ISIS: The State of Terror Part 12

31.Sarah Childress, Evan Wexler, and Mich.e.l.le Mizner, "Iraq: How Did We Get Here?," Frontline, PBS, July 29, 2014; Lee Hudson Teslik, "Profile: Abu Musab al-Zarqawi," Council on Foreign Relations, June 8, 2006, http://www.cfr.org/iraq/profile-abu-musab-al-zarqawi/p9866#p4.

32.Bruce R. Pirnie, Edward O'Connell, Counterinsurgency in Iraq (20032006): RAND Counterinsurgency Study-Volume 2 (Rand Corporation, 2008), 5051; email interview with Charles Lister, Visiting Fellow, Foreign Policy, Brookings Inst.i.tution Doha Center.

33.Email interview with Phillip Smyth, November 21, 2014.

34.Neil MacFarquhar, "After the War: Attack at Shrine; Car Bomb in Iraq Kills 95 at s.h.i.+te Mosque," New York Times, August 30, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/30/world/after-the-war-attack-at-shrine-car-bomb-in-iraq-kills-95-at-s.h.i.+te-mosque.html; Elizabeth Farnsworth, "Return of s.h.i.+te Leader Ayatollah Mohammad Bakr al Hakim," PBS Newshour (radio), May 12, 2003, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/middle_east-jan-june03-basra_05-12/.

35.Murad Batal al-s.h.i.+shani, "Al-Zarqawi's Rise to Power: a.n.a.lyzing Tactics and Targets," Terrorism Monitor, Jamestown Foundation, November 17, 2005.

36.Aaron Zelin, "The War Between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement," Was.h.i.+ngton Inst.i.tute, June 2014.

37.Charles Lister, "Profiling the Islamic State," Brookings Doha Center a.n.a.lysis Papers, November 2014, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2014/11/profiling%20islamic%20state%20lister/en_web_lister.pdf; Joas Wagemaker, "Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi; A Counter-Terrorism a.s.set?" CTC Sentinel 1, no. 6 (May 2008), https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/abu-muhammad-al-maqdisi-a-counter-terrorism-a.s.set.

38.Joseph Felter and Brian Fishman, "Al-Qa'ida's Foreign Fighters in Iraq: A First Look at the Sinjar Records," January 2, 2007, The Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/al-qaidas-foreign-fighters-in-iraq-a-first-look-at-the-sinjar-records; Matthew Levitt, "Foreign Fighters and Their Economic Impact: a Case Study of Syria and al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI)," Perspectives on Terrorism 3, no. 3, 2009, http://www.terrorisma.n.a.lysts.com/pt/index.php/pot/article/view/74/html; Phil Sands, "Syria stops insurgents on Iraq border," The National (UAE), November 2, 2008.

39.Robin Simc.o.x, "Al-Qaeda's Global Footprint," Henry Jackson Society, 2013.

40."Takfir," Oxford Dictionary of Islam, ed. John L. Esposito (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003).

41.Don Ra.s.sler, Gabriel Koehler-Derrick, Liam Collins, Muhammad al-Obaidi, and Nelly Lahoud, Letters from Abbottabad: Bin Laden Sidelined, ed. Harmony Program (West Point, NY: Combating Terrorism Center at West Point, 2012).

42.Aaron Zelin, "Al-Qaeda Disaffiliates with the Islamic State of Iraq and al-Sham," Was.h.i.+ngton Inst.i.tute, February 4, 2014.

43.Letter from Zawahiri, July 9, 2005, https://www.ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/CTC-Zawahiri-Letter-10-05.pdf.

44.Stephen Ulph, "New Online Book Lays Out Al-Qaeda's Military Strategy," Jamestown Foundation, March 16, 2005, http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=27713&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=238&no_cache=1#.VIhfUmTF_LB.

45.Ibid.

46.Brian Fishman, "Jihadists Target the American Dream," CTC Sentinel 1 no. 4 (March 2008), https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/jihadists-target-the-american-dream.

47.Abu Bakr Naji, The Management of Savagery, translated by William McCants, May 23, 2006, John M. Olin Inst.i.tute for Strategic Studies, Harvard University, http://azelin.files.wordpress.com/2010/08/abu-bakr-naji-the-management-of-savagery-the-most-critical-stage-through-which-the-umma-will-pa.s.s.pdf.

48.David Cook, "Abu Musa'b al-Suri and Abu Musa'b al Zarqawi: The Apocalyptic Theorist and the Apocalyptic Pract.i.tioner," unpublished ms., 9.

49.Lawrence Wright, "The Master Plan," New Yorker, September 11, 2006, http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/09/11/the-master-plan.

50.Richard Oppel, "Iraq's New Premier Gains Support in Talks with s.h.i.+te Leaders," New York Times, April 28, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/28/world/middleeast/28iraq. html.

51."Iraq's President Appoints s.h.i.+te as Prime Minister," China Daily, August 8, 2005, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-04/08/content_432343.htm; Oppel, "Iraq's New Premier Gains Support in Talks With s.h.i.+te Leaders."

52.David Ignatius, "Iraq's Choice, A Chance for Unity," Was.h.i.+ngton Post, April 26, 2006, http://www.was.h.i.+ngtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/25/AR2006042501650. html.

53.Ellen Knickmeyer, "Blood on Our Hands," Foreign Policy, October 25, 2010; Bobby Ghosh, "An Eye for an Eye," Time, February 26, 2006.

54.Nada Bakos, "Humility Now! The Miseducation of Jackson Diehl," Foreign Policy, April 2, 2013, http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/04/02/humility-now/.

55.J. M. Berger, "a.n.a.lysis: Release of Zarqawi Death Photo Offers Propagandists Opportunity," IntelWire, June 8, 2006, http://news.intelwire.com/2006/06/a.n.a.lysis-release-of-zarqawi-death-photo.html; J. M. Berger, "First Zarqawi Tribute Video Appears Online; U.S. Death Photos Prominently Featured," IntelWire, June 9, 2006, http://news.intelwire.com/2006/06/first-zarqawi-tribute-video-appears.html.

56.Gilles Kepel, Beyond Terror and Martyrdom: The Future of the Middle East (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2008), 13339.

57."Pressure Grows on al Qaeda in Iraq," ABC News, January 30, 2006, http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=1557349&singlePage=true.

58.Lister, "Profiling the Islamic State"; Brian Fishman, "Redefining the Islamic State," New America Foundation, August 2011, http://security.newamerica.net/sites/newamerica.net/files/policydocs/Fishman_Al_Qaeda_In_Iraq.pdf.

59.Fishman, "Redefining the Islamic State."

60.Letter from Zawahiri, July 9, 2005, https://www.ctc.usma.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/CTC-Zawahiri-Letter-10-05.pdf.

61."David Petraeus: ISIS's Rise in Iraq Isn't a Surprise," David Petraeus interview with Frontline, PBS, July 29, 2014.

62.Ibid.

63.Ibid.

64.John Hendren, " 'Sunni Awakening': Insurgents Are Now Allies," ABC News, December 23, 2007, http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=4045471.

65."David Petraeus: ISIS's Rise in Iraq Isn't a Surprise."

66.Zaid al-Ali, "How Maliki Ruined Iraq," Foreign Policy, June 19, 2014, http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2014/06/19/how_maliki_ruined_iraq_armed_forces_isis.

67.Ibid.

68."Zalmay Khalilzad: Maliki and the 'Unmaking of Iraq,'" Frontline, PBS, July 29, 2014; Phillip Smyth, email communication with authors, November 21, 2014.

69.Phillip Smyth, email communication with authors, November 2014.

70."Zalmay Khalilzad: Maliki and the 'Unmaking of Iraq.'"

71."Ryan Crocker: 'Our National Security . . . Is At Stake Right Now,'" Frontline, PBS, July 29, 2014.

72.Ibid.

73.Ibid.

74."Who Is Nouri al-Maliki?" Frontline, PBS, July 29, 2014, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/iraq-war-on-terror/losing-iraq/who-is-nouri-al-maliki/.

75.Jack Healy, "Arrest Order for Sunni Leader in Iraq Opens New Rift," New York Times, December 19, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/20/world/middleeast/iraqi-government-accuses-top-official-in-a.s.sa.s.sinations.html?pagewanted=all.

76.Has.h.i.+mi agreed to partic.i.p.ate in the Iraqi government, and continued his partic.i.p.ation, at great personal cost. His brother and sister were murdered by al Qaeda, due to his willingness to partic.i.p.ate in the government. "That was worth a lot," General Petraeus says, "and rather than feeling relieved by the opportunity to rid himself of his Sunni Vice-President, as he so clearly was, [Maliki] should have recognized that this was a serious loss for Iraq." "David Petraeus: ISIS's Rise in Iraq Isn't a Surprise."

77.Childress, Wexler, and Mizner, "Iraq: How Did We Get Here?"

78."Iraq: Investigate Violence at Protest Camp," Human Rights Watch, January 4, 2014, http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/01/03/iraq-investigate-violence-protest-camp.

79."2 Wounded as Iraq Protesters Are Disperesed by Security Forces," New York Times, December 30, 2012, http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/31/world/middleeast/2-wounded-as-iraq-protesters-dispersed.html.

80.Adam Schreck, "Rights Group: Iraq Panel Needs Help Probing Raid," a.s.sociated Press, May 4, 2013, http://bigstory.ap.org/article/rights-group-urges-more-backing-iraq-raid-probe.

81."Iraq: Investigate Deadly Raid on Protest," Human Rights Watch; Martin Smith, The Rise of ISIS, video, Frontline, PBS, 2014.

82."Iraq: Investigate Deadly Raid on Protest," Human Rights Watch; Smith, The Rise of ISIS.

83."Iraq: Investigate Violence at Protest Camp," Human Rights Watch.

84."Iraq: Absolute Impunity: Militia Rule in Iraq," Amnesty International, October 14, 2014, http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE14/015/2014/en.

85.Schreck, "Rights Group: Iraqi Panel Needs Help Probing Raid."

86.Patrick c.o.c.kburn, The Jihadis Return (New York: OR Books, 2014), 32.

87.Shashank Bengali and Nabih Bulos, "Influential Iraqi Cleric Calls for Inclusive Government," Los Angeles Times, June 20, 2014.

CHAPTER 2. THE RISE OF ISIS.

1.Turki al-Binali, "Emir of the Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant," https://archive.org/stream/TheBiographyOfSheikhAbuBakrAlBaghdadi/The%20biography%20of%20Sheikh%20Abu%20Bakr%20Al-Baghdadi_djvu.txt; Cole Bunzel, "The Caliphate's Scholar-in-Arms," Jihadica.com, July 9, 2014, http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Articles/Detail/?id=182205.

2.Ruth Sherlock, "How Baghdadi Went from Shy Scholar to the Most Wanted Jihadist Leader," Sunday Telegraph, July 6, 2014.

3.Ibid.

4.Ibid.

5.Aryn Baker, "Jihad's Unholy Ghost," Time, January 20, 2014.

6.Aaron Zelin, "Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi: Islamic State's Driving Force," Was.h.i.+ngton Inst.i.tute, 2014.

7.Tim Arango and Eric Schmitt, "U.S. Actions in Iraq Fueled the Rise of a Rebel," New York Times, August 10, 2014.

8.Andrew Thompson and Jeremi Suri, "How America Helped ISIS," op-ed, New York Times, October 1, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/02/opinion/how-america-helped-isis.html?_r=0.

9.Alissa Rubin, "U.S. Remakes Jails in Iraq, but Gains Are at Risk," New York Times, June 2, 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/02/world/middleeast/02detain.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

10.General Douglas Stone, interviews, September 911, 2014.

11."A Biography of Osama Bin Laden," Frontline, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/binladen/who/bio.html.

12.Declan Walsh, "Ayman al-Zawahiri: From Doctor to Osama bin Laden's Successor," Guardian, June 16, 2011, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jun/16/ayman-al-zawahiri-osama-bin-laden.

13.Anthony Shadid, "Iraqi Insurgent Group Names New Leaders," New York Times, At War blog, May 16, 2010, http://atwar.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/05/16/iraqi-insurgent-group-names-new-leaders/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0.

14.Baathism is a secular movement, originally formed to rescue Arab states from the legacy of colonialism.

15.Anthony Lloyd, "ISIS is deadly revenge of Saddam's henchmen," The Times of London, June 14, 2014, http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/news/world/middleeast/iraq/article4118901.ece1226954414468?nk=76b7d457b627e2e8644f4018c2679717; Bill Roggio, "ISIS confirms death of senior leader in Syria," February 5, 2014, http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2014/02/isis_confirms_death.php#ixzz3N1CN1NRb.

16.Richard Barrett, "The Islamic State," Soufan Group, November 2014, 19.

17.Ibid.

18.Baker, "Jihad's Unholy Ghost."

19.Ibid.

20.Ibid.

21.Rick Gladstone, "Iraq: 1,057 Killed in July, U.N. Says," New York Times, August 1, 2013.

22."Rewards for Justice: Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi," U.S. Department of State, press briefing, July 9, 2014.

23.Islamic State of Iraq, "But Allah Will Not Allow but That His Light Should Be Perfected," audio, Abu Bakr al Baghdadi, posted online July 12, 2012.

24.http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/JessVBIED_PartII_3Oct.pdf; "Over 500 'Al-Qaeda militants' Escape Iraq's Abu Ghraib in Violent Break-out," Reuters, July 22, 2013; "David Petraeus: ISIS's Rise in Iraq Isn't a Surprise."

25."The Arab Spring," Wikipedia, http://en. wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Spring, accessed December 1, 2014.

26.The Second Arab Awakening took form as "popular movements" against despotic rule; Marwan Muasher, The Second Arab Awakening (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014), 23, 160.

27."Syria," U.S. Department of State, September 8, 2010, http://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/syria/158703.htm.

28." 'We've Never Seen Such Horror': Crimes Against Humanity by Syrian Security Forces," Human Rights Watch, http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/syria0611webwcover.pdf.

29."Syria: Crimes Against Humanity in Daraa," Human Rights Watch, June 1, 2011, http://www.hrw.org/news/2011/06/01/syria-crimes-against-humanity-daraa.

30."Syrian Death Toll Surpa.s.ses 1000," Al Jazeera, May 24, 2011, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/05/2011524182251952727.html.

31.Liam Stack, "Video of Tortured Boy's Corpse Deepens Anger in Syira," New York Times, May 30, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/31/world/middleeast/31syria.html.

32.Rosemary D'Amour, "Syria Utilizes 'Kill Switch' as Internet Freedom Debate Heats Up," BroadbandBreakfast.com, June 17, 2011.

33."Syria: Political Detainees Tortured, Killed," Human Rights Watch, October 3, 2013, http://www.hrw.org/news/2013/10/03/syria-political-detainees-tortured-killed.

34."Syria: s.e.xual a.s.sult in Detention," Human Rights Watch, June 15, 2012, http://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/15/syria-s.e.xual-a.s.sault-detention.

35.Email interview with Charles Lister.

36.Charles Lister, "Profiling the Islamic State," Brookings Doha Center a.n.a.lysis Papers, November 2014, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Reports/2014/11/profiling%20islamic%20state%20lister/en_web_lister.pdf; Aaron Zelin, "Al-Qaeda in Syria: A Closer Look at ISIS (Part 1)", Was.h.i.+ngton Inst.i.tute, September 10, 2013, http://www.was.h.i.+ngtoninst.i.tute.org/policy-a.n.a.lysis/view/al-qaeda-in-syria-a-closer-look-at-isis-part-i.

37.Zelin, "Al-Qaeda in Syria."

38.Matt Levitt, Statement to the House Financial Services Committee, Terrorist Financing and the Islamic State, Hearing, November 13, 2014.

39.Charles Lister, "The 'Real' Jabhat al-Nusra Appears to Be Emerging," Brookings Inst.i.tution, August 7, 2014, http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2014/08/07-the-real-jabhat-al-nusra.