and the eagle was apparently tolerated for the sake of his feathers.

31 "Ca.s.sa Tate, the antient tomahawk" on the plate ill.u.s.trating the objects ("Travels," op. cit., pl. 4, p. 298).

32 Described by Coues, "History of the Expedition under the Command of Lewis and Clark," 1893, vol. I, p. 139, note.

33 "Houses and House-life of the American Aborigines," Cont. N.A. Eth., vol. IV. 1881, p. 114.

34 "The American Bisons, Living and Extinct," by J.A. Allen; Memoirs of the Geol. Survey of Kentucky, vol. 1, pt. ii, 1876, map; also pp.

55, 72-101, et al.

35 Op. cit., p. 283 et seq.

36 Ibid., p. 435.

37 Ibid., p. 294.

38 "History of the Expedition under the Command of Lewis and Clark,"

etc, by Elliott Coues, 1893 vol. 1, p. 175. It is noted that in winter the Mandan kept their horses in their lodges at night, and, fed them on cottonwood branches. Ibid., pp. 220, 233, et al.

39 Coues, Expedition of Lewis and Clark, vol. III, p. 839.

40 Ibid., vol. I, p. 140.

41 "The Story of the Indian," 1895, p. 237.

42 James' "Account," op. cit., vol. I, pp. 126, 148; vol. II, p. 12 et al.

43 Ibid., vol. III, p. 107.

44 "Letters and Notes," op. cit., vol. I, pp. 142 (where the manner of la.s.soing wild horses is mentioned), p. 251 et al.; "Travels," op.

cit., p. 149 et al. (The Crow were said to have between 9,000 and 10,000 head, p. 174.)

45 Keating in Long's Expedition, op. cit., vol. II, appendix, p. 152.

Riggs' "Dakota-English Dictionary," Cont. N.A. Eth., vol. VII, 1890.

46 Op. cit., p. 265.

47 "A study of Omaha Indian Music, by Alice C. Fletcher ... aided by Francis La Flesche, with a report on the structural peculiarities of the music, by John Comfort Fillmore, A.M.;" Arch. and Eth. papers of the Peabody Museum, vol. I, No. 5, 1893, pp. i-vi + 7-152 (=231-382).

48 Ordination, as the term is here used, comprehends regimentation as defined by Powell, yet relates especially to the method of reckoning from the constantly recognized but ever varying standpoint of prescriptorial culture.

49 Several of these are summarized in "The emblematic use of the tree in the Dakota group," Science, n.s., vol. IV, 1896, pp. 475-487.

50 Notably "A Study of Siouan Cults," Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology for 1889-0*0 (1894), pp. 351-544.

51 Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, for 1885-86 (1891), pp. 1-142, and map.

52 Chiefly "Omaha Sociology," Third Ann. Rep. Bur. Eth., for 1881-82 (1884), pp. 205-370; "A study of Siouan cults," Eleventh Ann. Rep.

Bur. Eth., for 1889-90 (1894), pp. 351-544, and that printed on the following pages.

53 Taken chiefly from notes and ma.n.u.scripts prepared by Mr Dorsey.

54 Sionan Tribes of the East, 1894.

55 Third Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology, for 1881-82 (1884), pp. xliv-xlv.

56 Notably in "Relation of primitive peoples to environment, ill.u.s.trated by American examples," Smithsonian Report for 1896, pp.

625-638, especially p. 635.

57 Neither s.p.a.ce nor present occasion warrants discussion of the curious aphrodisian cults found among many peoples, usually in the barbaric stage of development; it may be noted merely that this is an aberrant branch from the main stem of inst.i.tutional growth. The subject is touched briefly in "The beginning of marriage," American Anthropologist, vol. IX, pp. 371-383, Nov., 1896.

58 The History of Human Marriage (London, 1891), especially chapters iv-vi, xiii-xv, xx-xxii.