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The biographical information on Percy Cerutty was taken from "Cerutty, Percy Wells (18951975)," Contemporary Authors, Thomson Gale, 2007, and from the Herb Elliot interview on Radio National on January 5, 2001, a transcript of which is available on www.coolrunning.com.
The biographical information on Chuck Jones comes from an interview with the runner.
The value of emptiness of mind for the warrior is explored in many bus.h.i.+do texts, among them The Book of Five Rings, by Miyamoto Musas.h.i.+ (tr. Thomas Cleary), Shambhala, 2010.
Henry David Th.o.r.eau's famous quote about simplicity comes from Walden.
11. "Are You Peeing?"
The body's ability to acclimate to heat is discussed in detail in Surviving the Extremes: A Doctor's Journey to the Limits of Human Endurance, by Kenneth Kamler, St. Martin's, 2004.
The rate at which a body loses fluid and salt during exercise comes from "Exercise and Fluid Replacement," Position Paper of the American College of Sports Medicine, 2007.
The discussion of hyponatremia and the challenges of maintaining proper hydration during an ultra is drawn from interviews with Timothy Noakes, M.D., D.Sc., Ph.D. (hon causa), Discovery Health Professor of exercise and sports science, University of Capetown; Robert Lind, M.D., medical adviser to Western States 100, 19742006; David C. Nieman, Ph.D, FACSM, director, Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University; and Zachary Landman, M.D., researcher and ultramarathoner.
12. Battling Bug Boy Biographical details and the quote about running 10,000 miles were taken from an interview with James Shapiro.
The story of the remarkable pilgrimage of the marathon monks comes from The Marathon Monks of Mount Hiei, by John Stevens, Shambhala, 1988.
13. Of Bears and Gazelles The study showing that vegetarians watch less television, smoke less, and sleep more per night than meat-eaters is the Loma Linda University Adventist Health Study.
Blood type O is described as a "canny, aggressive predator" on Eat Right for Your Type: Official Website, "The Type O Profile."
Dr. Fredrick Stare's takedown of the blood type diet comes from The Food Revolution: How Your Diet Can Help Save Your Life and Our World, by John Robbins, Conari Press, 2010.
14. A Hot Mess The account of Al Arnold's run comes from "The Road Goes On Forever," by Bob Wischnia, Marathoner, Spring 1978.
Biographical details of Sri Chinmoy come from his official website and the article "Sri Chinmoy Seeks to Claim a t.i.tle: Stunt Man Supreme," by James T. Areddy, Wall Street Journal, January 13, 1989 (reprinted on www.rickross.com).
Details of the self-transcendence race come from the Sri Chinmoy Marathon Team website, "The 2011 Self-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race."
Accounts of the Divine Madness group are drawn from the articles "A Running Club Is 100 Miles Outside of the Mainstream," by Jere Longman, New York Times, July 28, 1997; "Running Like h.e.l.l," by Michael Finkel, Women's Sports and Fitness, November 1999; and "Ultrarunning: Runner's Death Places Sport Under Scrutiny," by Jere Longman, New York Times, March 7, 2004.
The body's adaptations to alt.i.tude are described in Surviving the Extremes: A Doctor's Journey to the Limits of Human Endurance, by Kenneth Kamler, St. Martin's, 2004.
The detailed description of the stresses of the ultra, from the loading on bones and muscles to the cascade of stress-related hormones, is culled from interviews with Timothy Noakes, M.D., D.Sc., Ph.D. (hon causa), Discovery Health Professor of exercise and sports science, University of Capetown; Robert Lind, M.D., medical adviser to Western States 100, 19742006; David C. Nieman, Ph.D., FACSM, director, Human Performance Laboratory, Appalachian State University; and Zachary Landman, M.D., researcher and ultramarathoner.
15. These Guys Again?
Some of the information regarding Caballo Blanco and Copper Canyon comes from Born to Run: A Hidden Tribe, Superathletes, and the Greatest Race the World Has Never Seen, by Christopher McDougall, Vintage, 2011.
The study demonstrating the dangers of sitting is "Leisure Time Spent Sitting in Relation to Total Mortality in a Prospective Cohort of U.S. Adults," by Alpa V. Patel, Leslie Bernstein, et al., American Journal of Epidemiology, 2010 doi: 10.1093/aje/kwq155.
16. The Central Governor A fascinating discussion of VO2 max, lactate threshold, and efficiency in both humans and animals can be found in Why We Run: A Natural History, by Bernd Heinrich, Harper Perennial, 2002.
The central governor theory of neural recruitment is explained in Lore of Running, by Timothy Noakes, M.D., D.Sc., Human Kinetics, 2002. Noakes is Discovery Health Professor of exercise and sports science, University of Capetown.
17. Hunted by the Wasatch Speedgoat Biographical details of the Skaggs brothers were taken from "Rogue Runners," by Adam W. Chase, Running Times, June 2009.
Hardrock horror stories come from interviews with past partic.i.p.ants, the official Runner's Manual, and the article "It's Gonna Suck to Be You," by Steve Friedman, Outside, July 2001.
The biographical information on Rick Trujillo comes from an interview with the runner.
The biographical information on Laura Vaughan comes from an interview with the runner.
18. In the Footsteps of Pheidippides Course details and the history of the Spartathlon come from the official race website.
Plutarch refers to the Marathon run in his essay "De gloria Atheniensium," tr. Frank Cole Babbitt, via Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University. The full quote is as follows: "The news of the battle of Marathon Thersippus of Eroeadae brought back, as Heracleides Ponticus [an earlier historian whose works have been lost] relates; but most historians declare that it was Eucles who ran in full armour, hot from the battle, and, bursting in at the doors of the first men of the State, could only say, 'Hail! we are victorious!' and straightway expired."
The references to Pheidippides in Herodotus's Histories occur in Book 6, chapters 1056. We cite the A. D. G.o.dley translation available online via the Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University.
The biographical details of John Foden were taken from the online articles "Irishman Is Co-founder of Spartathlon" on www.ultrarunningireland .com and "John Foden-A Life Devoted to Ultrarunning" on www.ultralegends .com.
Yiannis Kouros's biography and records were taken from his official website.
Kouros's definition of ultrarunning is taken from "What Is Ultra-running?," by Yiannis Kouros, March 2008, downloadable from www.yianniskouros.com.
The myth of the founding of Athens is recounted in Mythology, by Edith Hamilton, Bay Back Books, 1998.
Hippocrates's quote about food and drink comes from On Ancient Medicine, tr. Francis Adams, via the Internet Cla.s.sics Archive.
The research on soldiers by Dr. Andy Morgan at Yale Medical School was reported in "Lessons in Survival," by Ben Sherwood, Newsweek, February 13, 2009.
Dr. Kenneth Kamler's book about the factors that separate winners from losers in the world's toughest environments is Surviving the Extremes: A Doctor's Journey to the Limits of Human Endurance, St. Martin's, 2004.
19. Lost The historical background of the 24-hour race was taken from "History of the 24hr Race," by Andy Milroy, www.ultralegends.com, November 4, 2008.
The importance of the sun in Native American ceremonial running is discussed in Indian Running: Native American History and Tradition, by Peter Nabokov, Ancient City Press, 1987.
20. Secrets of the Dark Wizard Dean Potter's biography was taken from "The Aerialist: Dean Potter," by Matt Samet, Outside, July 2011.
For a discussion of the research linking runner's high to endorphins and endocannabinoids, see "Phys Ed: What Really Causes Runner's High," by Gretchen Reynolds, New York Times, February 16, 2011.
The biographical information on Bill Kee comes from an interview with the runner.
The study about rats running themselves to death is cited in Activity Anorexia: Theory, Research and Treatment, by W. Frank Epling and W. David Pierce, Psychology Press, 1996.
The biographical information on Chuck Jones and his Badwater hallucinations comes from an interview with the runner.
Ann Trason's quote about the cliff comes from "Catching Up with Ann Trason," TrailRunner Magazine, January 2009.
Recipe Index.
Apple-Cinnamon Granola, [>][>].
"b.u.t.tery" Omega Popcorn, [>].
Carob Chia Pudding, [>].
Chocolate Adzuki Bars, [>][>]
Coco Rizo Cooler, [>][>]
8-Grain Strawberry Pancakes, [>][>]
Green Power Pre-Workout Drink, [>][>]
Hemp Milk, [>].
Holy Moly Guacamole, [>][>]
Incan Quin-Wow!, [>][>]
Indonesian Cabbage Salad with Red Curry Almond Sauce, [>][>]
Kalamata Hummus Trail Wrap, [>][>]
Lentil-Mushroom Burgers, [>][>].
Long Run Pizza Bread, [>][>]
Minnesota Mashed Potatoes, [>].
Minnesota Winter Chili, [>][>]
Red Curry Almond Sauce, [>]
Rice b.a.l.l.s (Onigiri), [>].
Rice Milk, [>]
Salsa Verde, [>]
Smoky Chipotle Refried Beans, [>][>].
Strawburst Anti-Inflammatory Smoothie, [>][>]
Tamari-Lime Tempeh and Brown Rice, [>][>].
Western States Trail "Cheese" Spread, [>][>].
Xocolatl (SHOCK-o-laht) Energy b.a.l.l.s, [>].
end.
