The Nuttall Encyclopaedia Part 132

CLOUD, ST., or CLODOALD, third son of Clodomir, who escaped the fate of his brothers, and retired from the world to a spot on the left bank of the Seine, 6 m. SW. of Paris, named St. Cloud after him.

CLOUDS, THE, the play in which Aristophanes exposes Socrates to ridicule.

CLOUGH, ARTHUR HUGH, a lyric poet, born at Liverpool; son of a cotton merchant; educated at Rugby under Dr. Arnold, whom he held in the highest regard; was at Oxford, as a Fellow of Oriel, at the time of the Tractarian movement, which he arrayed himself against, and at length turned his back upon and tore himself away from by foreign travel; on his return he was appointed examiner in the Education Office; falling ill from overwork he went abroad again, and died at Florence; he was all alive to the tendencies of the time, and his lyrics show his sense of these, and how he fronted them; in the speculative scepticism of the time his only refuge and safety-anchor was duty; Matthew Arnold has written in his "Thyrsis" a tribute to his memory such as has been written over few; his best-known poem is "The Bothie of Tober-na-Vuolich" (1819-1861).

CLOVIS I., king of the Franks, son of Childeric I.; conquered the Romans at Soissons 486, which he made his centre; married CLOTILDA (q. v.) 493; beat the Germans near Cologne 496, by a.s.sistance, as he believed, of the G.o.d of Clotilda, after which he was baptized by St. Remi at Rheims; and overthrew the Visigoths under Alaric II. near Poitiers in 507, after which victories he made Paris his capital. C. II., son of Dagobert; was king of Neustria and Burgundy from 638 to 656. C. ILL, son of Thierry III., and king of ditto from 691 to 695, and had Pepin d'Heristal for mayor of the palace.

CLUNY (3), a town in the dep. of Saone-et-Loire, on an affluent of the Saone; renowned in the Middle Ages for its Benedictine abbey, founded in 910, and the most celebrated in Europe, having been the mother establishment of 2000 others of the like elsewhere; in ecclesiastical importance it stood second to Rome, and its abbey church second to none prior to the erection of St. Peter's; a great normal school was established here in 1865.

CLUSIUM, the ancient capital of Etruria and Porsenna's.

CLUTHA, the largest river in New Zealand, in Otago, very deep and rapid, and 200 m. long.

CLUTTERBUCK, the imaginary author of the "Fortunes of Nigel," and the patron to whom the "Abbot" is dedicated.

CLYDE, a river in the W. of Scotland which falls into a large inlet or firth, as it is called, the commerce on which extends over the world, and on the banks of which are s.h.i.+pbuilding yards second to none in any other country; it is deepened as far as Glasgow for s.h.i.+ps of a heavy tonnage.

CLYDE, LORD. See CAMPBELL, COLIN.

CLYTEMNESTRA, the wife of Agamemnon, and the mother of Iphigenia, Electra, and Orestes; killed her husband, and was killed by her son, Orestes, seven years after.

CLYTIE, a nymph in love with Apollo, G.o.d of the sun, who did not respond to her; but, with all the pa.s.sion he durst show to her, turned her into a sunflower.

COANZA, a W. African river, which rises in the Mossamba Mountains, falling into the sea after a course of 600 m.; owing to falls is navigable for only 140 m. from its mouth.

COAST RANGE, a range in the U.S., W. of the Sierra Nevada, parallel to it, with the Sacramento Valley between.

COBBETT, WILLIAM, a political and miscellaneous writer, born at Farnham, Suss.e.x; commenced life as a farm labourer, and then as copying clerk; enlisted, and saw seven years' service in Nova Scotia; being discharged, travelled in France and America; on his return started the _Weekly Register_, at first Tory, then Radical; published a libel against the Government, for which he was imprisoned; on his release issued his _Register_ at a low price, to the immense increase of its circulation; vain attempts were made to crush him, against which he never ceased to protest; after the pa.s.sing of the Reform Bill he got into Parliament, but made no mark; his writings were numerous, and include his "Grammar," his "Cottage Economy," his "Rural Rides," and his "Advice to Young Men"; his political opinions were extreme, but his English was admirable (1762-1835).

COBBLER POET, HANS SACHS (q. v.).

COBDEN, RICHARD, a great political economist and the Apostle of Free Trade, born near Midhurst, Suss.e.x; became partner in a cotton-trading firm in Manchester; made a tour on the Continent and America in the interest of political economy; on the formation of the Corn-Law League in 1838, gave himself heart and soul to the abolition of the Corn Laws; became Member of Parliament for Stockport in 1841; on the conversion of Sir Robert Peel to Free-Trade principles saw these laws abolished in 1846; for his services in this cause he received the homage of his country as well as of Continental nations, but refused all civic honours, and finished his political career by negotiating a commercial treaty with France (1804-1865).

COBENTZELL, COMTE DE, an Austrian diplomatist, born at Brussels; negotiated the treaties of Campo Formio and Luneville; founded the Academy of Sciences at Brussels (1753-1808).

COBLENZ (32), a fortified city, manufacturing and trading town, in Prussia, at the junction of the Rhine and the Moselle, so called as at the confluence of the two; opposite it is Ehrenbreitstein.

COBURG (18), capital of the duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, on the Itz, the old castle on a height 500 ft. above the town; gave shelter to Luther in 1530, and was besieged by Wallenstein.

COBURG, field-marshal of Austria; vanquished Dumouriez at Neerwinden; was conquered by Moreau and Jourdan (1737-1815).

COCAINE, an alkaloid from the leaf of the coca plant, used as an anaesthetic.

COCCEIUS, or KOCH, JOHANN, a Dutch divine, professor at Leyden; held that the Old Testament was a type or foreshadow of the New, and was the founder of the federal theology, or the doctrine that G.o.d entered into a threefold compact with man, first prior to the law, second under the law, and third under grace (1603-1669).

COCCEJI, HENRY, learned German jurist, born at Bremen; an authority on civil law; was professor of law at Frankfurt (1644-1719).

COCCEJI, SAMUEL, son of the preceding; Minister of Justice and Chancellor of Prussia under Frederick the Great; a prince of lawyers, and "a very Hercules in cleansing law stables" as law-reformer (1679-1755).

COCHABAMBA (14), a high-lying city of Bolivia, capital of a department of the name; has a trade in grain and fruits.

COCHIN (722), a native state in India N. of Travancore, cooped up between W. Ghats and the Arabian Sea, with a capital of the same name, where Vasco da Gama died; the first Christian church in India was built here, and there is here a colony of black Jews.

COCHIN-CHINA (2,034), the region E. of the Mekong, or Annam proper, called HIGH COCHIN-CHINA (capital Hue), and LOW COCHIN-CHINA, a State S. of Indo-China, and S. of Cambodia and Annam; belonging to France, with an unhealthy climate; rice the chief crop; grows also teak, cotton, &c.; capital Saigon.

COCHLaeUS, JOHANN, an able and bitter antagonist of Luther's; _d_.

1592.

COCHRANE, the name of several English naval officers of the Dundonald family; SIR ALEXANDER FORRESTER INGLIS (1758-1832); SIR THOMAS JOHN, his son (1798-1872); and THOMAS, LORD. See DUNDONALD.

c.o.c.k LANE GHOST, a ghost which was reported in a lane of the name in Smithfield, London, in 1762, to the excitement of the public, due to a girl rapping on a board in bed.

c.o.c.kAIGNE, an imaginary land of idleness and luxury, from a satirical poem of that name (_coquina_, a kitchen), where the monks live in an abbey built of pasties, the rivers run with wine, and the geese fly through the air ready roasted. The name has been applied to London and Paris.

c.o.c.kATRICE, a monster with the wings of a fowl, the tail of a dragon, and the head of a c.o.c.k; alleged to have been hatched by a serpent from a c.o.c.k's egg; its breath and its fatal look are in mediaeval art the emblem of sin.