Hinduism and Buddhism, An Historical Sketch Volume I Part 36

[Footnote 536: Sam. Nik. IV. x.x.xV., Maj. Nik. 8 ad fin. On the value attached by mystics in all countries to trees and flowers, see Underhill, _Mysticism_, p. 231.]

[Footnote 537: They are abstinence from (1) destroying life, (2) stealing, (3) impurity, (4) lying, (5) intoxicants, (6) eating at forbidden times, (7) dancing, music and theatres, (8) garlands, perfumes, ornaments, (9) high or large beds, (10) accepting gold or silver.]

[Footnote 538: These are practically equivalent to Sundays, being the new moon, full moon and the eighth days from the new and full moon. In Tibet however the 14th, 15th, 29th and 30th of each month are observed.]

[Footnote 539: Mahavag. II. 1-2.]

[Footnote 540: Chap. VIII. Sec. 3.]

[Footnote 541: Required not so much to purify water as to prevent the accidental destruction of insects.]

[Footnote 542: It might begin either the day after the full moon of Asalha (June-July) or a month later. In either case the period was three months. Mahavag. III. 2.]

[Footnote 543: Cullavag. X. 1.]

[Footnote 544: See the papers by Mrs Bode in _J.R.A.S._ 1893, pp. 517-66 and 763-98, and Mrs Rhys Davids in _Ninth Congress of Orientalists_, vol. I. p. 344.]

[Footnote 545: Feminine Upasika.]

[Footnote 546: Sutta-Nipata, 289.]

[Footnote 547: _E.g._ Mahamangala and Dhammika-Sutta in Sut. Nip. II. 4 and 14.]

[Footnote 548: Dig. Nik. 31.]

[Footnote 549: It may seem superfluous to insist on this, yet Warren in his _Buddhism in Translations_ uniformly renders Bhikkhu by priest.]

[Footnote 550: The same idea occurs in the Upanishads, _e.g._ Brih.-ar.

Up. IV. 4. 23, "he becomes a true Brahman."]

[Footnote 551: Especially in R.O. Franke's article in the _J.P.T.S._ 1908. To demonstrate the "literary dependence" of chapters XI., XII. of the Cullavagga does not seem to me equivalent to demonstrating that the narratives contained in those chapters are "air-bubbles."]

[Footnote 552: The mantras of the Brahmans were hardly a sacred book a.n.a.logous to the Bible or Koran and, besides, the early Buddhists would not have wished to imitate them.]

[Footnote 553: _E.g._ Dig. Nik. XVI.]

[Footnote 554: Cullav. XI. i. 11.]

[Footnote 555: Especially in Chinese works.]

[Footnote 556: Upali, Dasaka, Sonaka, Siggava (with whom the name of Candravajji is sometimes coupled) and Tissa Moggaliputta. This is the list given in the Dipava?sa.]

[Footnote 557: Sam. Nik. XVI. 11. The whole section is called Ka.s.sapa Sa?yutta.]

[Footnote 558: They are to be found chiefly in Cullavagga, XII., Dipava?sa, IV. and V. and Mahava?sa, IV.]

[Footnote 559: The Dipava?sa adds that all the princ.i.p.al monks present had seen the Buddha. They must therefore all have been considerably over a hundred years old so that the chronology is open to grave doubt. It would be easier if we could suppose the meeting was held a hundred years after the enlightenment.]

[Footnote 560: They are said to have rejected the Parivara, the Pa?isambhida, the Niddesa and parts of the Jataka. These are all later parts of the Canon and if the word rejection were taken literally it would imply that the Mahasangiti was late too. But perhaps all that is meant is that the books were not found in their Canon. Chinese sources (_e.g._ Fa Hsien, tr. Legge, p. 99) state that they had an Abhidhamma of their own.]

[Footnote 561: _Buddhist Records of the Western World_, vol. II. pp.

164-5; Watters, _Yuan Chw.a.n.g_, pp. 159-161.]

[Footnote 562: Cap. x.x.xVI. Legge, p. 98.]

[Footnote 563: See I-tsing's _Records of the Buddhist Religion_, trans.

by Takakusu, p. XX. and Nanjio's _Catalogue of the Buddhist Tripitaka_, nos. 1199, 1105 and 1159.]

[Footnote 564: An exception ought perhaps to be made for the j.a.panese sects.]

[Footnote 565: The names are not quite the same in the various lists and it seems useless to discuss them in detail. See Dipava?sa, V. 39-48, Mahava?sa, V. ad in., Rhys Davids, _J.R.A.S._ 1891, p. 411, Rockhill, _Life of the Buddha_, chap, VI., Geiger, _Trans. of Mahava?sa_, App. B.]

[Footnote 566: The Hemavatikas, Rajagirikas, Siddhattas, Pubbaselikas, Aparaselikas and Apararajagirikas.]

[Footnote 567: Published in the _J.P.T.S._ 1889. Trans, by S.Z. Aung and Mrs Rhys Davids, 1915. The text mentions doctrines only. The names of the sects supposed to hold them are supplied by the commentary.]

[Footnote 568: They must not be confused with the four philosophic schools Vaibhas.h.i.+ka, Sautrantika, Yogacara and Madhyamika. These came into existence later.]

[Footnote 569: But the Vetulyakas were important in Ceylon.]

[Footnote 570: See Paramartha's _Life of Vasabandhu_, Toung Pao, 1904, p. 290.]

[Footnote 571: See Rhys Davids in _J.R.A.S._ 1892, pp. 8-9. The name is variously spelt. The P.T.S. print Sammitiya, but the Sanskrit text of the Madhyamakavritti (in _Bibl. Buddh._) has Sammitiya. Sanskrit dictionaries give Sammatiya. The Abhidharma section of the Chinese Tripitaka (Nanjio, 1272) contains a sastra belonging to this school.

Nanjio, 1139 is apparently their Vinaya.]

[Footnote 572: Kern (_Versl. en Med. der K. Akad. van Wetenschappen Letterk._ 4. R.D. VIII. 1907, pp. 312-319, cf. _J.R.A.S._ 1907, p. 432) suggested on the authority of Kashgarian MSS. that the expression Vailpulya sutra is a misreading for Vaitulya sutra, a sutra of the Vetulyakas. ananda was sometimes identified with the phantom who represented the Buddha.]

[Footnote 573: It is remarkable that this view, though condemned by the Katha-vatthu, is countenanced by the Khuddaka-pa?ha.]

[Footnote 574: The Katha-vatthu constantly cites the Nikayas.]

[Footnote 575: Pali Sabbatthivadins.]

[Footnote 576: Cf. the doctrine of the Sankhya. For more about the Sarvastivadins see below, Book IV. chap. XXII.]

[Footnote 577: See especially Le Nord-Ouest de L'Inde dans le Vinaya des Mulasarvastivadins by Przyluski in _J.A._ 1914, II. pp. 492 ff.]

[Footnote 578: See articles by Fleet in _J.R.A.S._ of 1903, 1904, 1908-1911 and 1914: Hultzsch in _J.R.A.S._ 1910-11: Thomas in _J.A._ 1910: S. Levi, _J.A._ 1911.]

[Footnote 579: Asoka's statement is confirmed (if it needs confirmation) by the Chinese pilgrim I-ching who saw in India statues of him in monastic costume.]

[Footnote 580: For a bibliography of the literature about these inscriptions see Vincent Smith, _Early History of India_, 3rd ed. 1914, pp. 172-4.]

[Footnote 581: The dialect is not strictly speaking the same in all the inscriptions.]

[Footnote 582: Piyada.s.si, Sanskrit Priyadarsin. The Dipava?sa, VI. 1 and 14, calls Asoka Piyada.s.si and Piyada.s.sana. The name Asoka has. .h.i.therto only been found in one edict discovered at Hyderabad, _J.R.A.S._ 1916, p. 573.]

[Footnote 583: The princ.i.p.al single edicts are (1) that known as Minor Rock Edict I. found in four recensions, (2) The Bhabru (or Bhabra) Edict of great importance for the Buddhist scriptures, (3) Two Kalinga Edicts, (4) Edicts about schism, found at Sarnath and elsewhere, (4) Commemorative inscriptions in the Terai, (5) Dedications of caves.]