Higher Lessons in English Part 36

LESSON 76.

THE COMPOUND SENTENCE.

+Introductory Hints+.--_Cromwell made one revolution, and Monk made another_. The two clauses are independent of each other. The second clause, added by the conjunction _and_ to the first, continues the line of thought begun by the first.

_Man has his will, but woman has her way_. Here the conjunction connects independent clauses whose thoughts stand in contrast with each other.

_The Tudors were despotic, or history belies them_. The independent clauses, connected by _or_, present thoughts between which you may choose, but either, accepted, excludes the other.

_The ground is wet, therefore it has rained_. Here the inferred fact, the raining, really stands to the other fact, the wetness of the ground, as cause to effect--the raining made the ground wet. _It has rained_, _hence the ground is wet_. Here the inferred fact, the wetness of the ground, really stands to the other fact, the raining, as effect to cause--the ground is made wet by the raining. But this the real, or logical relation between the facts in either sentence is expressed in a sentence of the compound form--an _and_ may be placed before _therefore_ and _hence_.

Unless the connecting word expresses the dependence of one of the clauses, the grammarian regards them both as independent.

_Temperance promotes health, intemperance destroys it_. Here the independent clauses are joined to each other by their very position in the sentence--connected without any conjunction. This kind of connection is common.

Sentences made up of independent clauses we call +Compound Sentences.

+DEFINITION.--A _Clause_ is a part of a sentence containing' a subject and its predicate.+

+DEFINITION.--A _Dependent Clause_ is one used as an adjective, an adverb, or a noun.+

+DEFINITION.--An _Independent Clause_ is one not dependent on another clause.+

SENTENCES CLa.s.sIFIED WITH RESPECT TO FORM.

+DEFINITION.--A _Simple Sentence_ is a sentence that contains but one subject and one predicate, either or both of which may be compound.+

+DEFINITION.--A _Complex Sentence_ is a sentence composed of an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.+

+DEFINITION.--A _Compound Sentence_ is a sentence composed of two or more independent clauses.+

a.n.a.lysis.

+Independent Clauses+ in the +same line+ of thought.

1. Light has spread, and bayonets think.

Light | has spread =======|============= | '

' and .......

bayonets | ' think ===========|========== |

+Explanation+.--The clauses are of equal rank, and so the lines on which they stand are shaded alike, and the line connecting them is not slanting.

As one entire clause is connected with the other, the connecting line is drawn between the predicates merely for convenience.

+Oral a.n.a.lysis+.--This is a compound sentence because it is made up of independent clauses.

2. Hamilton smote the rock of the national resources, and abundant streams of revenue gushed forth.

3. Some are born great, some achieve greatness, and some have greatness thrust upon them.

+Independent Clauses+ expressing thoughts in +contrast.+

4. The man dies, but his memory lives.

5. Put not your trust in money, but put your money in trust.

6. Ready writing makes not good writing, but good writing brings on ready writing.

+Independent Clauses+ expressing thoughts in +alternation+.

7. Be temperate in youth, or you will have to be abstinent in old age.

8. Places near the sea are not extremely cold in winter, nor are they extremely warm in summer.

(Here a choice is denied.)

9. Either Hamlet was mad, or he feigned madness admirably.

(See (16), Lesson 20.)

+Independent Clauses+ expressing thoughts one of which is an +inference+ from the other.

10. People in the streets are carrying umbrellas, hence it must be raining.

11. I have seen, therefore I believe.

I | have seen ===|=========== | '

I | ' believe ===|='========= |'

therefore

+Explanation+.--In such constructions _and_ may be supplied, or the adverb may be regarded as the connective. The diagram ill.u.s.trates _therefore_ as connective.

+Independent Clauses+ joined in the sentence +without a conjunction+.

12. The camel is the s.h.i.+p of the ocean of sand; the reindeer is the camel of the desert of snow.

13. Of thy unspoken word thou art master; thy spoken word is master of thee.

14. The s.h.i.+p leaps, as it were, from billow to billow.

+Explanation+.--_As it were_ is an independent clause used parenthetically.

_As_ simply introduces it.

15. Religion--who can doubt it?--is the n.o.blest of themes for the exercise of intellect.

16. What grave (these are the words of Wellesley, speaking of the two Pitts) contains such a father and such a son!

LESSON 77.