All About Coffee Part 1

All About Coffee.

by William H. Ukers.

PREFACE

Seventeen years ago the author of this work made his first trip abroad to gather material for a book on coffee. Subsequently he spent a year in travel among the coffee-producing countries. After the initial surveys, correspondents were appointed to make researches in the princ.i.p.al European libraries and museums; and this phase of the work continued until April, 1922. Simultaneous researches were conducted in American libraries and historical museums up to the time of the return of the final proofs to the printer in June, 1922.

Ten years ago the sorting and cla.s.sification of the material was begun.

The actual writing of the ma.n.u.script has extended over four years.

Among the unique features of the book are the Coffee Thesaurus; the Coffee Chronology, containing 492 dates of historical importance; the Complete Reference Table of the Princ.i.p.al Kinds of Coffee Grown in the World; and the Coffee Bibliography, containing 1,380 references.

The most authoritative works on this subject have been Robinson's _The Early History of Coffee Houses in England_, published in London in 1893; and Jardin's _Le Cafe_, published in Paris in 1895. The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to both for inspiration and guidance. Other works, Arabian, French, English, German, and Italian, dealing with particular phases of the subject, have been laid under contribution; and where this has been done, credit is given by footnote reference. In all cases where it has been possible to do so, however, statements of historical facts have been verified by independent research. Not a few items have required months of tracing to confirm or to disprove.

There has been no serious American work on coffee since Hewitt's _Coffee: Its History, Cultivation and Uses_, published in 1872; and Thurber's _Coffee from Plantation to Cup_, published in 1881. Both of these are now out of print, as is also Walsh's _Coffee: Its History, Cla.s.sification and Description_, published in 1893.

The chapters on The Chemistry of Coffee and The Pharmacology of Coffee have been prepared under the author's direction by Charles W. Trigg, industrial fellow of the Mellon Inst.i.tute of Industrial Research.

The author wishes to acknowledge, with thanks, valuable a.s.sistance and numerous courtesies by the officials of the following inst.i.tutions:

British Museum, and Guildhall Museum, London; Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris; Congressional Library, Was.h.i.+ngton; New York Public Library, Metropolitan Museum of Art, and New York Historical Society, New York; Boston Public Library, and Boston Museum of Fine Arts; Smithsonian Inst.i.tution, Was.h.i.+ngton; State Historical Museum, Madison, Wis.; Maine Historical Society, Portland; Chicago Historical Society; New Jersey Historical Society, Newark; Harvard University Library; Ess.e.x Inst.i.tute, Salem, Ma.s.s.; Peabody Inst.i.tute, Baltimore.

Thanks and appreciation are due also to:

Charles James Jackson, London, for permission to quote from his _Ill.u.s.trated History of English Plate_;

Francis Hill Bigelow, author; and The Macmillan Company, publishers, for permission to reproduce ill.u.s.trations from _Historic Silver of the Colonies_;

H.G. Dwight, author; and Charles Scribner's Sons, publishers, for permission to quote from _Constantinople, Old and New_, and from the article on "Turkish Coffee Houses" in _Scribner's Magazine_;

Walter G. Peter, Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C., for permission to photograph and reproduce pictures of articles in the Peter collection at the United States National Museum;

Mary P. Hamlin and George Arliss, authors, and George C. Tyler, producer, for permission to reproduce the Exchange coffee-house setting of the first act of _Hamilton_;

Judge A.T. Clearwater, Kingston N.Y.; R.T. Haines Halsey, and Francis P.

Garvan, New York, for permission to publish pictures of historic silver coffee pots in their several collections;

The secretaries of the American Chambers of Commerce in London, Paris, and Berlin;

Charles Cooper, London, for his splendid co-operation and for his special contribution to chapter x.x.xV;

Alonzo H. De Graff, London, for his invaluable aid and unflagging zeal in directing the London researches;

To the Coffee Trade a.s.sociation, London, for a.s.sistance rendered;

To G.J. Lethem, London, for his translations from the Arabic;

Geoffrey Sephton, Vienna, for his nice co-operation;

L.P. de Bussy of the Koloniaal Inst.i.tute, Amsterdam, Holland, for a.s.sistance rendered;

Burton Holmes and Blendon R. Campbell, New York, for courtesies;

John Cotton Dana, Newark, N.J., for a.s.sistance rendered;

Charles H. Barnes, Medford, Ma.s.s., for permission to publish the photograph of Peregrine White's Mayflower mortar and pestle;

Andrew L. Winton, Ph.D., Wilton, Conn., for permission to quote from his _The Microscopy of Vegetable Foods_ in the chapter on The Microscopy of Coffee and to reprint Prof. J. Moeller's and Tschirch and Oesterle's drawings;

F. Hulton Frankel, Ph.D., Edward M. Frankel, Ph.D., and Arno Viehoever, for their a.s.sistance in preparing the chapters on The Botany of Coffee and The Microscopy of Coffee;

A.L. Burns, New York, for his a.s.sistance in the correction and revision of chapters XXV, XXVI, XXVII, and x.x.xIV, and for much historical information supplied in connection with chapters x.x.x and x.x.xI;

Edward Aborn, New York, for his help in the revision of chapter x.x.xVI;

George W. Lawrence, former president, and T.S.B. Nielsen, president, of the New York Coffee and Sugar Exchange, for their a.s.sistance in the revision of chapter x.x.xI;

Helio Lobo, Brazilian consul general, New York; Sebastio Sampaio, commercial attache of the Brazilian Emba.s.sy, Was.h.i.+ngton; and Th.

Langgaard de Menezes, American representative of the Sociedade Promotora da Defeza do Cafe;

Felix Coste, secretary and manager, the National Coffee Roasters a.s.sociation; and C.B. Stroud, superintendent, the New York Coffee and Sugar Exchange, for information supplied and a.s.sistance rendered in the revision of several chapters;

F.T. Holmes, New York, for his help in the compilation of chronological and descriptive data on coffee-roasting machinery;

Walter Chester, New York, for critical comments on chapter XXVIII.

The author is especially indebted to the following, who in many ways have contributed to the successful compilation of the Complete Reference Table in chapter XXIV, and of those chapters having to do with the early history and development of the green coffee and the wholesale coffee-roasting trades in the United States:

George S. Wright, Boston; A.E. Forbes, William Fisher, Gwynne Evans, Jerome J. Schotten, and the late Julius J. Schotten, St. Louis; James H.

Taylor, William Bayne, Jr., A.J. Dannemiller, B.A. Livierato, S.A.

Schonbrunn, Herbert Wilde, A.C. Fitzpatrick, Charles Meehan, Clarence Creighton, Abram Wakeman, A.H. Davies, Joshua Walker, Fred P. Gordon, Alex. H. Purcell, George W. Vanderhoef, Col. William P. Roome, W. Lee Simmonds, Herman Simmonds, W.H. Aborn, B. Lahey, John C. Loudon, J.R.

Westfal, Abraham Reamer, R.C. Wilhelm, C.H. Stewart, and the late August Haeussler, New York; John D. Warfield, Ezra J. Warner, S.O. Blair, and George D. McLaughlin, Chicago; W.H. Harrison, James Heekin, and Charles Lewis, Cincinnati; Albro Blodgett and A.M. Woolson, Toledo; R.V.

Engelhard and Lee G. Zinsmeister, Louisville; E.A. Kahl, San Francisco; S. Jackson, New Orleans; Lewis Sherman, Milwaukee; Howard F. Boardman, Hartford; A.H. Devers, Portland, Ore.; W. James Mahood, Pittsburgh; William B. Harris, East Orange, N.J.

New York, June 17, 1922.

[Ill.u.s.tration]

FOREWORD

_Some introductory remarks on the lure of coffee, its place in a rational dietary, its universal psychological appeal, its use and abuse_

Civilization in its onward march has produced only three important non-alcoholic beverages--the extract of the tea plant, the extract of the cocoa bean, and the extract of the coffee bean.