Higher Lessons in English Part 12

Direction.+--_Give the reason for every capital letter and for every mark of punctuation used below:_--

1. The sensitive parts of the body are covered by the cuticle, or skin.

2. The degrees of A.B., A.M., D.D., and LL.D. are conferred by the colleges and the universities of the country.

3. Oh, I am so happy!

4. Fathers and mothers, sons and daughters rejoice at the news.

5. Plants are nourished by the earth, and the carbon of the air.

6. A tide of American travelers is constantly flooding Europe.

7. The tireless, sleepless sun rises above the horizon, and climbs slowly and steadily to the zenith.

8. He retired to private life on half pay, and on the income of a large estate in the South.

+Direction.+--_Write these expressions, using capital letters and marks of punctuation where they belong:_--

1. a fresh ruddy and beardless french youth replied 2. maj, cal, bu, p m, rev, no, hon, ft, w, e, oz, mr, n y, a b, mon, bbl, st 3. o father o father i cannot breathe here 4. ha ha that sounds well 5. the edict of nantes was established by henry the great of france 6. mrs, vs, co, esq, yd, pres, u s, prof, o, do, dr 7. hurrah good news good news 8. the largest fortunes grow by the saving of cents and dimes and dollars 9. the baltic sea lies between sweden and russia 10. the mississippi river pours into the gulf of mexico 11. supt, capt, qt, ph d, p, cr, i e, doz 12. benjamin franklin was born in boston in 1706 and died in 1790

+Direction.+--_Correct all these errors in capitalization and punctuation, and give your reasons:_--

1 Oliver cromwell ruled, over the english People, 2. halloo. I must speak to You!

3. john Milton, went abroad in Early Life, and, stayed, for some time, with the Scholars of Italy, 4. Most Fuel consists of Coal and Wood from the Forests 5. books are read for Pleasure and the Instruction and improvement of the Intellect, 6. In rainy weather the feet should be protected by overshoes or galoches 7. hark they are coming!

8. A, neat, simple and manly style is pleasing to Us.

9. alas poor thing alas, 10. i fished on a, dark, and cool, and mossy, trout stream.

LESSON 25.

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES IN REVIEW.

a.n.a.lYSIS.

1. By the streets of By-and-by, one arrives at the house of Never.--_Spanish Proverb_ [Footnote: By-and-by has no real streets, the London journals do not actually thunder, nor were the cheeks of William the Testy literally scorched by his fiery gray eyes. _Streets, house, colored, thunder_, and _scorched_ are not, then, used here in their first and ordinary meaning, but in a secondary and figurative sense.

These words we call +Metaphors+. By what they denote and by what they only suggest they lend clearness, vividness, and force to the thought they help to convey, and add beauty to the expression.

For further treatment of metaphors and other figures of speech, see pages 87, 136, 155, 156, 165, and Lesson 150.]

2. The winds and waves are always on the side of the ablest navigators.--_Gibbon_.

3. The axis of the earth sticks out visibly through the center of each and every town or city.--_Holmes_.

4. The arrogant Spartan, with a French-like glorification, boasted forever of little Thermopylae.--_De Quincey_.

5. The purest act of knowledge is always colored by some feeling of pleasure or pain.--_Hamilton_.

6. The thunder of the great London journals reverberates through every clime.--_Marsh_.

7. The cheeks of William the Testy were scorched into a dusky red by two fiery little gray eyes.--_Irving_.

8. The study of natural science goes hand in hand with the culture of the imagination.--_Tyndall_. [Footnote: _Hand in hand_ may be treated as one adverb, or _with_ may be supplied.]

9. The whole substance of the winds is drenched and bathed and washed and winnowed and sifted through and through by this baptism in the sea.--_Swain_.

10. The Arabian Empire stretched from the Atlantic to the Chinese Wall, and from the sh.o.r.es of the Caspian Sea to those of the Indian Ocean.--_Draper_.

11. One half of all known materials consists of oxygen.--_Cooke_.

12. The range of thirty pyramids, even in the time of Abraham, looked down on the plain of Memphis.--_Stanley_.

LESSON 26.

WRITTEN PARSING.

+Direction+.--_Pa.r.s.e the sentences of Lesson 25 according to this +Model for Written Parsing_.

| Nouns. | p.r.o.n. | Verbs. | Adj. | Adv. | Prep. | Conj.| Int.| |--------|-------|--------|--------|------|-------|------|-----| 1st |streets,| | |the,the.| |By,of, | | | sentence|By-and- | one. |arrives.| | |at,of | | | | by, | | | | | | | | |house, | | | | | | | | |Never. | | | | | | | | --------|--------|-------|--------|--------|------|-------|------|-----| | | | | | | | | | 2d | | | | | | | | | sentence| | | | | | | | |

TO THE TEACHER.--Until the +Subdivisions+ and +Modifications+ of parts of speech are reached, +Oral and Written Parsing+ can be only a cla.s.sification of the words in the sentence. You must judge how frequently a lesson like this is needed, and how much parsing should be done orally day by day. In their +Oral a.n.a.lysis+ let the pupils give at first the reasons for every statement, but guard against their doing this mechanically and in set terms; and, when you think it can safely be done, let them drop it. But ask now and then, whenever you think they have grown careless or are guessing, for the reason of this, that, or the other step taken.

Here it may be well to emphasize the fact that the part of speech to which any word belongs is determined by the use of the word, and not from its form. Such exercises as the following are suggested:--

Use _right_ words.

Act _right_.

_Right_ the wrong.

You are in the _right_.

Pupils will be interested in finding sentences that ill.u.s.trate the different uses of the same word. It is hardly necessary for us to make lists of words that have different uses. Any dictionary will furnish abundant examples. It is an excellent practice to point out such words in the regular exercises for a.n.a.lysis.

LESSON 27.

REVIEW.

TO THE TEACHER.--See suggestions, Lesson 16.

+Direction+.--_Review from Lesson_ 17 _to Lesson_ 21, _inclusive_.

Give the substance of the "Introductory Hints" (tell, for example, what such words as _long_ and _there_ may be expanded into, how these expanded forms may be modified, how introduced, what the introductory words are called, and why, etc.). Repeat and ill.u.s.trate definitions and rules; ill.u.s.trate fully what is taught of the position of phrases, and of the punctuation of phrases, connected terms, and exclamatory expressions. How many parts of speech are there?

Exercises on the Composition of the Sentence and the Paragraph.

(SEE PAGES 153-156.)

TO THE TEACHER.--See notes to the teacher, pages 30, 150.

LESSON 28.

NOUNS AS OBJECT COMPLEMENTS.

Introductory Hints.+--In saying _Was.h.i.+ngton captured_, we do not fully express the act performed by Was.h.i.+ngton. If we add a noun and say, _Was.h.i.+ngton captured Cornwallis_, we complete the predicate by naming that which receives the act.

Whatever fills out, or completes, is a +Complement+. As _Cornwallis_ completes the expression of the act by naming the thing acted upon--the object--we call it the +Object Complement+. Connected objects completing the same verb form a +Compound Object Complement+; as, Was.h.i.+ngton captured _Cornwallis_ and his _army_.

+DEFINITION.--The _Object Complement of a Sentence_ completes the predicate, and names that which receives the act.+

The complement with all its modifiers is called the +Modified Complement.+