The Manual of the Botany of the Northern United States Part 75

_Shrubs, or rarely herbs, with opposite leaves, no (genuine) stipules, the calyx-tube coherent with the 2--5-celled ovary, the stamens as many as_ (one fewer in Linnaea, doubled in Adoxa) _the lobes of the tubular or rotate corolla, and inserted on its tube._--Fruit a berry, drupe, or pod, 1--several-seeded. Seeds anatropous, with small embryo in fleshy alb.u.men.

Tribe I. SAMBUCEae. Corolla wheel-shaped or urn-shaped, regular, deeply 5-lobed. Stigmas 3--5, sessile or nearly so. Inflorescence terminal and cymose.

[*] Dwarf herb, with stamens doubled and flowers in a capitate cl.u.s.ter.

1. Adoxa. Fruit a dry greenish drupe, with 3--5 cartilaginous nutlets.

Cauline leaves a single pair and ternate.

[*][*] Shrubs, with stamens as many as corolla-lobes and flowers in broad compound cymes.

2. Sambucus. Fruit berry-like, containing three small seed-like nutlets.

Leaves pinnate.

3. Viburnum. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe, with a compressed stone.

Leaves simple.

Tribe II. LONICEREae. Corolla tubular, often irregular, sometimes 2-lipped. Style slender; stigma capitate.

[*] Herbs, with axillary flowers.

4. Triosteum. Stamens 5. Corolla gibbous at the base. Fruit a 3-celled drupe. Erect; flowers sessile.

5. Linnaea. Stamens 4, one fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Fruit dry, 3-celled, but only 1-seeded. Creeping, with long-pedunculate twin flowers.

[*][*] Erect or climbing shrubs, with scaly winter-buds.

6. Symphoricarpos. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the lobes of the bell-shaped regular corolla. Berry 4-celled, but only 2-seeded; two of the cells sterile.

7. Lonicera. Stamens 5, as many as the lobes of the tubular and more or less irregular corolla. Berry several-seeded; all the 2 or 3 cells fertile.

8. Diervilla. Stamens 5. Corolla funnel-form, nearly regular. Pod 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded, slender.

1. ADoXA, L. MOSCHATEL.

Calyx-tube reaching not quite to the summit of the 3--5-celled ovary; limb of 3 or more teeth. Corolla wheel-shaped, 4--6-cleft, bearing at each sinus a pair of separate or partly united stamens with 1-celled anthers. Style 3--5-parted. Dry drupe greenish, with 3--5 cartilaginous nutlets.--A dwarf perennial herb with scaly rootstock and ternately divided leaves, the cauline a single pair. An anomalous genus. (From ?d????, obscure or insignificant.)

1. A. Moschatellina, L. Smooth, musk-scented; radical leaves 1--3-ternate, the cauline 3-cleft or 3-parted; leaflets obovate, 3-cleft; flowers several in a close cl.u.s.ter on a slender peduncle, greenish or yellowish.--N. Iowa, Wisc., and Minn., and northward. (Eu., Asia.)

2. SAMBuCUS, Tourn. ELDER.

Calyx-lobes minute or obsolete. Corolla open urn-shaped, with a broadly spreading 5-cleft limb. Stamens 5. Stigmas 3. Fruit a berry-like juicy drupe, containing 3 small seed-like nutlets.--Shrubby plants, with a rank smell when bruised, pinnate leaves, serrate-pointed leaflets, and numerous small and white flowers in compound cymes. (The Latin name, perhaps from sa???, an ancient musical instrument.)

1. S. Canadensis, L. (COMMON ELDER.) Stems scarcely woody (5--10 high); _leaflets 5--11, oblong_, mostly smooth, the lower often 3-parted; _cymes flat; fruit black-purple_.--Rich soil, in open places, throughout our range, and south and west. June, July.--Pith white.

2. S. racemsa, L. (RED-BERRIED ELDER.) Stems woody (2--12 high), the bark warty; _leaflets 5--7, ovate-lanceolate, downy underneath; cymes panicled, convex or pyramidal; fruit bright red_ (rarely white). (S.

p.u.b.ens, _Michx._)--Rocky woods, N. Scotia to Ga., and westward across the continent. May; the fruit ripening in June.--Pith brown. Both species occur with the leaflets divided into 3--5 linear-lanceolate 2--3-cleft or laciniate segments.

3. VIBuRNUM, L. ARROW-WOOD. LAURESTINUS.

Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla spreading, deeply 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Stigmas 1--3. Fruit a 1-celled, 1-seeded drupe, with soft pulp and a thin-crustaceous (flattened or tumid) stone.--Shrubs, with simple leaves, and white flowers in flat compound cymes. Petioles sometimes bearing little appendages which are evidently stipules. Leaf-buds naked, or with a pair of scales. (The cla.s.sical Latin name, of unknown meaning.)

-- 1. _Cyme radiant, the marginal flowers neutral, with greatly enlarged flat corollas as in_ Hydrangea; _drupes coral-red turning darker, not acid; stone sulcate; leaves pinnately veined; winter-buds naked._

1. V. lantanodes, Michx. (HOBBLE-BUSH. AMERICAN WAYFARING-TREE.) Leaves (4--8' across) round-ovate, abruptly pointed, heart-shaped at the base, closely serrate, the veins and veinlets beneath with the stalks and branchlets very rusty-scurfy; cymes sessile, very broad and flat.--Cold moist woods, N. Brunswick to Ont. and Penn., and in the mountains to N. C. May. A straggling shrub; the reclining branches often taking root.

-- 2. _Cyme peduncled, radiant in n. 2; drupe light red, acid, globose; stone very flat, orbicular, not sulcate; leaves palmately veined; winter-buds scaly._

2. V. opulus, L. (CRANBERRY-TREE.) Nearly smooth, upright (4--10 high); leaves 3--5-ribbed, strongly 3-lobed, broadly wedge-shaped or truncate at base, the spreading lobes pointed, mostly toothed on the sides, entire in the sinuses; petioles bearing 2 glands at the apex.--Low ground, along streams, from N. Brunswick far westward, and south to Penn. June, July.--The acid fruit is a subst.i.tute for cranberries, whence the names _High Cranberry-bush_, etc. The well-known SNOW-BALL TREE, or GUELDER-ROSE, is a cultivated state, with the whole cyme turned into showy sterile flowers. (Eu.)

3. V. pauciflrum, Pylaie. A low straggling shrub; leaves glabrous or loosely p.u.b.escent beneath, 5-ribbed at base, unequally serrate nearly all round, with 3 short lobes at the summit; cyme few-flowered; stamens shorter than the corolla.--Cold woods, Newf. and Lab. to the mountains of N. Eng., westward to N. Mich. and the Rocky Mts.

-- 3. _Cyme never radiant; drupes blue, or dark-purple or black at maturity._

[*] _Leaves 3-ribbed from the rounded or subcordate base, somewhat 3-lobed; stipules bristle-shaped._

4. V. aceriflium, L. (DOCKMACKIE. ARROW-WOOD.) Shrub 3--6 high; leaves soft-downy beneath, the pointed lobes diverging, unequally toothed; cymes small, slender-peduncled; stamens exserted; fruit crimson turning purple; stone lenticular, hardly sulcate.--Cool rocky woods, from N. Brunswick to N. C., and west to S. Minn.

[*][*] _Leaves (with base inclined to heart-shaped) coa.r.s.ely toothed, prominently pinnately veined; stipules narrowly subulate; no rusty scurf; fruit ovoid, blue or purple; the stone grooved; cymes peduncled._

[+] _Stone flat; leaves all short-petioled or subsessile._

5. V. p.u.b.escens, Pursh. (DOWNY A.) A low, straggling shrub; leaves ovate or oblong-ovate, acute or taper-pointed, the veins and teeth fewer and less conspicuous than in the next, the lower surface and very short petioles soft-downy, at least when young; fruit dark-purple; the stone lightly 2-sulcate on the faces.--Rocks, etc., Lower Canada to the mountains of Ga., west to Iowa and Minn. June.

[+][+] _Stone very deeply sulcate ventrally; leaves rather slender-petioled._

6. V. dentatum, L. (ARROW-WOOD.) Smooth, 5--15 high, with ash-colored bark; leaves broadly ovate, very numerously sharp-toothed and strongly veined; fruit 3" long; cross-section of stone between kidney- and horseshoe-shaped.--Wet places, N. Brunswick to N. Ga., and west to Minn.

June.--The pale leaves often with hairy tufts in the axils of the straight veins.

7. V. molle, Michx. Leaves broadly oval, obovate or ovate, scarcely pointed, coa.r.s.ely crenate or repand-toothed, the lower surface, branchlets and cymes soft-downy, the latter with stellate p.u.b.escence; fruit oily, larger and more pointed, the stone as in n. 6, but less deeply excavated.--Coast of N. Eng. (Martha's Vineyard), to Tex.

[*][*][*] _Leaves finely serrate or entire, bright green; veins not prominent; stipules none; whole plant glabrous or with some minute rusty scurf; fruit black or with a blue bloom, sweet, stone very flat and even, broadly oval or orbicular._

[+] _Cymes peduncled, about 5-rayed; drupes globose-ovoid, 3" long, shrubs 5--12 high, in swamps._

8. V. ca.s.sinodes, L. (WITHE-ROD.) Shoots scurfy-punctate; leaves thickish and _opaque or dull_, ovate to oblong, mostly with obtuse ac.u.mination, _obscurely veiny_ (1--3' long), _with margins irregularly crenulate-denticulate_ or sometimes entire; _peduncle shorter than the cyme_. (V. nudum, var. ca.s.sinoides, _Torr. & Gray_.)--Newf. to N. J. and Minn. Flowers earlier than the next.

9. V. nudum, L. Obscurely scurfy-punctate; _leaves more veiny_, thickish, oval, oblong or lanceolate, entire or obsoletely denticulate, _lucid above_ (2--4' long); _peduncle usually equalling the cyme_.--N. J. to Fla.

[+][+] _Compound cymes sessile, 3--5-rayed; drupes oval, 5--7" long._

10. V. Lentago, L. (SWEET VIBURNUM. SHEEP-BERRY.) _Leaves ovate, strongly pointed_, closely and very _sharply serrate_; petioles long and margined; cyme large; fruit oval, ' long or more, ripe in autumn, edible; tree 15--30 high.--Woods and banks of streams, from the Atlantic to Mo., Minn., and northward. Fl. in spring.

11. V. pruniflium, L. (BLACK HAW.) _Leaves oval, obtuse_ or slightly pointed, _finely and sharply serrate_, smaller than in the preceding (1--2' long); fruit similar or rather smaller.--Dry or moist ground, N. Y. to Mich., Kan., and southward. Flowering early.--A tall shrub or small tree.

12. V. obovatum, Walt. Shrub 2--8 high; leaves obovate or spatulate, obtuse, entire or denticulate, thickish, small (1--1' long), s.h.i.+ning; cymes small; fruit 5" long, black.--River-banks and swamps, Va. to Fla.

May.