The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 24

5. NuPHAR, Smith. YELLOW POND-LILY. SPATTER-DOCK.

Sepals 5, 6, or sometimes more, colored, or partly green outside, roundish, concave. Petals numerous, small and thickish, stamen-like or scale-like, inserted with the very numerous short stamens on the receptacle under the ovary, not surpa.s.sing the disk-like 8--24-rayed sessile stigma, persistent and at length recurved. Fruit ovoid, naked, usually ripening above water. Aril none.--Rootstock creeping, cylindrical. Leaves with a deep sinus at the base. Flowers yellow or sometimes tinged with purple, produced all summer. (Name said to be of Arabic origin.)

1. N. advena, Ait. f. _Sepals 6, unequal; petals shorter than the stamens_ and resembling them, thick and fleshy, truncate; stigma nearly entire, 12--24-rayed, pale red; ovary and fruit (1' long) ovate, not contracted above into a narrow neck; thin submersed leaves seldom present; floating or emersed and erect leaves thick (6--12' long), from roundish to ovate or almost oblong, the sinus open, or closed or narrow.--Very common, in still or stagnant water; stout and coa.r.s.e; flower often partly purplish (var. VARIEGaTUM, Engelm.).

Var. mnus, Morong. More slender; leaves somewhat smaller (3--8' long); flowers usually smaller (sepals 12--15" long); petals spatulate; stigmas 9--13-rayed, crenately toothed, bright red or crimson; fruit 1'

long, contracted above. (N. rubrodisc.u.m, _Morong._ N. luteum, _Man._; not _Smith_.)--N. Vt. to Mich. and Penn. Probably a hybrid between this and the next species.

2. N. Kalmianum, Ait. Very slender and with slender rootstock; submersed leaves thin, round-reniform, the floating broadly elliptical with a deep narrow sinus, 2--4' long; sepals usually 5, the flowers an inch broad or less; petals spatulate or obovate; stigmas 7--10-rayed, dark red; fruit globular with a short neck (6--9" in diameter). (N. luteum, var.

pumilum, _Man._)--Maine to Penn. and Minn., and northward.

3. N. sagittiflium, Pursh. Rootstock stout; leaves narrowly oblong to oblong-lanceolate with a short sinus, 6--15' long; flowers small (1'

broad).--S. Ind. and Ill. (_Schneck_), and southward.

ORDER 7. SARRACENIaCEae. (PITCHER-PLANTS.)

_Polyandrous and hypogynous bog-plants, with hollow pitcher-form or trumpet-shaped leaves_,--comprising one plant in the mountains of Guiana, another (Darlingtonia, _Torr._) in California, and the following genus in the Atlantic United States.

1. SARRACeNIA, Tourn. SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER.

Sepals 5, with 3 bractlets at the base, colored, persistent. Petals 5, oblong or obovate, incurved, deciduous. Stamens numerous, hypogynous.

Ovary compound, 5-celled, globose, crowned with a short style, which is expanded at the summit into a very broad and petal-like, 5-angled, 5-rayed, umbrella-shaped body, the 5 delicate rays terminating under the angles in as many little hooked stigmas. Capsule with a granular surface, 5-celled, with many-seeded placentae in the axis, loculicidally 5-valved. Seeds anatropous, with a small embryo at the base of fleshy alb.u.men.--Perennials, yellowish-green and purplish; the hollow leaves all radical, with a wing on one side, and a rounded arching hood at the apex. Scape naked, 1-flowered; flower nodding. (Named by Tournefort in honor of _Dr. Sarrasin_ of Quebec, who first sent our Northern species, and a botanical account of it, to Europe.)

1. S. purpurea, L. (SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER. PITCHER-PLANT. HUNTSMAN'S CUP.) _Leaves pitcher-shaped_, ascending, curved, broadly winged; the hood erect, open, round heart-shaped; _flower deep purple_; the fiddle-shaped petals arched over the greenish-yellow style.--Varies rarely with greenish-yellow flowers, and without purple veins in the foliage.--Peat-bogs; common from N. Eng. to Minn., N. E. Iowa, and southward east of the Alleghanies. June.--The curious leaves are usually half filled with water and drowned insects. The inner face of the hood is clothed with stiff bristles pointing downward. Flower globose, nodding on a scape a foot high; it is difficult to fancy any resemblance between its shape and a side-saddle, but it is not very unlike a pillion.

2. S. flava, L. (TRUMPETS.) _Leaves long (1--3) and trumpet-shaped_, erect, with an open mouth, the erect hood rounded, narrow at the base; wing almost none; _flower yellow_, the petals becoming long and drooping.--Bogs, Va. and southward. April.

ORDER 8. PAPAVERaCEae. (POPPY FAMILY.)

_Herbs with milky or colored juice, regular flowers with the parts in twos or fours, fugacious sepals, polyandrous, hypogynous, the ovary 1-celled with two or more parietal placentae._--Sepals 2, rarely 3, falling when the flower expands. Petals 4--12, spreading, imbricated and often crumpled in the bud, early deciduous. Stamens rarely as few as 16, distinct. Fruit a dry 1-celled pod (in the Poppy imperfectly many-celled, in Glaucium 2-celled). Seeds numerous, anatropous, often crested, with a minute embryo at the base of fleshy and oily alb.u.men.--Leaves alternate, without stipules. Peduncles mostly 1-flowered. Juice narcotic or acrid.

[*] Petals 8--12, not crumpled in the bud, white. Pod 1-celled, 2-valved.

1. Sanguinaria. Petals white. Leaves and 1-flowered scape from a short rootstock.

[*][*] Petals 4, crumpled in the bud. Pod 2-valved or more.

[+] Pod 2--4-valved, the valves separating to the base from the placentas. Leaves pinnately parted. Flowers yellow.

2. Stylophorum. Pod bristly; style distinct; stigmas and placentas 3--4.

3. Chelidonium. Pod linear, smooth; style almost none; stigmas and placentas 2.

4. Glaucium. Pod rough, long-linear, 2-celled by a spongy part.i.tion; style none.

[+][+] Pod 4--20-valved, dehiscent only at the top or to the middle.

5. Papaver. Ovary incompletely many-celled; stigmas united into a radiate sessile crown.

6. Argemone. Stigmas (sessile) and placentas 4--6. Pod and leaves p.r.i.c.kly.

1. SANGUINaRIA, Dill. BLOOD-ROOT.

Sepals 2. Petals 8--12, spatulate-oblong, the inner narrower. Stamens about 24. Style short; stigma 2-grooved. Pod oblong, turgid, 1-celled, 2-valved. Seeds with a large crest.--A low perennial, with thick prostrate premorse rootstocks, surcharged with red-orange acrid juice, sending up in earliest spring a rounded palmate-lobed leaf, and a 1-flowered naked scape. Flower white, handsome, the bud erect, the petals not crumpled. (Name from the color of the juice.)

1. S. Canadensis, L.--Open rich woods; common. April, May.

2. STYLoPHORUM, Nutt. CELANDINE POPPY.

Sepals 2, hairy. Petals 4. Style distinct, columnar; stigma 2--4-lobed.

Pods bristly, 2--4-valved to the base. Seeds conspicuously crested.--Perennial low herbs, with stems naked below and oppositely 2-leaved, or sometimes 1--3-leaved, and umbellately 1--few-flowered at the summit; the flower-buds and the pods nodding. Leaves pinnately parted or divided. Juice yellow. (From st????, _style_, and f???, _to bear_, one of the distinctive characters.)

1. S. diphllum, Nutt. Leaves pale or glaucous beneath, smoothish, deeply pinnatifid into 5 or 7 oblong sinuate-lobed divisions, and the root-leaves often with a pair of smaller and distinct leaflets; peduncles equalling the petioles; flower deep yellow (2' broad); stigmas 3 or 4; pod oval.--Damp woods, W. Penn. to Wisc. and Tenn. May.--Foliage and flower resembling Celandine.

3. CHELIDNIUM, L. CELANDINE.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens 16--24. Style nearly none; stigma 2-lobed.

Pod linear, slender, smooth, 2-valved, the valves opening from the bottom upward. Seeds crested.--Biennial herb with brittle stems, saffron-colored acrid juice, pinnately divided or 2-pinnatifid and toothed or cut leaves, and small yellow flowers in a pedunculate umbel; buds nodding. (Ancient Greek name from ?e??d??, the _swallow_, because its flowers appear with the swallows.)

C. MaJUS, L. (CELANDINE.) Waste grounds near dwellings. May--Aug. (Adv.

from Eu.)

4. GLAuCIUM, Tourn. HORN-POPPY.

Sepals 2. Petals 4. Style none; stigma 2-lobed or 2-horned. Pod very long and linear, completely 2-celled by a spongy false part.i.tion; seeds crestless.--Annuals or biennials, with saffron-colored juice, clasping leaves, and solitary yellow flowers. (The Greek name, ??a?????, from the glaucous foliage.)

G. LuTEUM, Scop. Lower leaves pinnatifid; upper ones sinuate-lobed and toothed, cordate-clasping; pods rough (6--10' long).--Waste places S. E.

New Eng., Md., and Va.; not common. (Adv. from Eu.)

5. PAPaVER, Tourn. POPPY.

Sepals mostly 2. Petals mostly 4. Stigmas united in a flat 4--20-rayed crown, resting on the summit of the ovary and capsule; the latter short and turgid, with 4--20 many-seeded placentae projecting like imperfect part.i.tions, opening by as many pores or c.h.i.n.ks under the edge of the stigma.--Herbs with a white juice; the flower-buds nodding. (Derivation obscure.)--Three annual species of the Old World are sparingly adventive; viz.:

P. SOMNiFERUM, L. (COMMON POPPY.) _Smooth_, glaucous; leaves clasping, wavy, incised and toothed; _pod globose_; corolla mostly white or purple.--Near dwellings in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)

P. DuBIUM, L. (SMOOTH-FRUITED CORN-POPPY.) Pinnatifid leaves and the long stalks _bristly; pods club-shaped, smooth_; corolla light scarlet.--Cult. grounds, Westchester, Penn., and southward; rare. (Adv.

from Eu.)

P. ARGEMNE, L. (ROUGH-FRUITED C.) Smaller, with finer-cut leaves and paler flowers than the last; _pods club-shaped and bristly_.--Waste grounds, near Philadelphia. (Adv. from Eu.)

6. ARGEMNE, L. p.r.i.c.kLY POPPY.