Birds from North Borneo Part 9

_=Pycnonotus zeylanicus=_ (Gmelin): Yellow-crowned Bulbul.--It was common at Tuaran.

_=Pycnonotus goiavier gourdini=_ Gray 1847: Yellow-vented Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 17: Tenom: [Female], December 31, 1962, MCT 3547; [Male] testis 9 6 mm., December 31, 1962, MCT 3548; [Female] oviduct regressing, old brood patch, December 31, 1962, MCT 3549; [Male], December 31, 1962, MCT 3550; [Female] oviduct nearly regressed, January 1, 1963, MCT 3556; [Female], January 1, 1963, MCT 3557; [Male] testis 9 7 mm., December 31, 1963, MCT 3558; [Male] testis enlarged, January 1, 1963, MCT 3559; [Female], January 1, 1963, MCT 3560; [Male], January 2, 1963, MCT 3562; [Female], January 2, 1963, MCT 3566; [Male], January 2, 1963, MCT 3567; [Male] testis 9 7 mm., January 2, 1963, MCT 3568; [Male], January 2, 1963, MCT 3569; [Female], January 2, 1963, MCT 3570; [Female], January 2, 1963, MCT 3571; [Male] testis 9 7 mm., January 2, 1963, MCT 3572.

Although this species was observed by me at the Cocoa Research Station, I was unable to obtain any specimens. It was also seen commonly at Semp.o.r.na, Siamil Island, Kalabakan, Brantian Estate, and at Tuaran, always a.s.sociated with cultivated areas. The birds obviously were breeding at Tenom in December, and several young were taken. In some, the molt of the wings, body, and tail had begun.

_=Pycnonotus plumosus hutzi=_ Stresemann: Large Olive Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 8: Tenom: [Female], December 31, 1962, MCT 3551; [Male] testis 6 5 mm., January 1, 1963, MCT 3553; [Male] testis small, January 1, 1963, MCT 3554; [Male] testis 6 4 mm., January 4, 1963, MCT 3577; [Male] testis 5 4 mm., January 4, 1963, MCT 3578. Mt. Rumas: [Male], March 6, 1963, ADG 16; [Female], March 6, 1963, ADG 17; s.e.x?, March 6, 1963, ADG 15.

The specimens were netted in scrub-gra.s.sland at Tenom. The size of the testes of the Tenom specimens indicated that the birds were breeding.

_=Pycnonotus brunneus brunneus=_ Blyth: Red-eyed Brown Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 17: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] imm., 32.6 gm., July 22, 1962, MCT 2638; [Male] testis minute, 37.3 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2709; [Male] testis minute, 36.0 gm., August 3, 1962, MCT 2720; [Female] ovary granular, September 4, 1962, MCT 2867; [Male] testis 6 4 mm., September 4, 1962, MCT 2868; [Female] egg in oviduct, largest ovum 9 mm., 1 collapsed follicle, 30.0 gm., September 10, 1962, MCT 2894; [Male] testis small, September 25, 1962, MCT 2953; [Female], September 25, 1962, MCT 2954; [Male] testis small, November 27, 1962, MCT 3346; [Male] testis 4 2 mm., November 29, 1962, MCT 3380; [Male]

testis small, November 29, 1962 MCT 3393; [Male] testis small, December 1, 1962, MCT 3402; [Male] testis small, December 1, 1962, MCT 3403; [Male] testis small, December 1, 1962, MCT 3404; [Female] ovary minute, December 1, 1962, MCT 3416; [Male] testis small, November 30, 1962, MCT 3438. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], August 27, 1963, ADG 260.

This most common of the "brown" bulbuls at the Cocoa Research Station frequented shade trees (_Trema orientalis_). One bird fed on small red peppers, Capsic.u.m sp. Some of the September-taken specimens were in breeding condition.

_=Pycnonotus simplex perplexus=_ Chasen and Kloss: White-eyed Brown Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 3: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female] ovary granular, December 19, 1962, MCT 3469; [Male] testis 4 3 mm., December 20, 1962, MCT 3478; [Female] ovary granular, December 22, 1962, MCT 3499.

This bird was taken only in the moss forest at 4,000 feet elevation near Tenom. Smythies (1960:382) considered the species to be characteristic of the lowlands. Specimens were taken by Harrison in the Kelabit Uplands (Smythies, 1957:704) at 4,200 feet.

_=Pycnonotus erythrophthalmos salvadori=_ (Sharpe): Lesser Olive-brown Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 15: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 6 4 mm., 20.2 gm., August 12, 1962, MCT 2778; [Male] testis 6 5 mm., 19.8 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2830; [Female] ovary granular, 20.5 gm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2831; [Female] imm., 20.0 gm., September 14, 1962, MCT 2925; [Male] testis 7 5 mm., September 25, 1962, MCT 2928; [Male]?, October 2, 1962, MCT 2983; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3357; [Male] testis small, December 1, 1962, MCT 3405; [Male] testis minute, December 2, 1962, MCT 3420; [Male] testis small, December 1, 1962, MCT 3434; [Male] testis small, November 30, 1962, MCT 3439; [Female], April 26, 1962, ADG 63; [Male], July 7, 1963, ADG 170; [Male], July 7, 1963, ADG 171; [Male], July 8, 1963, ADG 176.

This species commonly fed in the shade trees (_Trema orientalis_), along with other species of bulbuls. I occasionally saw individuals in primary forest.

_=Criniger bres gutturalis=_ (Bonaparte): Olive White-throated Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 25: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] ovary regressed, 41.4 gm., July 27, 1962, MCT 2666; [Female], 46.0 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2672; [Male], 51.2 gm., July 31, 1962, heavy molt, MCT 2685; [Male] testis 4 3 mm., 52.6 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2710; [Male], November 27, 1962, MCT 3353; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3354; [Female], June 14, 1963, ADG 138; [Female], July 8, 1963, ADG 172; [Male], July 7, 1963, ADG 173; s.e.x?, July 11, 1963, ADG 190. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 16, 1962, MCT 3052; [Male] testis small, October 22, 1962, MCT 3127; [Male], October 24, 1962, MCT 3137; s.e.x?, November 1, 1962, MCT 3190; [Female], November 2, 1962, MCT 3201; [Female], November 11, 1962, MCT 3250; [Male] testis small, November 13, 1962, MCT 3271; [Female], November 17, 1962, MCT 3301. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], August 16, 1963, ADG 246; [Female] juvenal, August 19, 1963, ADG 253; [Female], August 23, 1963, ADG 256; [Female], August 28, 1963, ADG 264; [Male], August 28, 1963, ADG 270; [Female], August 28, 1963, ADG 271; [Female], October 4, 1963, ADG 293.

At the Cocoa Research Station this species was common and inhabited the cocoa and surrounding secondary forest. I found it to be common 12 miles north of Kalabakan.

_=Criniger ochraceous ruficrissus=_ Sharpe: Brown White-throated Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 5: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female], December 21, 1962, MCT 3489; [Male] testis 3 2 mm., December 21, 1962, MCT 3490; [Male]

testis 4 3 mm., December 21, 1962, MCT 3491; [Female], December 23, 1962, MCT 3518; [Female], December 25, 1962, MCT 3535.

This bird was seen only in the moss forest above Tenom. It was not taken in nets the first four days they were erected, nor did we see individuals in the forest. Then, on December 21, three were taken in widely separated nets, and the species was then seen nearly every day for a week. Such sporadic and unpredictable local occurrences may indicate wide separation of the loosely-organized foraging groups of this species. The call is a harsh, jaylike note.

_=Criniger phaeocephalus connectens=_ (Chasen and Kloss): Crestless White-throated Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 31: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], December 1, 1962, MCT 3406; [Male] testis 5 4 mm., 35.0 gm., July 31, 1962, MCT 2689; [Male], May 2, 1963, ADG 104; [Male], June 22, 1963, ADG 122. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male] testis 6 4 mm., October 12, 1962, MCT 3002; [Female], October 12, 1962, MCT 3003; [Female], October 12, 1962, MCT 3004; [Male], October 14, 1962, MCT 3037; [Male], October 14, 1962, MCT 3038; [Female], October 14, 1962, MCT 3039; [Female], October 17, 1962, MCT 3063; [Male], October 17, 1962, MCT 3071; [Male], October 19, 1962, MCT 3080; [Male], October 20, 1962, MCT 3106; [Male], October 20, 1962, MCT 3110; [Male], October 21, 1962, MCT 3115; [Female], October 22, 1962, MCT 3125; [Female] October 23, 1962, MCT 3135; [Female], October 24, 1962, MCT 3142; [Female], October 26, 1962, MCT 3155; [Male], October 28, 1962, MCT 3175; s.e.x?, October 30, 1962, MCT 3186; [Female], November 1, 1962, MCT 3191; [Male], November 8, 1962, heavy molt, MCT 3234. Kalabakan: [Female], November 15, 1962, heavy molt, MCT 3288. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female], December 17, 1962, MCT 3453. Oil Palm Research Station: [Male], August 15, 1963, ADG 241; [Male], August 27, 1963, ADG 259; [Male], September 5, 1963, ADG 276.

Gum-Gum: [Male], September 4, 1963, ADG 283. Lamag: [Male], October 15, 1963, ADG 308.

This species of the primary forest was common both at Cocoa Research Station and 12 miles north of Kalabakan. Although not frequently seen, it was caught in mist nets with regularity.

Specimens taken near Kalabakan on November 8 and 15, 1962, were in heavy molt.

_=Criniger finschii=_ Salvadori: Finsch's Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 9: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 5 4 mm., 23.1 gm., August 23, 1962, MCT 2798; [Female], 24.4 gm., August 23, 1962, MCT 2799; [Male] testis 6 4 mm., 24.5 gm., September 13, 1962, MCT 2914; [Female], 24.0 gm., September 13, 1962, MCT 2915; [Male] testis 4 3 mm., September 24, 1962, MCT 2942; [Male] testis, 6 5 mm., September 26, 1962, MCT 2969; [Female], September 27, 1962, MCT 2972; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3341. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 19, 1962, heavy molt, MCT 3077.

This bulbul was common in the cocoa at the Cocoa Research Station.

It fed in the company of other bulbuls in shade trees (_Trema orientalis_). The size of the testes of the males taken is characteristic of the beginning or ending of the breeding season, but ovaries of the females showed no signs of being in breeding condition.

According to Smythies (1960:385), this species had never been taken in North Borneo. These specimens, therefore, are the first recorded from there. Specimens previously were saved from Sarawak and Indonesian Borneo.

_=Hypsipetes criniger viridis=_ (Bonaparte): Hairy-backed Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 26: Cocoa Research Station: [Male], September 26, 1962, MCT 2963; [Female], September 27, 1962, MCT 2971; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3337; [Male], November 27, 1962, MCT 3356; [Female], July 7, 1963, ADG 169; [Male], June 14, 1963, ADG 139; [Male], June 12, 1963, ADG 125. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 13, 1962, MCT 3022; [Male], October 13, 1962, MCT 3023; [Female], October 13, 1962, MCT 3029; [Female], October 13, 1962, MCT 3033; [Male], October 14, 1962, MCT 3040; [Female], October 16, 1962, MCT 3054; [Male], October 16, 1962, MCT 3055; [Female], October 19, 1962, MCT 3081; [Female], October 19, 1962, MCT 3082; [Male], October 20, 1962, MCT 3109; [Male], October 22, 1962, MCT 3129; [Male], October 26, 1962, MCT 3162; [Male], November 11, 1962, MCT 3251; [Female], November 13, 1962, MCT 3273; [Female], November 13, 1962, MCT 3274; [Male], November 13, 1962, MCT 3275. Gum-Gum: [Female], October 3, 1963, ADG 288; [Male], October 3, 1963, ADG 289; [Male], August 12, 1963, ADG 228.

These bulbuls regularly feed on berries of _Trema orientalis_. I saw these bulbuls darting out after insects from branches, much as flycatchers would do, and have noticed a tendency toward flycatching in other bulbuls, but not so commonly as in this species. In using the name _Hypsipetes_ instead of _Microscelis_ I follow Rand and Rabor (1959:102).

_=Hypsipetes malaccensis=_ Blyth: Streaked Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 4: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 8 5 mm., 41.0 gm., August 20, 1962, MCT 2787. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Female], October 19, 1962, MCT 3092. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 22, 1962, MCT 3497; [Male], December 22, 1962, MCT 3498.

I did not find this species common at any collecting locality.

Smythies (1957:707) considered it a lowland species, but its occasional occurrence in the highlands is indicated by the specimen from Tenom.

Deignan (_in_ Peters, 1960:291) regards _Hypsipetes virescens_ and _Hypsipetes malaccensis_ as specifically distinct.

_=Hypsipetes charlottae perplexus=_ (Riley): Crested Olive Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 5: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 5 3 mm., August 27, 1962, MCT 2818; [Male] testis 5 4 mm., September 25, 1962, MCT 2951; [Female], September 25, 1962, MCT 2952; [Male], November 27, 1962, MCT 3333; [Female] imm., 32.6 gm., July 22, 1962, MCT 2638.

This species was occasionally observed in the cocoa, where it fed on berries of _Trema orientalis_. The size of the testes in males taken in August suggests that the species had been breeding earlier.

_=Hypsipetes flavalus connectens=_ (Sharpe): Ashy Bulbul.--_Specimens_, 7: 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Female], December 23, 1962, MCT 3508; [Female]

largest ova 1 mm., December 17, 1962, MCT 3447; [Male], December 17, 1962, MCT 3448; [Male] testis 4 3 mm., December 19, 1962, MCT 3466; [Male], December 19, 1962, MCT 3467; [Male] testis 6 6 mm., December 20, 1962, MCT 3476; [Male] testis 5 4 mm., December 20, 1962, MCT 3477.

This was a common and conspicuous bird in the moss forest. Males called and sang there. The call note sounds like the mew of a cat.

The Ashy Bulbul could easily be "squeaked in," at which time it approached silently. When observed in the forest it was noisy and gregarious.

_=Aegithina viridissima viridissima=_ (Bonaparte): Green Iora.--_Specimens_, 7: Cocoa Research Station: [Female] largest ovum 1 mm., 13.5 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2755; [Male] testis 8 5 mm., 14.8 gm., August 10, 1962, MCT 2756; s.e.x?, 13.2 gm., August 25, 1962, MCT 2805; [Male], 12.5 gm., September 10, 1962, MCT 2895; [Female] 13.0 gm., September 14, 1962, MCT 2921; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3345. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 20, 1962, MCT 3479.

In the cocoa this abundant bird usually occurred in flocks of five to 10 and fed 10 to 15 feet up in shade trees. On December 17, I saw singing males in the moss forest at 4,000 feet, 5.5 miles southwest of Tenom. This is considered a lowland species by Smythies (1957:698).

_=Aegithina tiphia aequanimis=_ Bangs: Common Iora.--_Specimens_, 2: Tenom: [Male], January 5, 1963, MCT 3581; [Male], January 5, 1963, MCT 3582.

Two were netted in secondary forest near Tenom.

_=Chloropsis cyanopogon cyanopogon=_ (Temminck): Lesser Green Leafbird.--_Specimens_, 8: Cocoa Research Station: [Female], 19.8 gm., July 21, 1962, MCT 2630; [Male] testis 2 1 mm., 25.3 gm., July 21, 1962, MCT 2631; [Male] testis 8 5 mm., August 27, 1962, MCT 2819; [Female], 22.2 gm., September 14, 1962, MCT 2923; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3342; [Female], November 27, 1962, MCT 3352; [Female], April 28, 1963, ADG 77; [Female], May 28, 1963, ADG 116.

It was seen regularly in the cocoa at the research station and was the most common leafbird.

_=Chloropsis sonnerati zosterops=_ Vigors: Greater Green Leafbird.--_Specimens_, 2: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 3 2 mm., 45.8 gm., MCT 2707; [Male], 46.0 gm., August 8, 1962, MCT 2740.

It was seen many times in the cocoa.

_=Irena puella criniger=_ Sharpe: Fairy Bluebird.--_Specimens_, 10: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 3 1 mm., 63.6 gm., July 4, 1962, heavy molt, MCT 2588; [Female], 70.3 gm., July 28, 1962, MCT 2680; [Female], 69.8 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2711; [Male] testis 13 10 mm., 65.0 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2714; s.e.x?, August 2, 1962, MCT 2715; s.e.x?, 64.5 gm., August 2, 1962, MCT 2716; [Female], June 15, 1963, ADG 143; [Female], July 11, 1963, ADG 189; [Female], June 27, 1963, ADG 163.

Tiger Estate: [Male], June 23, 1963, ADG 157.

This was a common species around the Research Station in the cocoa and much-disturbed primary forest.

_=Erithacus cyane=_ (Pallas): Siberian Blue Robin.--_Specimen_, 1: 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], November 4, 1962, MCT 3208 (netted in primary forest).

_=Copsychus pyrrhopygus=_ (Lesson): Orange-tailed Shama.--_Specimens_, 9: Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 3 2 mm., July 11, 1962, MCT 2617; [Male], September 7, 1962, MCT 2885; [Female], October 3, 1962, MCT 2985; [Male], December 1, 1962, MCT 3401; [Male], November 30, 1962, MCT 3444. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male] testis 5 3 mm., October 14, 1962 MCT 3044; [Female], November 13, 1962, MCT 3272. Oil Palm Research Station: [Male], June 20, 1963, ADG 154; [Female], August 11, 1963, ADG 222.

This bird of the primary forest was only rarely seen in secondary forest. The specimen taken on July 11, 1962, was in heavy molt with only two outermost tail feathers in evidence; there was also molt of the wing and body feathers.

_=Copsychus saularis pluto=_ Bonaparte: Magpie-Robin.--_Specimens_, 3: Pintasan Agriculture Station: [Male], October 18, 1963, ADG 323. Tuaran: [Female], December 14, 1963, SCFC 219. Telipok: [Female], March 9, 1963, TM 68.

This species was recorded at Tawau in cultivated areas but no specimens were collected there. Those collected by Garcia, Chung, and Conway tended to be morphologically intermediate between _C. s.

adamsi_ and _C. s. pluto_.

_=Copsychus stricklandi stricklandi=_ Motley and Dillwyn: White-rumped Shama.--_Specimens_, 14. Cocoa Research Station: [Male] testis 8 5 mm., August 28, 1962, MCT 2826; [Male] testis 11 6 mm., September 5, 1962, MCT 2873; [Female], November 28, 1962, MCT 3359; [Female], November 29, 1962, MCT 3389. 12 mi. N Kalabakan: [Male], October 12, 1962, MCT 3012; [Female], October 12, 1962, MCT 3013; [Female] brood patch, oviduct enlarged, October 17, 1962, MCT 3069; [Female], October 19, 1962, MCT 3078; [Female], October 26, 1962, MCT 3154. 5.5 mi. SW Tenom: [Male], December 23, 1962, MCT 3514. Ulu Balung Cocoa Estate: [Male], July 15, 1963, ADG 200. Oil Palm Research Station: [Female], August 27, 1963, ADG 263; [Female], August 28, 1963, ADG 268; [Female], October 4, 1963, ADG 291.