The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 117

Calyx 5--12-parted, the divisions slender. Corolla 5--12-parted, wheel-shaped. Stamens 5--12; anthers soon recurved. Style 2-cleft or -parted, slender.--Biennials or annuals, with slender stems, and cymose-panicled handsome (white or rose-purple) flowers, in summer.

(Dedicated to _L. Sabbati_, an early Italian botanist.)

[*] _Corolla 5-parted, or rarely 6--7-parted._

[+] _Branches all opposite and stems more or less 4-angled; flowers cymose; calyx with long and slender lobes._

[++] _Corolla white, often turning yellowish in drying._

1. S. paniculata, Pursh. _Stem brachiately much-branched_ (1--2 high); _leaves linear or the lower oblong, obtuse, 1-nerved_, nearly equalling the internodes; calyx-lobes much shorter than the corolla.--Low grounds, Va. to Fla.

2. S. lanceolata, Torr. & Gray. _Stem simple_ (2--3 high) bearing a flat-topped cyme; _leaves ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 3-nerved_, the upper acute, much shorter than the internodes; calyx-lobes longer and flowers larger than in n. 1.--Wet pine barrens, N. J. to Fla.

[++][++] _Corolla rose-pink, rarely white, with a yellowish or greenish eye._

3. S. brachiata, Ell. _Stem slightly angled_, simple below (1--2 high); _leaves linear and linear-oblong, obtuse_, or the upper acute; branches rather few-flowered, forming an oblong panicle; calyx-lobes nearly half shorter than the corolla.--Dry or low places, Ind. and N. C. to La. and Fla.

4. S. angularis, Pursh. _Stem somewhat 4-winged-angled_, much branched above (1--2 high), many-flowered; _leaves ovate_, acutish, 5-nerved, with a _somewhat heart-shaped clasping_ base; calyx-lobes one third or half the length of the corolla.--Rich soil, N. Y. to Ont. and Mich., south to Fla. and La.

[+][+] _Branches alternate (or the lower opposite in n. 5); peduncles 1-flowered_.

[++] _Calyx-lobes foliaceous._

5. S. calycsa, Pursh. Diffusely forking, pale, 1 high or less; leaves oblong or lance-oblong, narrowed at base; calyx-lobes spatulate-lanceolate ({2/3}--1' long), exceeding the rose-colored or almost white corolla.--Sea-coast and near it, Va. to Tex.

[++][++] _Calyx-lobes slender and tube very short (prominently costate in n. 6, and longer, nearly or quite enclosing the retuse capsule)._

6. S. campestris, Nutt. Span or two high, divergently branched above; leaves ovate with subcordate clasping base (--1' long), on the branches lanceolate; calyx equalling the lilac corolla (1--2' broad).--Prairies, S. E. Kan. and W. Mo. to Tex.

7. S. stellaris, Pursh. Loosely branched and forking; _leaves oblong to lanceolate_, the upper narrowly linear; _calyx-lobes awl-shaped-linear, varying from half to nearly the length of the bright rose-purple corolla_; style nearly 2-parted.--Salt marshes, Ma.s.s. to Fla. Appears to pa.s.s into the next; corolla in both at times pink or white.

8. S. gracilis, Salisb. _Stem very slender_, at length diffusely branched; branches and long peduncles filiform; _leaves linear_, or the lower lance-linear, the uppermost similar to the _setaceous calyx-lobes, which equal the rose-purple corolla_; style cleft to the middle.--Brackish marshes, Nantucket, Ma.s.s., and N. J., to Fla. and La.

9. S. Elliottii, Steud. Effusely much branched; _leaves small_, lower cauline (6" long or less) thickish, _from obovate to lanceolate_, upper narrowly linear and rather longer, on the flowering branches subulate; _calyx-lobes slender-subulate, very much shorter than the white corolla_; style 2-parted.--Pine barrens, S. Va. (?) to Fla.

[*][*] _Corolla 8--12-parted, large (about 2' broad)._

10. S. chlorodes, Pursh. Stem (1--2 high), loosely panicled above; peduncles slender, 1-flowered; leaves oblong-lanceolate; calyx-lobes linear, half the length of the deep rose-colored (rarely white) corolla.--Borders of brackish ponds, Ma.s.s. to Fla. and Ala.

3. EuSTOMA, Salisb.

Calyx 5- (rarely 6-) parted; its lobes long-ac.u.minate, with carinate midrib. Corolla campanulate-funnel-form, deeply 5--6-lobed. Anthers oblong, versatile, straight or recurving in age. Style filiform, nearly persistent; stigma of 2 broad lamellae.--Glaucous large-flowered annuals, with more or less clasping and connate leaves, and slender terminal and more or less paniculate 1-flowered peduncles. (From e?, _well_, and st?a, _mouth_, alluding to the open-mouthed corolla.)

1. E. Russellianum, Griseb. One or two feet high; leaves from ovate- to lanceolate-oblong; lobes of lavender-purple corolla obovate (1' long), 4 times longer than the tube; anthers hardly curving in age.--Neb. to Tex.

4. GENTIaNA, Tourn. GENTIAN.

Calyx 4--5-cleft. Corolla 4--5-lobed, regular, usually with intermediate plaited folds, which bear appendages or teeth at the sinuses. Style short or none; stigmas 2, persistent. Capsule oblong, 2-valved; the innumerable seeds either borne on placentae at or near the sutures, or in most of our species covering nearly the whole inner face of the pod.--Flowers solitary or cymose, showy, in late summer and autumn.

(Name from _Gentius_, king of Illyria, who used some species medicinally.)

-- 1. GENTIANeLLA. _Corolla (not rotate) dest.i.tute of extended plaits or lobes or teeth at the sinuses; root annual._

[*] (FRINGED GENTIANS.) _Flowers large, solitary on long terminal peduncles, mostly 4-merous; corolla campanulate-funnel-form, its lobes usually fimbriate or erose, not crowned; a row of glands between the bases of the filaments. Autumn-flowering._

1. G. crinta, Froel. Stem 1--2 high; _leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate from a partly heart-shaped or rounded base_; lobes of the 4-cleft calyx unequal, ovate and lanceolate, as long as the bell-shaped tube of the blue corolla (2' long), the _lobes_ of which are _wedge-obovate, and strongly fringed around the summit; ovary lanceolate_.--Low grounds, N. Eng. to Dak., south to Iowa, Ohio, and in the mountains to Ga.

2. G. serrata, Gunner. Stem 3--18' high; _leaves linear or lanceolate-linear_; lobes of the 4- (rarely 5-) cleft calyx unequal, ovate or triangular and lanceolate, pointed; _lobes of the sky-blue corolla spatulate-oblong_, with ciliate-fringed margins, _the fringe shorter or almost obsolete at the summit; ovary elliptical or obovate_.

(G. detonsa, _Manual_.)--Moist grounds, Newf. and W. New York, to Iowa and Minn., north and westward.

[*][*] _Flowers smaller, 4--5-merous; corolla somewhat funnel-form or salver-form, its lobes entire; peduncles short or none, terminal and lateral on the acute-angled stem._

3. G. Amarella, L. Stems 2--20' high; leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong, or the lowest obovate-spatulate, the margins minutely scabrous; calyx-lobes (4--5) foliaceous, lanceolate or linear; corolla mostly blue, ' long or more, _with a fimbriate crown at the base of the oblong acute lobes; capsule sessile._--Var. acuta, Hook. f. Calyx almost 5-parted; crown usually of fewer and sometimes very few setae.--Lab. to N. Vt. and N. Minn., west and northward.

4. G. quinqueflra, Lam. Stem rather slender, branching (1--2 high); leaves ovate-lanceolate from a partly clasping and heart-shaped base, 3--7-nerved, tipped with a minute point; branches racemed or panicled, about 5-flowered at the summit; lobes of the small 5-cleft calyx awl-shaped-linear; corolla pale blue, 6--9" long, its lobes _triangular-ovate, bristle-pointed, without crown, but the glands at the base_ of the slender obconical tube _manifest; capsule stipitate_.--Moist hills, Maine to Ont., Ill., and south along the mountains to Fla.--Var. OCCIDENTaLIS, Gray. Sometimes 2--3 high, and paniculately much-branched; calyx-lobes more leaf-like, linear-lanceolate, reaching to the middle of the broader funnel-form corolla.--Va. and Ohio to Minn., south to Tenn. and La.

-- 2. PNEUMONaNTHE. _Corolla (funnel-form or salver-form) with thin-membranaceous toothed or lobed plaits in the sinuses; no crown nor glands, capsule stipitate; autumn-flowering perennials, the flowers large, sessile or short pedunculate and bibracteate (except in n. 12)._

[*] _Anthers unconnected or soon separate; leaves rough-margined; seeds winged._

5. G. affnis, Griseb. _Stems cl.u.s.tered_, 1 high or less; leaves oblong or lanceolate to linear; _flowers numerous and thyrsoid-racemose_ or few or rarely almost solitary; _calyx-lobes_ unequal, the longest rarely equalling the tube, the shortest sometimes minute; corolla (blue or bluish) 1' long or less, rather _narrowly funnel-form_, with ovate spreading lobes, the plaits with _conspicuous laciniate appendages sometimes equalling the lobes_.--Minn. to the Pacific.

6. G. p.u.b.erula, Michx. Stems (_mostly solitary_) erect or ascending (8--16' high), mostly _rough_ and minutely p.u.b.escent above; _leaves rigid_, linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate (1--2' long); _flowers cl.u.s.tered_, rarely solitary; _calyx-lobes lanceolate_, much shorter than the _bell-funnel-form open bright-blue corolla_, the spreading ovate _lobes_ of which are _twice or thrice the length of the cut-toothed appendages_.--Dry prairies and barrens, western N. Y., Ohio, and Ky., to Minn. and Kan. Oct.

[*][*] _Anthers cohering in a ring or short tube; flowers in terminal and often axillary cl.u.s.ters._

[+] _Calyx-lobes and bracts ciliolate-scabrous; seeds conspicuously winged; leaves rough-margined._

7. G. Saponaria, L. (SOAPWORT G.) Stem erect or ascending, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate, oblong, or lanceolate-obovate, narrowed at the base; _calyx-lobes linear or spatulate_, acute, _equalling or exceeding the tube_, half the length of the corolla; _lobes_ of the club-bell-shaped light-blue corolla obtuse, erect or converging, short and broad, but _distinct_, and more or less _longer than the conspicuous_ 2-cleft and minutely toothed _appendages_.--Moist woods, N. Y. and N. J. to Minn., south to Fla. and La.

8. G. Andrewsii, Griseb. (CLOSED G.) Stems upright, smooth; leaves ovate-lanceolate and lanceolate from a narrower base, gradually pointed; _calyx-lobes lanceolate to ovate_, recurved, _shorter than the top-shaped tube_, and much shorter than the more oblong and truncate mostly blue corolla, which is closed at the mouth, _its proper lobes obliterated_, the apparent lobes consisting of the broad fringe-toothed and notched appendages.--Moist ground, N. Eng. to Minn., south to N. Ga.

Corolla blue with white plaits, or sometimes all white.

[+][+] _Margins of leaves, bracts, etc., smooth and naked; terminal flower-cl.u.s.ter leafy-involucrate; seeds winged._

9. G. alba, Muhl. Stems upright, stout; flowers sessile and crowded in a dense terminal cl.u.s.ter; leaves ovate-lanceolate from a heart-shaped closely clasping base, gradually tapering; calyx-lobes ovate or subcordate, many times shorter than the tube of the corolla, reflexed-spreading; corolla white more or less tinged with greenish or yellowish, inflated-club-shaped, at length open, its short and broad ovate lobes twice the length of the broad toothed appendages.--Low grounds and mountain meadows, Ont. to Ill., Ky., and Va.

10. G. linearis, Froel. Stems slender and strict, 1--2 high; flowers 1--5 in the terminal cl.u.s.ter; leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate, with somewhat narrowed base; bracts sometimes very finely scabrous; calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate; corolla blue, narrow funnel-form, its erect roundish-ovate lobes little longer than the triangular acute appendages. (G. Saponaria, var. linearis, _Gray_.)--Bogs, mountains of Md. to N. Y., N. Eng., and northward.

Var. lanceolata, Gray. Leaves lanceolate, or the upper and involucrate ones almost ovate-lanceolate, appendages of corolla sometimes very short and broad.--Minn. and L. Superior; also Herkimer Co., N. Y.

Var. latiflia, Gray. Stout; leaves closely sessile, not contracted at base, the lowest oblong-linear, the upper ovate-lanceolate; appendages broad, acute or subtruncate.--L. Superior; N. Brunswick (flowers blue).

[+][+][+] _Calyx-lobes and bracts with smooth margins or nearly so; seeds completely marginless._

11. G. ochroleuca, Froel. Stems ascending, mostly smooth; leaves obovate-oblong, the lowest broadly obovate and obtuse, the uppermost somewhat lanceolate, all narrowed at base, calyx-lobes linear, unequal, much longer than its tube, rather shorter than the greenish-white open corolla, which is painted inside with green veins and lilac-purple stripes; its lobes ovate, very much exceeding the small and sparingly toothed oblique appendages.--Dry or damp grounds, Penn. to Fla. and La.

[*][*][*] _Anthers not connected; flowers terminal, solitary, commonly peduncled and naked; seeds wingless._