The Nuttall Encyclopaedia Part 261

JAMES, HENRY, an American theological writer, a disciple of Swedenborg, and an exponent of his system (1811-1882).

JAMES, HENRY, American novelist, born in New York: studied law at Harvard, but was eventually drawn into literature, and after a spell of magazine work established his reputation as a novelist in 1875 with "Roderick Hudson"; most of his life has been spent in Italy and England, and the writing of fiction has been varied with several volumes of felicitous criticism, chiefly on French life and literature; his novels are characterised by a charming style, by a delicate discriminating a.n.a.lysis of rather uneventful lives, and by an almost complete absence of strong dramatic situation; _b_. 1843.

JAMES, JOHN ANGELL, most influential Congregationalist of his time, born in Dorsets.h.i.+re; was pastor of Carr's Lane Chapel, Birmingham, from 1805 to 1859; won the esteem of all parties; published the "Anxious Inquirer," and many other works (1785-1859).

JAMES, ST., James, the son of Zebedee, the patron saint of Spain; his attribute the sword, by which he was decapitated.

JAMES RIVER, an important river of Virginia, U.S., formed by the junction of the Jackson and the Cowpasture, and flows in a south-easterly direction across Virginia, falling into the Atlantic at the S. end of Chesapeake Bay. It has a course of 450 m., and is navigable as far as City Point.

JAMESON, ANNA, _nee_ Murphy, English literary lady and art critic, born in Dublin; auth.o.r.ess of "Sacred and Legendary Art," "Legends of the Monastic Orders," "Legends of the Madonna," &c.; left unfinished at her death a work on Our Lord and John the Baptist as represented in art, which was completed afterwards by Lady Eastlake (1794-1860).

JAMESON, GEORGE, a Scotch portrait-painter, born in Aberdeen; many of his portraits are to be met with in Scottish mansion-houses; his work has been unduly lauded, and himself extravagantly designated the "Scottish Vandyck" (1586-1644).

JAMESON, DR. LEANDER STARR, leader of the raid upon Johannesburg, born at Edinburgh; studied medicine in his native city and in London; established himself at Kimberley in 1878, and under the patronage of Mr.

Rhodes became the popular administrator for the South Africa Company at Fort Salisbury in 1891; from Mafeking in December of 1896 he started, with a body of 500 troopers, upon his ill-fated incursion into the Transvaal to a.s.sist the Uitlanders of Johannesburg; at Krugersdorp the raiders, exhausted by a 24 hours' ride, were repelled by a superior force of Boers, and compelled to surrender; having been handed over to the British authorities, "Dr. Jim," as he was familiarly called, was tried in London, and condemned to 15 months' imprisonment, but was liberated on account of ill-health after about five months' incarceration; _b_. 1853.

JAMESON, ROBERT, naturalist, born in Leith; appointed professor of Natural History in Edinburgh University in 1804; wrote several works on mineralogy and geology (1773-1853).

JAMES'S PALACE, ST., a palace, a brick building adjoining St.

James's Park, London, where drawing-rooms were held, and gave name to the English Court in those days as St. Stephen's does of the Parliament.

JAMIESON, DR. JOHN, a Scotch antiquary, born in Glasgow; bred for the Church; was Dissenting minister in Nicolson Street Church, Edinburgh; widely known as author of the "Etymological Dictionary of the Scottish Language"; wrote other works of less note (1759-1838).

JAMYN, AMADIS, a French poet, a protege of Ronsard's; was a good Greek scholar.

JAN MAYEN LAND, a volcanic island, 35 m. in length, situated in the Arctic Ocean between Iceland and Spitzbergen; is the head-quarters of considerable seal and whale fisheries; discovered in 1611 by a Dutch navigator.

JANE EYRE, a novel by Charlotte Bronte; published in 1847.

JANICULUM, one of the hills of Rome, on the right bank of the Tiber.

JANIN, JULES GABRIEL, critic and novelist, born at St. etienne, France; took to journalism early, and established a reputation by his lively dramatic criticisms in the _Journal des Debats_; his gift of ready composition betrayed him into a too prolific output of work, and it is doubtful if any of his many novels and articles will long survive his day and generation; they, however, brought him wealth and celebrity in his own lifetime; he succeeded in 1870 to Sainte-Beuve's chair in the French Academy (1804-1874).

JANIZARIES, a Turkish military force organised in 1330, and more perfectly in 1336; composed originally of Christian youths taken prisoners in war or kidnapped, and trained as Mohammedans; from being at first 10,000, and fostered by the privileges granted them, increased to 300,000 or 400,000 strong, till they became unruly and a danger to the State, when, after various unsuccessful attempts to crush them, they were in 1826 overborne by the Sultan Mahmoud II. and dissolved.

JANNaeUS, ALEXANDER, the second of the Asmonaean kings of Judea; reigned in the beginning of the century before Christ; insulted the Jews by profaning the rites of their religion, and roused a hostility against him which was appeased only by his death, the news of which was received with expressions of triumphant exultation.

JANNES AND JAMBRES, the two Egyptian magicians who thought to outrival Moses in the performance of his miracles; supposed to be referred to in 2 Tim. iii. 8 as "withstanding" him.

JANSEN, CORNELIUS, a Dutch theologian and bishop of Ypres, born in Louvain; studied the works of Augustine, and wrote a book ent.i.tled "Augustinus" in exposition of that great Father's doctrine of grace, which was published after his death, and which gave occasion to a great controversy between his followers, in France especially, and the Jesuits (1585-1638).

JANSENISTS, a party in the Roman Catholic Church, supporters of Jansen's views, who, in opposition to the Jesuits, maintained the Augustinian principle of the sovereign and irresistible nature of divine grace. The most celebrated members of the party were the PORT-ROYALISTS (q. v.) of France, in particular Arnauld and Pascal, and they were opposed not only by the Jesuits, but by both Louis XIV. and the Pope. Driven from France on the death of Louis, they took refuge in Holland, and thither the Pope Clement XI. followed them, first in 1713, hurling a bull against them, and then in 1719 by ex-communicating them and driving them for good from within the pale of the Catholic Church.

JANUARIUS, ST., a Christian who suffered martyrdom under Diocletian, and whose head is preserved in Naples with a phial containing his blood which, on certain occasions, liquefies when brought into contact with the head. Recourse is had to it on the occasion of public calamities, not without desired effects, and it is an object of wors.h.i.+p. Festival, September 19.

JANUARY, the first month of the year, so called as sacred to Ja.n.u.s (q. v.).

JANUARY, EDICT OF, edict of date January 17, 1562, on which Catherine de Medecis granted certain concessions to the Protestants.

Ja.n.u.s, a very ancient Italian deity who presided over the beginning of the several divisions of time, as well as the beginning of all enterprises, in connection with which he was wors.h.i.+pped; he had two heads, or faces, one of which looked behind into the past and the other before into the future, and this power of penetrating into both it is said Saturn endowed him with as a reward for receiving him on earth when he was driven out of heaven.

j.a.pAN (40,719), an island empire of the N. Pacific, lying along the E. coast of Asia, and separated from Corea and Primorsk by the Sea of j.a.pan, consists of Hons.h.i.+u (31,000), s.h.i.+koku (3,000), Kyushu (6,000), Yezo (314), and 4000 small islands; though not of volcanic origin, the islands are the most mountainous in the world, have many volcanoes and sulphur springs, and are subject to earthquakes; they are very picturesque, and have peaks from 8000 to 12,000 ft. high; the rivers are too swift for navigation; the coast, not much indented, has yet some good harbours; the valleys are well wooded, but the soil not very fertile; temperature and climate are various; nowhere is the heat intense, but in some parts the winter is very cold; there is much rain, but on the whole it is healthy; the chief industry is agriculture; farming is careful and intelligent; rice, cereals, pulse, tea, cotton, and tobacco are raised, and many fruits; gold, silver, all the useful metals, coal, granite, some decorative stones are found, but good building-stone is scarce; the manufacture of porcelain, lacquer-work, and silk is extensive, and in some artistic work the j.a.panese are unrivalled; the chief ports are Yokohama (143), on the E. of Hons.h.i.+u, which has grown up since 1854, when the country was opened to trade; and Hyogo (143), on the S. coast of the same island, where are also s.h.i.+pbuilding yards; the chief exports are tea, silk, and rice; imports cotton, woollen, iron goods, and chemicals; the j.a.panese, sprung from an ancient union of Tartars with Ainos and with S. Malays, are a kindly, courteous, law-abiding folk, with highly developed artistic tastes; education is compulsory, and well provided for; religion is s.h.i.+ntoism and Buddhism, but Christianity is gaining rapid ground; the government is in the hands of the Mikado, who rules now with the aid of ministers and two houses of parliament; education, government, army, and navy--indeed the whole modern civilisation of the country--is on Western lines, though until 1853 foreigners were excluded; a civil war in 1867-68 effected the change from the old feudalism, and the amazing success of j.a.pan in the war against China in 1894 has proved that the new civilisation is no mere veneer; the capital is Tokyo (1,162).

j.a.pHETH, one of the three sons of Noah and the ancestor of the Gentiles, as distinct from the descendants of Shem, or the Semites, and of Ham, or the Hamites. See IAPETOS.

JAQUES, or the "melancholy" a cynical moraliser in Shakespeare's "As You Like It."

JARNAC, a town on the Charente, celebrated as the scene of a victory which the Catholics, commanded by the Duc d'Anjou, afterwards Henry III.

obtained in 1569 over the Huguenots commanded by Conde.

JAROSLAV (79), on the Volga, 160 m. NE. of Moscow, is capital of the government of Jaroslav; is an important river-port, a seat of theological and legal culture, and has cotton manufactures.

JARPNOONK, a mesmeric or hypnotic state produced by Hindu conjurers.

JARROW (34), in Durham, on the Tyne, 7 m. below Newcastle; is a coal-s.h.i.+pping port, and has extensive s.h.i.+pbuilding and iron manufactures; in ancient times its monastery was made famous by the Venerable Bede.

JARVIE, BAILIE NICOL, a Glasgow magistrate; an original character in Scott's "Rob Roy."