The Art of Lecturing Part 8

Above all, a book talk should be interesting. How often have we seen a speaker begin a book talk at a meeting by destroying all interest and making sales almost impossible! The speaker holds up a book in view of the audience and says: "Here is a book I want you to buy and read." That settles it. The public has been taught to regard all efforts to sell things as attacks upon their pocketbooks, and the speaker who begins by announcing his intention to sell, at once makes himself an object of suspicion. In the commercial world it is held and admitted that a seller is seeking his own benefit and the advantages to the buyer are only incidental. In our case this is largely reversed, but that does not justify the speaker in rousing all the prejudices lying dormant in the hearer's mind.

A good book talk thoroughly captures the interest of the audience before they know the book is on hand and is going to be offered for sale. About the middle of the talk the listener should be wondering if you are going to tell where the book can be obtained and getting ready to take down the publisher's address when you give it.

His interest increases, and toward the close he learns to his great delight that you have antic.i.p.ated his desires and he can take the volume with him when he leaves the meeting.

This is a good method, but where one is to make many book talks to much the same audience there are a great many ways in which it can be varied.

I will now submit a book talk which has enabled me to sell thousands of copies of the book it deals with. This is a ten-cent book, and this price is high enough for the speaker's experiments. The speaker will later find it surprisingly easy, when he has mastered the art _to sell fifty-cent and dollar books_.

The speaker may use the substance of this talk in his own language, or, commit it to memory and reproduce it verbatim. Any one who finds the memorizing beyond his powers should abandon public speaking and devote his energies to something easy.

BOOK TALK NO. 1.

ENGELS' SOCIALISM, UTOPIAN AND SCIENTIFIC.

For some time previous to the year 1875 the German Socialist party had been divided into two camps--the Eisenachers and the La.s.sallians. About that time they closed their ranks and presented to the common enemy a united front. So great was their increase of strength from that union that they were determined never to divide again. They would preserve their newly won unity at all costs.

No sooner was this decision made than it seemed as if it was destined to be overthrown. Professor Eugene Duhring, Privat Docent of Berlin University, loudly proclaimed himself a convert to Socialism. When this great figure from the bourgeois intellectual world stepped boldly and somewhat noisily into the arena, there was not wanting a considerable group of young and uninitiated members in the party who flocked to his standard and found in him a new oracle.

This would have been well enough if Duhring had been content to take Socialism as he found it or if he had been well enough informed to make an intelligent criticism of it and reveal any mistakes in its positions. But he was neither the one or the other. He undertook, without the slightest qualification for the task, to overthrow Marx and establish a new Socialism which should be free from the lamentable blunders of the Marxian school.

Marx was a mere bungler and the whole matter must be set right without delay. This was rather a large task, but the Professor went at it in a large way. He did it in the approved German manner. Germany would be forever disgraced if any philosopher took up a new position about anything without going back to the first beginnings of the orderly universe in nebulous matter, and showing that from that time on to the discovery of the latest design in tin kettles everything that happened simply went to prove his new theory.

Duhring presented a long suffering world with three volumes that were at least large enough to fill the supposed aching void. These were: "A Course of Philosophy," "A Course of Political and Social Science" and "A Critical History of Political Economy and Socialism."

These large volumes gave Duhring quite a standing among ill-informed Socialists, who took long words for learning, and obscurity for profundity. His followers became so numerous that a new division of the ranks threatened and it became clear that Duhring's large literary output must be answered.

There was a man in the Socialist movement at that time who was pre-eminently fitted for that task, who for over thirty years had proven himself a master of discussion and an accomplished scholar--Frederick Engels.

Engels' friends urged him to rid the movement of this new intellectual incubus. Engels pleaded he was already over busy with those tasks, which show him to have been so patient and prolific a worker. Finally, realizing the importance of the case, he yielded.

Duhring had wandered all over the universe to establish his philosophy, and in his reply Engels would have to follow him. So far from this deterring Engels, it was just this which made his task attractive. He says in his preface of 1892:

"I had to treat of all and every possible subject, from the concepts of time and s.p.a.ce to Bimetalism; from the eternity of matter and motion to the perishable nature of moral ideas; from Darwin's natural selection to the education of youth in a future society. Anyhow, the systematic comprehensiveness of my opponent gave me the opportunity of developing, in opposition to him, and in a more connected form than had previously been done, the views held by Marx and myself of this great variety of subjects.

And that was the princ.i.p.al reason which made me undertake this otherwise ungrateful task."

Dealing with the same point, in his biographical essay on Engels, Kautsky says:

"Duhring was a many-sided man. He wrote on Mathematics and Mechanics, as well as on Philosophy and Political Economy, Jurisprudence, Ancient History, etc. Into all these spheres he was followed by Engels, who was as many-sided as Duhring but in another way. Engels' many-sidedness was united with a fundamental thoroughness which in these days of specialization is only found in a few cases and was rare even at that time. * * *

It is to the superficial many-sidedness of Duhring that we owe the fact, that the 'Anti-Duhring' became a book which treated the whole of modern science from the Marx-Engels materialistic point of view. Next to 'Capital' the 'Anti-Duhring' has become the fundamental work of modern Socialism."

Engels' reply was published in the Leipsic "Vorwarts," in a series of articles beginning early in 1877, and afterwards in a volume ent.i.tled, "Mr. Duhring's Revolution in Science." This book came to be known by its universal and popular t.i.tle: "Anti-Duhring."

After the appearance of this book Duhring's influence disappeared. Instead of a great leader in Socialism, Duhring found himself regarded as a museum curiosity, so much so that Kautsky, writing in 1887, said:

"The occasion for the 'Anti-Duhring' has been long forgotten.

Not only is Duhring a thing of the past for the Social Democracy, but the whole throng of academic and platonic Socialists have been frightened away by the anti-Socialist legislation, which at least had the one good effect to show where the reliable supports of our movement are to be found."

Out of Anti-Duhring came the most important Socialist pamphlet ever published, unless, perhaps, we should except "The Communist Manifesto," though even this is by no means certain. In 1892 Engels related the story of its birth:

"At the request of my friend, Paul Lafargue, now representative of Lille in the French Chamber of Deputies, I arranged three chapters of this book as a pamphlet, which he translated and published in 1880, under the t.i.tle: "Socialism, Utopian and Scientific." From this French text a Polish and a Spanish edition was prepared. In 1883, our German friends brought out the pamphlet in the original language. Italian, Russian, Danish, Dutch and Roumanian translations, based upon the German text, have since been published. Thus, with the present English edition, this little book circulates in ten languages. I am not aware that any other Socialist work, not even our "Communist Manifesto" of 1848 or Marx's "Capital," has been so often translated. In Germany it has had four editions of about 20,000 copies in all."

The man who has the good fortune to become familiar with the contents of this pamphlet in early life will never, in after life, be able to estimate its full value as a factor in his intellectual development. I have persuaded many people to buy it and have invariably given them this advice: "Keep it in your coat pocket by day and under your pillow by night, and read it again and again until you know it almost by heart."

At this point you may hold up the pamphlet and announce its price. If this is done before the lecture, have the ushers pa.s.s through the audience, each with a good supply, and beginning at the front row and working rapidly so as not to unnecessarily delay the meeting. If the sale is at the close of the meeting announce that copies may be had while leaving and have your ushers in the rear so as to meet the audience. A good deal depends on having live and capable ushers. Our big sales at the Garrick are due to ushers being past masters in their art.

BOOK TALK NO 2.

THE COMMUNIST MANIFESTO.

In the year 1848--over sixty years ago--Scientific Socialism was born. Almost every objection we now hear against Socialism holds only against the utopian Socialism which died and was discarded by Socialists more than half a century ago.

The birth of Scientific Socialism came as the result of the discovery of a great new truth. This truth revolutionized all our ideas about society just as Darwin's discovery, eleven years later, revolutionized our notions of organic life.

From 1848 forward there was no need for speculations and guesses as to how the world will be in the future or how it might be now if it were not as it is. From that time we knew that the present was carried in the womb of the past and the future is already here in embryo.

If you think you know the main outlines of the future society yet cannot find those outlines already developing in the society about you, you are nursing a delusion. You belong to the Socialism of Utopia--if your future society is not already here in part, it is "nowhere," as Utopia means.

We know today that science does not consist of a mere collection of facts. The facts of course are necessary, but science comes only when we push through the facts and find the laws behind them.

The discovery that gave birth to Scientific Socialism had to do with history. This discovery changed our ideas as to what const.i.tutes history. The rise and fall of kings, tales of b.l.o.o.d.y wars, the news of camp and courts; these were supposed to be all that was important in history. This has been well called: "Drum and trumpet history."

Since 1848 history is the story of the development of human society. The introduction of machinery overshadows all kings and courts in history, as we now know it, because it played a greater part in social development than ten thousand kings.

History itself is not a science but it is one of the chief parts of "the science of society"--sociology.

Historical movement like all movement proceeds by law. When Karl Marx discovered the central law of history he became the real founder of modern sociology. His discovery of this law of history ranks with Newton's discovery of gravity or the Copernican revolution in astronomy. It ranks Marx as one of the men whose genius created a new epoch in human thinking.

Marx made the discovery before 1848, but that date is immortal because in that year it was published to the world. That date ranks with 1859 when the "undying Darwin" gave us "The Origin of Species."

The book was not intended for a book and became a book only by reason of its great importance. It was published as a political manifesto--the manifesto of "The Communist League." Hence its name--"The Communist Manifesto." This book is the foundation and starting point of Scientific Socialism and is indispensable to all students of social science or social questions.

The book itself explains why it is not "The Socialist Manifesto"

as we might have expected. At that time the various groups using Socialist as a t.i.tle were Utopian and some of them positively reactionary. There is a description and a.n.a.lysis of these groups in the third chapter which shows why Marx had no part in them.

Their advocates know nothing of the new historical principle which now stands at the center of Socialist thought and which has successfully withstood half a century of searching criticism.

This great new principle is called: "The Materialistic Conception of History." It is not mentioned by name in the manifesto, but it is there like a living presence spreading light in dark places of history which had never been penetrated by previous thinkers. The key to all history is found in methods of producing and distributing material wealth. Out of the changes in this field all other social changes come.

Forty years later Frederick Engels gave completeness to the Manifes...o...b.. adding a preface which defines the main theory, gives an estimate of its value, and explains his part as co-author with Marx.

No other book can ever take the place of the Communist Manifesto. Its value grows with the pa.s.sing years. It was the first trumpet blast to announce the coming of the triumphant proletariat.

The Manifesto's first two chapters and its closing paragraph are beyond all price. They are without parallel in the literature of the world. They sparkle like "jewels on the stretched forefinger of all time."

Here the speaker may show the book and state its price, and proceed with the selling. If the sale is made while the audience is leaving, nothing further need be said, and if the sale is the last thing in the meeting it is useless to ask the audience to remain seated during the sale. They get irritated and the meeting breaks up in confusion. See that your salesmen are posted at the exits where they will face the audience as it leaves. At one big meeting in Pittsburg where the sales of a fifty cent book reached over sixty dollars they would have been double but some of the sellers came to the front, and while the audience was clamoring for books which could not be had at the doors, these sellers were following the audience in the rear with armfuls which they had no chance to sell.