How The Scots Invented The Modern World Part 16

CHAPTER SEVEN: PROFITABLE VENTURES.

The invaluable book on the Glasgow tobacco trade and its partic.i.p.ants is Thomas Devine, The Tobacco Lords The Tobacco Lords (1975; Edinburgh, 1990), and what it sometimes lacks in discussion of personalities I more than made up for by turning to George Stewart's (1975; Edinburgh, 1990), and what it sometimes lacks in discussion of personalities I more than made up for by turning to George Stewart's Curiosities of Glasgow Citizens.h.i.+p, as Exhibited Chiefly in the Curiosities of Glasgow Citizens.h.i.+p, as Exhibited Chiefly in the Business Career of Its Old Commercial Aristocracy (Glasgow, 1881), C. A. Oakley's Business Career of Its Old Commercial Aristocracy (Glasgow, 1881), C. A. Oakley's Our Ill.u.s.trious Forbears Our Ill.u.s.trious Forbears (Glasgow, 1980), and Margaret Lindsay's (Glasgow, 1980), and Margaret Lindsay's Portrait of Portrait of Glasgow Glasgow (London, 1972). Adam Smith's relations with commercial Glasgow are covered in Ian Ross's biography (see Chapter Three, above), as are his relations with Robert Foulis. For the Foulis brothers themselves, I relied on David Murray's (London, 1972). Adam Smith's relations with commercial Glasgow are covered in Ian Ross's biography (see Chapter Three, above), as are his relations with Robert Foulis. For the Foulis brothers themselves, I relied on David Murray's Robert and Andrew Foulis and the Glasgow Press Robert and Andrew Foulis and the Glasgow Press (Glasgow, 1913), and (Glasgow, 1913), and Some Letters of Robert Foulis Some Letters of Robert Foulis (Glasgow, 1917), and Richard Sher's "Commerce, Religion, and the Enlightenment in Eighteenth Century Glasgow," in (Glasgow, 1917), and Richard Sher's "Commerce, Religion, and the Enlightenment in Eighteenth Century Glasgow," in Glasgow, Glasgow, Volume I: Beginnings to 1830, Volume I: Beginnings to 1830, edited by T. M. Devine and Gordon Jackson (Manchester, 1995). edited by T. M. Devine and Gordon Jackson (Manchester, 1995).

The book I found most helpful for understanding the physical evolution of Glasgow was Andrew Gibb's Glasgow: The Making of the City Glasgow: The Making of the City (London, 1983). For Edinburgh, A. J. Youngson's cla.s.sic study, (London, 1983). For Edinburgh, A. J. Youngson's cla.s.sic study, The Making of Cla.s.sical Edinburgh The Making of Cla.s.sical Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1966), is still indispensable; Charles MacKean's Edinburgh: An (Edinburgh, 1966), is still indispensable; Charles MacKean's Edinburgh: An Ill.u.s.trated Architectural Guide Ill.u.s.trated Architectural Guide (Edinburgh, 1992) is a handy street-by-street, almost house-by-house guide to the evolution of this fascinating city. On James Craig, see Kitty Croft and Andrew Fraser's (Edinburgh, 1992) is a handy street-by-street, almost house-by-house guide to the evolution of this fascinating city. On James Craig, see Kitty Croft and Andrew Fraser's James Craig, 17441795 James Craig, 17441795 (Edinburgh, 1995). (Edinburgh, 1995).

The Adam family, father and sons, still have not received the kind of systematic scholarly attention they deserve. It is possible to find editions of Works Works in Architecture, in Architecture, whose preface gives the best idea of their political and social agenda, as well as their aesthetic creed. Otherwise, the scholar still relies on a wonderful little book by John Fleming, whose preface gives the best idea of their political and social agenda, as well as their aesthetic creed. Otherwise, the scholar still relies on a wonderful little book by John Fleming, Robert Adam and His Circle in Edinburgh Robert Adam and His Circle in Edinburgh and Rome and Rome (Cambridge, MA, 1962), which is a model of what professional historical scholars.h.i.+p should be: careful, detailed, but also gracefully written. Also useful for this chapter were Joseph and Anne Rykwert's (Cambridge, MA, 1962), which is a model of what professional historical scholars.h.i.+p should be: careful, detailed, but also gracefully written. Also useful for this chapter were Joseph and Anne Rykwert's Robert and James Robert and James Adam: The Men and the Style Adam: The Men and the Style (London, 1985), Steve Parissien's (London, 1985), Steve Parissien's Adam Style Adam Style (London, 1992), and Sterling Boyd's (London, 1992), and Sterling Boyd's The Adam Style in America, 17701820 The Adam Style in America, 17701820 (New York, 1985). Those curious about Charles Cameron can check Dimitri Shvidkovsky's (New York, 1985). Those curious about Charles Cameron can check Dimitri Shvidkovsky's The Empress and the Architect The Empress and the Architect (New Haven, 1996). (New Haven, 1996).

CHAPTER EIGHT: A SELECT SOCIETY- ADAM SMITH AND HIS FRIENDS ADAM SMITH AND HIS FRIENDS The bibliography on Adam Smith is, of course, vast-especially since those who write about him come at their subject from three, or even four, different directions. Historians conjure up an Adam Smith who is slightly different from the one philosophers discuss, while economists manage to come up with yet another version, and sociologists still another-compare, for example, the Adam Smith described in Donald Winch's Adam Smith's Politics Adam Smith's Politics (Cambridge, 1978) with the one in Robert Heilbronner's (Cambridge, 1978) with the one in Robert Heilbronner's The Worldly Philosophers The Worldly Philosophers (1953; seventh edition, 1999). However, the best place to start for understanding Adam Smith in his own time and place might be in a book in which he appears only as a minor character: Richard Sher's (1953; seventh edition, 1999). However, the best place to start for understanding Adam Smith in his own time and place might be in a book in which he appears only as a minor character: Richard Sher's Church and University in the Scottish Church and University in the Scottish Enlightenment: The Moderate Literati of Edinburgh Enlightenment: The Moderate Literati of Edinburgh (Princeton, 1985). It is the indispensable guide to the intellectual milieu of Edinburgh in the second half of the eighteenth century, and offers the proper context for understanding the reception and impact of Smith's ideas. The two best introductions to Smith himself are Donald Winch's book mentioned above, and Jerry Z. Muller's Adam (Princeton, 1985). It is the indispensable guide to the intellectual milieu of Edinburgh in the second half of the eighteenth century, and offers the proper context for understanding the reception and impact of Smith's ideas. The two best introductions to Smith himself are Donald Winch's book mentioned above, and Jerry Z. Muller's Adam Smith in His Time-And Ours Smith in His Time-And Ours (New York, 1993). (New York, 1993).

Ian Ross's biography of Smith (see Chapter Three, above), was of course crucial for writing this chapter, as was Dugald Stewart's Biographical Memoir of Biographical Memoir of Adam Smith, Adam Smith, which first appeared in 1793 but which was reprinted from the collected works of Dugald Stewart in 1966. Adam Smith's two major works, which first appeared in 1793 but which was reprinted from the collected works of Dugald Stewart in 1966. Adam Smith's two major works, An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations An Inquiry Into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations and and The Theory of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Moral Sentiments, are generally available, while even his lectures on jurisprudence and are generally available, while even his lectures on jurisprudence and Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, Lectures on Rhetoric and Belles Lettres, both of which are based on notes by former students, can be found in modern editions. The edition of both of which are based on notes by former students, can be found in modern editions. The edition of Wealth of Wealth of Nations Nations I found most useful for this chapter is the University of Chicago Press edition, edited by Edwin Canaan. I found most useful for this chapter is the University of Chicago Press edition, edited by Edwin Canaan.

William Robertson's celebrity as historian and author is all but forgotten now: but Stewart Brown's edited volume, William Robertson and the Expansion of William Robertson and the Expansion of Empire Empire (London, 1997), helps to set the record straight, especially Richard Sher's brilliant little article, "'Charles V' and the Book Trade." (London, 1997), helps to set the record straight, especially Richard Sher's brilliant little article, "'Charles V' and the Book Trade."

The amount of scholars.h.i.+p on David Hume is almost as staggering as that on Adam Smith-although in this case it is the philosophers who enjoy the main right of way (an excellent overall guide is David Norton's The Cambridge The Cambridge Companion to Hume, Companion to Hume, which became available in paperback in 1993). A key advantage of all this attention is that, as in Smith's case, almost all of Hume's works are in print in one form or another, even his which became available in paperback in 1993). A key advantage of all this attention is that, as in Smith's case, almost all of Hume's works are in print in one form or another, even his Essays Moral, Political, and Essays Moral, Political, and Literary, Literary, of which the best edition is the one edited by Eugene Miller for the Liberty Press in 1985. Even Hume's of which the best edition is the one edited by Eugene Miller for the Liberty Press in 1985. Even Hume's History of England History of England can be found in abridged form for the general reader-although no one should take on Hume as historian without first reading Duncan Forbes's can be found in abridged form for the general reader-although no one should take on Hume as historian without first reading Duncan Forbes's Hume's Philosophical Politics Hume's Philosophical Politics (Cambridge, 1975) and the relevant section on Hume in J.G.A. Poc.o.c.k's (Cambridge, 1975) and the relevant section on Hume in J.G.A. Poc.o.c.k's The The Machiavellian Moment Machiavellian Moment (Princeton, 1975), which has decisively shaped my approach to Adam Smith, as well. (Princeton, 1975), which has decisively shaped my approach to Adam Smith, as well.

My interpretation of Hume is bound to strike some as controversial; not surprising, since Hume is always controversial, even two hundred years later. A different approach to mine, and in some ways a compelling one, can be found in Donald Livingston's Hume's Philosophy of Common Life Hume's Philosophy of Common Life (Chicago, 1981). In any case, the basis for any serious treatment of Hume as a historical figure is Ernest Mossner's unsurpa.s.sed biography, (Chicago, 1981). In any case, the basis for any serious treatment of Hume as a historical figure is Ernest Mossner's unsurpa.s.sed biography, The Life of David Hume The Life of David Hume (Oxford, 1954), which is now available in paperback, and his collection of essays on Hume, (Oxford, 1954), which is now available in paperback, and his collection of essays on Hume, The Forgotten Hume, The Forgotten Hume, first published in 1943. A biographical shortcut is Nicholas Phillipson's stimulating and intelligent first published in 1943. A biographical shortcut is Nicholas Phillipson's stimulating and intelligent Hume, Hume, published by Cambridge University Press in 1989 but now unfortunately out of print. The general reader will enjoy perusing Hume's short autobiography, which is reprinted in the Liberty Fund edition of the published by Cambridge University Press in 1989 but now unfortunately out of print. The general reader will enjoy perusing Hume's short autobiography, which is reprinted in the Liberty Fund edition of the Essays, Essays, and even and even The Letters of David The Letters of David Hume, Hume, published in Oxford in 1932. published in Oxford in 1932.

Thanks to his connections to Hume and Smith, who were also his harshest critics, Adam Ferguson is the recipient of a tidy little scholarly industry. There are two modern editions of his Essay on the History of Civil Society; Essay on the History of Civil Society; there is a trail of excellent critical studies, of which the best might be Duncan Forbes's there is a trail of excellent critical studies, of which the best might be Duncan Forbes's Adam Adam Ferguson and the Idea of Community Ferguson and the Idea of Community (Paisley, 1979); and even a fine study of Ferguson's influence on European thought, in Fania Oz-Salzberger's (Paisley, 1979); and even a fine study of Ferguson's influence on European thought, in Fania Oz-Salzberger's Translating Translating the Enlightenment: Scottish Civic Dicourse in Eighteenth Century Germany the Enlightenment: Scottish Civic Dicourse in Eighteenth Century Germany (Oxford, 1995), which clearly shows Ferguson's influence on German thinkers such as Fichte and Hegel-and by extension, on Karl Marx. Edward Gibbon's relations with the Scottish school are detailed in J.G.A. Poc.o.c.k's magisterial study, (Oxford, 1995), which clearly shows Ferguson's influence on German thinkers such as Fichte and Hegel-and by extension, on Karl Marx. Edward Gibbon's relations with the Scottish school are detailed in J.G.A. Poc.o.c.k's magisterial study, Barbarism and Religion: The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon, 17371764 Barbarism and Religion: The Enlightenments of Edward Gibbon, 17371764 (Cambridge, 2000). The quotation about Gibbon's debt to Hume comes from (Cambridge, 2000). The quotation about Gibbon's debt to Hume comes from The Autobiography of Edward Gibbon, The Autobiography of Edward Gibbon, edited by John Murray (London, 1896). edited by John Murray (London, 1896).

CHAPTER NINE: "THAT GREAT DESIGN"- SCOTS IN AMERICA SCOTS IN AMERICA I must mention two invaluable guides to the Scottish diaspora at the outset. Duncan Bruce's Mark of the Scots Mark of the Scots (Seacaucus, 1996) is a comprehensive reference guide not only for tracing the Scottish impact on American life, but its effect around the world. Mr. Bruce's more genealogical approach is different from mine, and we disagree on certain details-such as whether the Scots actually discovered America before Columbus! But my work was made much easier by being able to turn to his comprehensive catalog of famous Scots in history, which he supplemented with (Seacaucus, 1996) is a comprehensive reference guide not only for tracing the Scottish impact on American life, but its effect around the world. Mr. Bruce's more genealogical approach is different from mine, and we disagree on certain details-such as whether the Scots actually discovered America before Columbus! But my work was made much easier by being able to turn to his comprehensive catalog of famous Scots in history, which he supplemented with The Scottish One Hundred: Portraits of The Scottish One Hundred: Portraits of History's Most Influential Scots History's Most Influential Scots (New York, 2000). There is an older prototype of Bruce's project, (New York, 2000). There is an older prototype of Bruce's project, Scotland's Mark on America Scotland's Mark on America by George Fraser Black (New York, 1921), which is still useful. by George Fraser Black (New York, 1921), which is still useful.

The standard guide to the Ulster Scot influence in America is James Leyburn's The Scotch-Irish: A Social History The Scotch-Irish: A Social History (Chapel Hill, 1969). It is a dated work in many respects; Leyburn also refused to see the Scotch-Irish as Scots. It is a view which, as I hope the chapter makes clear, I reject. In fact, both groups had a great deal in common with settlers from the English Border region, a point David Hackett Fisher makes in his (Chapel Hill, 1969). It is a dated work in many respects; Leyburn also refused to see the Scotch-Irish as Scots. It is a view which, as I hope the chapter makes clear, I reject. In fact, both groups had a great deal in common with settlers from the English Border region, a point David Hackett Fisher makes in his Albion's Seed: Four Albion's Seed: Four British Folkways in America British Folkways in America (Oxford, 1989), a princ.i.p.al source for the first half of this chapter, especially my discussion of words and things, along with Layburn and Grady McWhiney's (Oxford, 1989), a princ.i.p.al source for the first half of this chapter, especially my discussion of words and things, along with Layburn and Grady McWhiney's Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South Cracker Culture: Celtic Ways in the Old South (Tuscaloosa, 1988). (Tuscaloosa, 1988).

Otherwise, two fine books cover the relations.h.i.+p between Scots and Americans in the eighteenth century: W. R. Brock's Scotus America.n.u.s (Edinburgh, 1982) and Andrew Hook's Scotland and America: A Study of Cultural Scotland and America: A Study of Cultural Relations Relations (Glasgow, 1975). My source on the Scottish impact on the Great Awakening is Marilyn Westerkamp, (Glasgow, 1975). My source on the Scottish impact on the Great Awakening is Marilyn Westerkamp, Triumph of the Laity: Scots-Irish Piety and the Triumph of the Laity: Scots-Irish Piety and the Great Awakening, 16251760 Great Awakening, 16251760 (Oxford, 1988). For Benjamin Rush, I looked to Donald D'Elia, (Oxford, 1988). For Benjamin Rush, I looked to Donald D'Elia, Benjamin Rush: Philosopher of the American Revolution Benjamin Rush: Philosopher of the American Revolution (Philadelphia, 1979); the quotation from President Samuel Davies comes from John Kloos's (Philadelphia, 1979); the quotation from President Samuel Davies comes from John Kloos's A Sense of Diety: The Republican Spirituality of Doctor Benjamin Rush A Sense of Diety: The Republican Spirituality of Doctor Benjamin Rush (Brooklyn, 1991). (Brooklyn, 1991).

Most Americans are totally unaware of John Witherspoon's role in the making of their revolution and the Declaration of Independence. Even scholars rarely include him among the charmed company of "Founding Fathers," perhaps because of his anomalous status as a clergyman. Nevertheless, an academic subculture of Witherspoon studies continues to thrive. Thomas Miller edited The Selected Writings of John Witherspoon The Selected Writings of John Witherspoon (Carbondale, 1990), including the central text of The Dominion of Providence; L. Gordon Tait recently published a study of Witherspoon's thought, (Carbondale, 1990), including the central text of The Dominion of Providence; L. Gordon Tait recently published a study of Witherspoon's thought, The Piety of John Witherspoon: Pew, Pulpit, and The Piety of John Witherspoon: Pew, Pulpit, and Public Forum Public Forum (Geneva Press, 2000); Witherspoon plays a major role in several articles that appear in Richard Sher and Jeffrey Smitten, (Geneva Press, 2000); Witherspoon plays a major role in several articles that appear in Richard Sher and Jeffrey Smitten, Scotland and America in Scotland and America in the Age of Enlightenment the Age of Enlightenment (Edinburgh, 1990). However, the only detailed biography remains Varnum Collins's (Edinburgh, 1990). However, the only detailed biography remains Varnum Collins's President Witherspoon: A Biography, President Witherspoon: A Biography, two volumes (Princeton, 1925). The story of Witherspoon's recruitment to preside at Princeton is found in Lyman b.u.t.terfield's two volumes (Princeton, 1925). The story of Witherspoon's recruitment to preside at Princeton is found in Lyman b.u.t.terfield's John Witherspoon Comes to America John Witherspoon Comes to America (Princeton, 1953). (Princeton, 1953).

Tracking the Scottish Enlightenment's impact on the Founding Fathers follows a more familiar path. Even general readers can enjoy Dougla.s.s Adair's brilliant and stimulating article "'That Politics May Be Reduced to a Science': David Hume, James Madison, and the Tenth Federalist," which is republished in Essays by Dougla.s.s Adair, Essays by Dougla.s.s Adair, edited by Trevor Colborn (New York, 1974). In it Adair states my central point definitively: "The young men who rode off to war in 1776 had been trained in the texts of Scottish social science." Garry Wills made the same point somewhat differently in his edited by Trevor Colborn (New York, 1974). In it Adair states my central point definitively: "The young men who rode off to war in 1776 had been trained in the texts of Scottish social science." Garry Wills made the same point somewhat differently in his Inventing America: Je ferson's Inventing America: Je ferson's Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence (New York, 1978). Wills was justly criticized for casting his net too wide in his search for Scottish influences, and for trying to make all the Scottish Enlightenment's disparate elements fit into a single communitarian mold. But he deserves great credit for forcing everyone to pay attention to the crucial role thinkers like Hutcheson, Reid, and Hume played in shaping the mental frame for the American Revolution. (New York, 1978). Wills was justly criticized for casting his net too wide in his search for Scottish influences, and for trying to make all the Scottish Enlightenment's disparate elements fit into a single communitarian mold. But he deserves great credit for forcing everyone to pay attention to the crucial role thinkers like Hutcheson, Reid, and Hume played in shaping the mental frame for the American Revolution.

For Thomas Reid himself, the bibliography is almost, but not quite, as extensive as it is for David Hume. Perhaps the best place to begin is Knud Haakonsen's stimulating introduction to his edition of Practical Ethics Practical Ethics for Princeton University Press in 1990. D. D. Todd offers another good summary of Reid's philosophy in his introduction to for Princeton University Press in 1990. D. D. Todd offers another good summary of Reid's philosophy in his introduction to The Philosophical Orators of Thomas The Philosophical Orators of Thomas Reid Reid (Carbondale, 1989). I also found quite useful Peter J. Diamond's (Carbondale, 1989). I also found quite useful Peter J. Diamond's Common Common Sense and Improvement: Thomas Reid as Social Theorist, Sense and Improvement: Thomas Reid as Social Theorist, which is now available in paperback, and George Davie's cla.s.sic study, which is now available in paperback, and George Davie's cla.s.sic study, The Social Significance of the Scottish The Social Significance of the Scottish Philosophy of Common Sense Philosophy of Common Sense (Dundee, 1973). (Dundee, 1973).

Finally, my discussion of James Wilson relies on Mark David Hall, The The Political and Legal Philosophy of James Wilson 1742-1798 Political and Legal Philosophy of James Wilson 1742-1798 (Columia MO, 1997), and Shannon Stimson's brilliant piece, "A Jury of the Country," in the Sher and Smitten volume on Scotland and America cited above. (Columia MO, 1997), and Shannon Stimson's brilliant piece, "A Jury of the Country," in the Sher and Smitten volume on Scotland and America cited above.

CHAPTER TEN: LIGHT FROM THE NORTH- SCOTS, LIBERALS, AND REFORM SCOTS, LIBERALS, AND REFORM The best way to learn about Edinburgh's so-called Golden Age, roughly the years from Adam Smith's death in 1790 to the Royal Visit in 1822, might be to go direct to the source. This means Henry c.o.c.kburn's Memorials of His Time, Memorials of His Time, of which the edition by Karl Miller for the University of Chicago Press in 1974 is the most accessible; even though it is out of print, it should be available at any good library. Otherwise, Youngson's of which the edition by Karl Miller for the University of Chicago Press in 1974 is the most accessible; even though it is out of print, it should be available at any good library. Otherwise, Youngson's The Making of Cla.s.sical Edinburgh The Making of Cla.s.sical Edinburgh is still useful for this later period in Scottish architecture and city planning, including the construction of the new university and Charlotte Square. David Daiches's is still useful for this later period in Scottish architecture and city planning, including the construction of the new university and Charlotte Square. David Daiches's Sir Walter Scott and His World Sir Walter Scott and His World (New York, 1971) neatly summarizes the cultural life that era, as does the section on Scotland in Paul Johnson's (New York, 1971) neatly summarizes the cultural life that era, as does the section on Scotland in Paul Johnson's The Birth of the The Birth of the Modern, 18151830 Modern, 18151830 (New York, 1991)-which, unfortunately, talks exclusively about Edinburgh and neglects the other two powerhouses of new ideas and new men, Glasgow and Aberdeen. (New York, 1991)-which, unfortunately, talks exclusively about Edinburgh and neglects the other two powerhouses of new ideas and new men, Glasgow and Aberdeen.

The full story of how Scotland emerged from the Enlightenment and took over the cultural controls of Britain in the early nineteenth century has not been told before. However, Anand Chitnis in The Scottish Enlightenment and The Scottish Enlightenment and Early Victorian English Society Early Victorian English Society (London, 1986) points out the path and the princ.i.p.al features on the way. Chitnis fully grasps the importance of John Millar, just as John Burrow, Stefan Collini, and Donald Winch uncover the crucial role Dugald Stewart played in shaped the early Victorian mind, in their fascinating collection of essays, That n.o.ble Science of Politics (Cambridge, 1983). We are still waiting for a single definitive study or biography of Stewart. So for understanding Stewart's relations.h.i.+p to Thomas Reid, I looked to John Veitch's "A Memoir of Dugald Stewart," reprinted in the 1966 edition of Stewart's (London, 1986) points out the path and the princ.i.p.al features on the way. Chitnis fully grasps the importance of John Millar, just as John Burrow, Stefan Collini, and Donald Winch uncover the crucial role Dugald Stewart played in shaped the early Victorian mind, in their fascinating collection of essays, That n.o.ble Science of Politics (Cambridge, 1983). We are still waiting for a single definitive study or biography of Stewart. So for understanding Stewart's relations.h.i.+p to Thomas Reid, I looked to John Veitch's "A Memoir of Dugald Stewart," reprinted in the 1966 edition of Stewart's Biographical Memoir of Adam Smith, William Robertson, Thomas Reid Biographical Memoir of Adam Smith, William Robertson, Thomas Reid (see Chapter Eight, above). The quotation about Stewart's appeal to the English mind comes from James McCosh in his essay on Stewart in (see Chapter Eight, above). The quotation about Stewart's appeal to the English mind comes from James McCosh in his essay on Stewart in Scottish Philosophy Scottish Philosophy (1875), which can be found in various reprint editions and even online ( (1875), which can be found in various reprint editions and even online (www.utm.edu/ research/iep/text/mccosh/mccosh). research/iep/text/mccosh/mccosh).

Dugald Stewart languishes in a scholarly limbo. No such fate has befallen his gifted students who founded the Edinburgh Review. Edinburgh Review. The cla.s.sic study is by John Clive: The cla.s.sic study is by John Clive: Scotch Reviewers: The Edinburgh Review, 18021815 Scotch Reviewers: The Edinburgh Review, 18021815 (London, 1957). It can be supplemented with Joanne Shattock's (London, 1957). It can be supplemented with Joanne Shattock's Politics and Reviews: The Politics and Reviews: The Edinburgh Review and the Quarterly Edinburgh Review and the Quarterly (Leicester, 1989) and Biancamaria Fontana's (Leicester, 1989) and Biancamaria Fontana's Rethinking the Politics of Commercial Society: The Edinbugh Review Rethinking the Politics of Commercial Society: The Edinbugh Review (Cambridge, 1985). Several biographies of Brougham and Jeffreys exist, including Henry c.o.c.kburn's invaluable portrait of his friend Jeffreys. I found Robert Stewart's (Cambridge, 1985). Several biographies of Brougham and Jeffreys exist, including Henry c.o.c.kburn's invaluable portrait of his friend Jeffreys. I found Robert Stewart's Henry Brougham Henry Brougham (London, 1985) particularly useful. The quotation about the Lothian workers cheering "Henry Brougham forever!" when they learned the Tories were out and the Whigs were in, comes from that work. (London, 1985) particularly useful. The quotation about the Lothian workers cheering "Henry Brougham forever!" when they learned the Tories were out and the Whigs were in, comes from that work.

On Thomas Macaulay, one book does the job: John Clive's Macaulay: The Macaulay: The Shaping of the Historian Shaping of the Historian (New York, 1973). Macaulay's two most important parliamentary orations can be found in various collections of his essays, since these were once considered indispensable models of English prose. Today we have no need of Macaulay, since we have Joan Didion, or perhaps P. J. O'Rourke, so these collections are hard to find in print; but it is still possible to spring one loose from a used bookstore or public library. (New York, 1973). Macaulay's two most important parliamentary orations can be found in various collections of his essays, since these were once considered indispensable models of English prose. Today we have no need of Macaulay, since we have Joan Didion, or perhaps P. J. O'Rourke, so these collections are hard to find in print; but it is still possible to spring one loose from a used bookstore or public library.

CHAPTER ELEVEN: THE LAST MINSTREL- SIR WALTER SCOTT AND THE HIGHLAND REVIVAL SIR WALTER SCOTT AND THE HIGHLAND REVIVAL Why is there is no full-length literary biography of Sir Walter Scott, apart from Edgar Johnson's Sir Walter Scott: The Great Unknown, Sir Walter Scott: The Great Unknown, two volumes (London, 1970), which is now more than thirty years old? One reason, without a doubt, is that Scott remains the most underrated major author in modern literature; this is a sad fate for an author of whom William Hazlitt said, "his worst is better than anyone else's best," and whose novels, which have been ignored by serious critics for generations, have been turned into popular movies (witness two volumes (London, 1970), which is now more than thirty years old? One reason, without a doubt, is that Scott remains the most underrated major author in modern literature; this is a sad fate for an author of whom William Hazlitt said, "his worst is better than anyone else's best," and whose novels, which have been ignored by serious critics for generations, have been turned into popular movies (witness Ivanhoe Ivanhoe and and Rob Roy Rob Roy). So the curious reader still needs to turn to The Journal of The Journal of Sir Walter Scott, Sir Walter Scott, published in one volume in Edinburgh in 1950, and his son-in-law James G. Lockhart's biography, published in one volume in Edinburgh in 1950, and his son-in-law James G. Lockhart's biography, The Life of Sir Walter Scott, The Life of Sir Walter Scott, which appeared in seven volumes in 18378-although Lockhart himself has been savagely attacked in a curious little book by Eric Quayle, which appeared in seven volumes in 18378-although Lockhart himself has been savagely attacked in a curious little book by Eric Quayle, The Ruin of Sir Walter Scott The Ruin of Sir Walter Scott (New York, 1968), who puts the blame for Scott's financial disasters later in life squarely on Scott himself, and accuses Lockhart of covering up the facts. (New York, 1968), who puts the blame for Scott's financial disasters later in life squarely on Scott himself, and accuses Lockhart of covering up the facts.

Scott has also suffered from the scorn of Scottish nationalist writers because of his a.s.sociations with the Royal Visit in 1822. However, Paul H. Scott's Walter Scott and Scotland Walter Scott and Scotland (Edinburgh, 1981) is actually a sympathetic and deeply perceptive treatment-the reader's only wish is that it were longer. The same is true of David Daiches's (Edinburgh, 1981) is actually a sympathetic and deeply perceptive treatment-the reader's only wish is that it were longer. The same is true of David Daiches's Sir Walter Scott and His World, Sir Walter Scott and His World, mentioned under Chapter 10, above. Graham McMaster's mentioned under Chapter 10, above. Graham McMaster's Scott and Society Scott and Society (Cambridge, 1981) gives a good overview of Scott's reliance on the Scottish historical school, including John Millar. For Scott's relations with other folklorists and collectors of Scottish heritage, including Hogg and James Wilson, the scholar turns to Jane Millgate's (Cambridge, 1981) gives a good overview of Scott's reliance on the Scottish historical school, including John Millar. For Scott's relations with other folklorists and collectors of Scottish heritage, including Hogg and James Wilson, the scholar turns to Jane Millgate's Walter Scott: The Making of the Novelist Walter Scott: The Making of the Novelist (Toronto, 1984) and Donald Carswell, Scott and His Circle (Garden City, N.Y., 1930). (Toronto, 1984) and Donald Carswell, Scott and His Circle (Garden City, N.Y., 1930).

There are by one count over nine hundred biographies of Robert Burns- just about one for every possible taste. I turned to the study by the editor of Burns's letters, James MacKay: RB: A Biography of Robert Burns (Edinburgh, 1992). But any biography by David Daiches is worth reading, including his Robert Burns Robert Burns (New York, 1966), and Hugh Douglas offers a new version of Burns's life in (New York, 1966), and Hugh Douglas offers a new version of Burns's life in Robert Burns: The Tinder Heart Robert Burns: The Tinder Heart (1999). Anything else relating to Burns studies can be found in (1999). Anything else relating to Burns studies can be found in The Burns Encyclopedia, The Burns Encyclopedia, edited by Maurice Lindsay in 1959, but reissued in paperback more recently in 1996. Burns's poems, of course, are available nearly everywhere, including in the heads of most literary-minded Scotsmen. edited by Maurice Lindsay in 1959, but reissued in paperback more recently in 1996. Burns's poems, of course, are available nearly everywhere, including in the heads of most literary-minded Scotsmen.

The best book on James McPherson is by Fiona Stafford, The Sublime The Sublime Savage: A Study of James McPherson and the Poems of Ossian Savage: A Study of James McPherson and the Poems of Ossian (Edinburgh, 1988), who also wrote the introduction to the best modern edition of (Edinburgh, 1988), who also wrote the introduction to the best modern edition of The Poems of Ossian, The Poems of Ossian, edited by Howard Gaskill for the Edinburgh University Press and available since 1996 in paperback. edited by Howard Gaskill for the Edinburgh University Press and available since 1996 in paperback.

John Prebble told the harrowing story of the Highland Clearances in his book of that t.i.tle in 1963, but it needs to be balanced with Thomas Devine's Clans.h.i.+p to Crofters' War Clans.h.i.+p to Crofters' War (Manchester, 1994). Also useful is Alexander MacKenzie's History of the Highland Clearances, which first appeared in 1883 but which has been reissued by Mercat Press in Edinburgh; it contains Donald MacLeod's description of the clearing of Strathnaver in Sutherland quoted in this chapter. James Robertson's biography of David Stewart, (Manchester, 1994). Also useful is Alexander MacKenzie's History of the Highland Clearances, which first appeared in 1883 but which has been reissued by Mercat Press in Edinburgh; it contains Donald MacLeod's description of the clearing of Strathnaver in Sutherland quoted in this chapter. James Robertson's biography of David Stewart, The First The First Highlander: Major-General David Stewart of Garth Highlander: Major-General David Stewart of Garth (Edinburgh, 1998), is not only informative about his career and writings, but also has a detailed description of his role in the Royal Visit-which the reader can supplement with John Prebble's (Edinburgh, 1998), is not only informative about his career and writings, but also has a detailed description of his role in the Royal Visit-which the reader can supplement with John Prebble's The King's Jaunt. The King's Jaunt. Books on the "invention" of Highland traditions and Scottish ident.i.ty abound, and even on the "invention" of the Highlands themselves (meaning the construction of an ideological myth surrounding them)- anyone curious on the subject can find a author to match his own opinions and feelings, which usually range from mild amus.e.m.e.nt to outrage. I think Robert Clyde's Books on the "invention" of Highland traditions and Scottish ident.i.ty abound, and even on the "invention" of the Highlands themselves (meaning the construction of an ideological myth surrounding them)- anyone curious on the subject can find a author to match his own opinions and feelings, which usually range from mild amus.e.m.e.nt to outrage. I think Robert Clyde's From Rebel to Hero: The Image of the Highlander From Rebel to Hero: The Image of the Highlander (see Chapter Five, above) does as well as any other, but it is safe to say that no one has had the last word on this tendentious and volatile issue. (see Chapter Five, above) does as well as any other, but it is safe to say that no one has had the last word on this tendentious and volatile issue.

CHAPTER TWELVE: PRACTICAL MATTERS-.

SCOTS IN SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY.

My sources for this and the next two chapters are so many and various as to defy adequate summary. So I will limit myself to pointing out where certain quotations and facts came from, and what books are particularly useful for the discriminating reader.

I have relied on two st.u.r.dy cla.s.sics on James Watt: John Lord's Capital and Capital and Steam Power, Steam Power, first published in 1923 and reprinted in a second edition in 1965, and Thomas Marshall's 1925 biography. The discussion about the relations between Glasgow professors and local industrial entrepreneurs is from David Daiches's essay in first published in 1923 and reprinted in a second edition in 1965, and Thomas Marshall's 1925 biography. The discussion about the relations between Glasgow professors and local industrial entrepreneurs is from David Daiches's essay in Hotbed of Genius, Hotbed of Genius, which also has a valuable article on James Hutton. The starting point for any discussion of the roots and impact of Scottish medicine is David Hamilton's which also has a valuable article on James Hutton. The starting point for any discussion of the roots and impact of Scottish medicine is David Hamilton's The Healers: A History of Medicine in The Healers: A History of Medicine in Scotland Scotland (Edinburgh, 1981). For Boerhaave and his students, the standard work is G. A. Lindeboom's (Edinburgh, 1981). For Boerhaave and his students, the standard work is G. A. Lindeboom's Hermann Boerhaave: The Man and His Work Hermann Boerhaave: The Man and His Work (London, 1968). The background to the relations.h.i.+p between medicine and science is carefully delineated in A. L. Donovan's Philosophical Chemistry in the Scottish Enlightenment (Edinburgh, 1975). (London, 1968). The background to the relations.h.i.+p between medicine and science is carefully delineated in A. L. Donovan's Philosophical Chemistry in the Scottish Enlightenment (Edinburgh, 1975).

The Hunter brothers are the subjects of several, not always accessible, biographies. I found Charles Ilingworth's The Story of William Hunter The Story of William Hunter (Edinburgh, 1967) still useful, along with George Quist's (Edinburgh, 1967) still useful, along with George Quist's John Hunter, John Hunter, 17281793 17281793 (London, 1981); the best most recent piece is Roy Porter's lovely essay on William Hunter in Richard Sher's edited volume, (London, 1981); the best most recent piece is Roy Porter's lovely essay on William Hunter in Richard Sher's edited volume, The Glasgow The Glasgow Enlightenment Enlightenment (Edinburgh, 1995). The role of Scottish doctors in the development of public health policy in Manchester and elsewhere is set out in Anand Chitnis's (Edinburgh, 1995). The role of Scottish doctors in the development of public health policy in Manchester and elsewhere is set out in Anand Chitnis's Scottish Enlightenment and Early Victorian English Society. Scottish Enlightenment and Early Victorian English Society.

For a good overview of the transportation revolution in Scotland and Britain, see A.R.B. Haldane's New Ways Through the Glens: Highland Road, Bridge, New Ways Through the Glens: Highland Road, Bridge, and Ca.n.a.l Makers in the Early Nineteenth Century and Ca.n.a.l Makers in the Early Nineteenth Century (London, 1962). Of the biographies of James Macadam, I like W. J. Reader's Macadam: The Macadam Family and (London, 1962). Of the biographies of James Macadam, I like W. J. Reader's Macadam: The Macadam Family and the Turnpike Roads the Turnpike Roads (London, 1980) best. Thomas Telford is the subject of a very recent biography by Anthony Burton (London, 2000), but I have relied more on Derrick Beckett's (London, 1980) best. Thomas Telford is the subject of a very recent biography by Anthony Burton (London, 2000), but I have relied more on Derrick Beckett's Telford's Britain Telford's Britain (Newton Abbot, 1987). There is also a stimulating account of Telford at work in Paul Johnson's (Newton Abbot, 1987). There is also a stimulating account of Telford at work in Paul Johnson's Birth of the Modern Birth of the Modern (mentioned under Chapter Ten, above). On Henry Bell and the steams.h.i.+p, see Brian Osborne's (mentioned under Chapter Ten, above). On Henry Bell and the steams.h.i.+p, see Brian Osborne's The Ingenious Mr. Bell The Ingenious Mr. Bell (Argyll, 1995). Samuel Smiles's (Argyll, 1995). Samuel Smiles's Self-Help Self-Help can be found in various editions, but his can be found in various editions, but his Lives of the Engineers Lives of the Engineers deserves almost as much attention and was helpful for writing this chapter. Smiles should have his own biographical treatment; unfortunately, most authors who deal with him are so dismissive or condescending that their books have only pa.s.sing value. deserves almost as much attention and was helpful for writing this chapter. Smiles should have his own biographical treatment; unfortunately, most authors who deal with him are so dismissive or condescending that their books have only pa.s.sing value.

Finally, another study of Scottish engineers should not be missed: that of Robert Louis Stevenson's family and their construction of lighthouses, described in delightful detail by Bella Bathurst in The Lighthouse Stevensons The Lighthouse Stevensons (New York, 1999). (New York, 1999).

CHAPTER THIRTEEN: THE SUN NEVER SETS- SCOTS AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE SCOTS AND THE BRITISH EMPIRE I first saw the quotation from Robert Louis Stevenson in Ian MacLeod's The Scots Scots and have not hesitated to borrow it here. The overseas Scots diaspora is a large and complex subject. The best place to start might be Thomas Devine's chapter on emigration in and have not hesitated to borrow it here. The overseas Scots diaspora is a large and complex subject. The best place to start might be Thomas Devine's chapter on emigration in The Scottish Nation The Scottish Nation and the collection of essays in R.A. Cage's edited volume, and the collection of essays in R.A. Cage's edited volume, The Scots Abroad, 17501914 The Scots Abroad, 17501914 (London, 1985). Also worth reading is Gordon Donaldson's (London, 1985). Also worth reading is Gordon Donaldson's The Scots Overseas The Scots Overseas (Westport, CT, 1976). (Westport, CT, 1976).

Duncan Bruce's The Mark of the Scots The Mark of the Scots has a section on Scots and the British Empire; James Morris's has a section on Scots and the British Empire; James Morris's Heaven's Command: An Imperial Progress Heaven's Command: An Imperial Progress (London, 1973) is an entertaining survey of the British Empire at its height, even though it says nothing particularly about Scots-except for a wry and witty essay on Charles Napier, which I have quoted in this chapter. (London, 1973) is an entertaining survey of the British Empire at its height, even though it says nothing particularly about Scots-except for a wry and witty essay on Charles Napier, which I have quoted in this chapter.

Paul Johnson discusses Charles Pasley in The Birth of the Nation; The Birth of the Nation; Pasley's Pasley's Military Policy and Inst.i.tutions of the British Empire Military Policy and Inst.i.tutions of the British Empire went into successive editions: I used the fourth, published in London toward the end of the Napoleonic wars in 1813. There is an abridged edition of Mill's went into successive editions: I used the fourth, published in London toward the end of the Napoleonic wars in 1813. There is an abridged edition of Mill's History of British India History of British India from the University of Chicago Press, edited by William Thomas in 1975, which can be found in some used bookstores. More accessible is the Cambridge University Press selection of from the University of Chicago Press, edited by William Thomas in 1975, which can be found in some used bookstores. More accessible is the Cambridge University Press selection of Political Works Political Works by James Mill. Suresh Chandra Gosh's by James Mill. Suresh Chandra Gosh's Dalhousie Dalhousie in India: 184856 in India: 184856 (New Delhi, 1973) gives a fascinating summary of Dalhousie's attempts to raise the quality of life for India's women. (New Delhi, 1973) gives a fascinating summary of Dalhousie's attempts to raise the quality of life for India's women.

The story of the Nemesis Nemesis and its role in the First Opium War comes from Daniel Headrick's and its role in the First Opium War comes from Daniel Headrick's Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Tools of Empire: Technology and European Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century Nineteenth Century (Oxford, 1981), which also summarizes the impact of the breech-loading rifle and its percussion cap. On the Jardine-Matheson partners.h.i.+p, see Robert Blake's entertaining (Oxford, 1981), which also summarizes the impact of the breech-loading rifle and its percussion cap. On the Jardine-Matheson partners.h.i.+p, see Robert Blake's entertaining Jardine Matheson: A History Jardine Matheson: A History (London, 1999). For Scots in Canada, there is Stanford Reid, (London, 1999). For Scots in Canada, there is Stanford Reid, The Scottish Tradition in The Scottish Tradition in Canada Canada (Guelph, 1976). The account of the Orcadians' role in the Hudson's Bay Company is from Peter Newman's (Guelph, 1976). The account of the Orcadians' role in the Hudson's Bay Company is from Peter Newman's Company of Adventurers Company of Adventurers (New York, 1985); the description of George Simpson is from Bartlett Brebner's (New York, 1985); the description of George Simpson is from Bartlett Brebner's Canada: A Canada: A Modern History Modern History (Anne Arbor, 1960). John Kenneth Galbraith's (Anne Arbor, 1960). John Kenneth Galbraith's The Scotch The Scotch (second edition, Boston, 1985) is a charming and astute portrait of the Scottish legacy in Canada. The quotations about Glengarry come from James Hunter's (second edition, Boston, 1985) is a charming and astute portrait of the Scottish legacy in Canada. The quotations about Glengarry come from James Hunter's A Dance Called America: The Scottish Highlands in the United States and Canada A Dance Called America: The Scottish Highlands in the United States and Canada (Edinburgh, 1994), which was helpful for this chapter and the one that follows. There is a new biography of Sandford Fleming by Clark Blaise, (Edinburgh, 1994), which was helpful for this chapter and the one that follows. There is a new biography of Sandford Fleming by Clark Blaise, Time Lord: Time Lord: Sandford Fleming and the Creation of Standard Time Sandford Fleming and the Creation of Standard Time (New York, 2001). (New York, 2001).

For Lachlan Macquarie, see Robert Hughes's fascinating The Fatal Sh.o.r.e The Fatal Sh.o.r.e (New York, 1987). I relied heavily on George Seaver's (New York, 1987). I relied heavily on George Seaver's David Livingstone: His Life David Livingstone: His Life and Letters and Letters (New York, 1957) for my portrait of Dr. Livingstone. In this multicultural age, some biographers try to debunk the Livingstone legend, but even Judith Listowel in (New York, 1957) for my portrait of Dr. Livingstone. In this multicultural age, some biographers try to debunk the Livingstone legend, but even Judith Listowel in The Other Livingstone The Other Livingstone (1974) can only criticize him for claiming to find some places when others deserve some of the credit. Dorothy h.e.l.ly's (1974) can only criticize him for claiming to find some places when others deserve some of the credit. Dorothy h.e.l.ly's Livingstone's Legacy Livingstone's Legacy (Athens, OH, 1987) ends up vindicating Livingstone's progressive racial views. (Athens, OH, 1987) ends up vindicating Livingstone's progressive racial views.

CHAPTER FOURTEEN: SELF-MADE MEN- SCOTS IN THE UNITED STATES SCOTS IN THE UNITED STATES In addition to the works by Duncan Bruce and George Black already mentioned (for Chapter Nine, above), I think the best guide to understanding the Scottish contribution to the United States is Bernard Aspinwall's Portable Portable Utopia: Glasgow and the United States, 18201920 Utopia: Glasgow and the United States, 18201920 (Aberdeen, 1984) and his tightly packed article "The Scots in the United States" in R.E. Cage's volume mentioned for the previous chapter. The numbers for immigration to the United States come from Gordon Donaldson's (Aberdeen, 1984) and his tightly packed article "The Scots in the United States" in R.E. Cage's volume mentioned for the previous chapter. The numbers for immigration to the United States come from Gordon Donaldson's The Scots Overseas, The Scots Overseas, also mentioned above. also mentioned above.

Douglas Sloan gives a solid account of the Scottish contributions to American education in The Scottish Enlightenment and the American College Ideal The Scottish Enlightenment and the American College Ideal (New York, 1971), which can be supplemented with David Hoeveler's (New York, 1971), which can be supplemented with David Hoeveler's James James McCosh and the Scottish Intellectual Tradition McCosh and the Scottish Intellectual Tradition (Princeton, 1981). George Jardine deserves his own biography: nineteenth-century copies of (Princeton, 1981). George Jardine deserves his own biography: nineteenth-century copies of Outlines of Outlines of Philosophical Education Philosophical Education abound, which is itself significant, but Jardine himself remains largely ignored, even in Sloan's otherwise fine work. abound, which is itself significant, but Jardine himself remains largely ignored, even in Sloan's otherwise fine work.

My account of Scots in California owes a large debt to Kevin Starr's America America and the California Dream and the California Dream (Oxford, 1973) and Susanna Bryant Dakin's (Oxford, 1973) and Susanna Bryant Dakin's A Scotch A Scotch Paisano: Hugo Reid's Life in California, 18321852 Paisano: Hugo Reid's Life in California, 18321852 (Berkeley, CA, 1939). On William Taylor, see John Paul's (Berkeley, CA, 1939). On William Taylor, see John Paul's The Soul Digger or The Life and Times of William The Soul Digger or The Life and Times of William Taylor (1928). I used S. I. Prinne's The Life of Samuel F.B. Morse, LL.D. (New York, 1875) to trace Morse's Scottish and Scotch-Irish lineage, and Robert Bruce's Taylor (1928). I used S. I. Prinne's The Life of Samuel F.B. Morse, LL.D. (New York, 1875) to trace Morse's Scottish and Scotch-Irish lineage, and Robert Bruce's Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude Bell: Alexander Graham Bell and the Conquest of Solitude (Boston, 1973) for the life of the inventor of the telephone. Bell's role in the making of Langley's airplane is summarized in Duncan Bruce's notice on Bell in (Boston, 1973) for the life of the inventor of the telephone. Bell's role in the making of Langley's airplane is summarized in Duncan Bruce's notice on Bell in The Scottish One Hundred; The Scottish One Hundred; other details can still be gleaned from the exhibit at the Smithsonian's Air and s.p.a.ce Museum. other details can still be gleaned from the exhibit at the Smithsonian's Air and s.p.a.ce Museum.

Unlike his colleagues John D. Rockefeller and J. P. Morgan, Andrew Carnegie still has not found an author able to turn his life into a bestseller. So I have relied on an older biographer, Joseph Frazier Wall, and his Andrew Andrew Carnegie Carnegie (New York, 1970) and Harold Livesay's concise and brilliant (New York, 1970) and Harold Livesay's concise and brilliant Andrew Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business, Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business, both of which can be found in paperback. But the reader curious about Carnegie does not need to stop there; his both of which can be found in paperback. But the reader curious about Carnegie does not need to stop there; his Autobiography, Autobiography, available in many modern editions, is not only a mine of information, it is charmingly written, especially the sections on Scotland. available in many modern editions, is not only a mine of information, it is charmingly written, especially the sections on Scotland.

CONCLUSION.

The scholar I quote on the grim conditions of everyday life in late nineteenth-century Scotland is C.W. Hill in his Edwardian Scotland (1976). However, better and more detailed accounts of Scotland in those years exist, including the later chapters of Thomas Devine's The Scottish Nation and I.G.C. Hutchison's Scottish Politics in the Nineteenth Century Scottish Politics in the Nineteenth Century (London, 2001). David Daiches's (London, 2001). David Daiches's Scotch Scotch Whisky: Its Past and Present Whisky: Its Past and Present (Glasgow, 1976) is the perfect guide to understanding the swift rise and then decline of the Scottish distilling industry in the nineteenth century. For trying to understand James Bond, I always turn to Kingsley Amis's (Glasgow, 1976) is the perfect guide to understanding the swift rise and then decline of the Scottish distilling industry in the nineteenth century. For trying to understand James Bond, I always turn to Kingsley Amis's The James Bond Dossier The James Bond Dossier (London, 1967), which is sadly out of print. (London, 1967), which is sadly out of print.

Pat Gerber gives the best most recent account of the Lia Fail Lia Fail in her in her Stone of Stone of Destiny Destiny (Edinburgh, 1997), which bravely attempts to sort out the fact from the fiction surrounding the many versions of the stone's origins and travels. Kay Matheson's eyewitness account of the 1950 heist comes from that book, as does the quotation from Ian Hamilton when the stone was returned to Scotland. Books on Scottish nationalism and the future of Scotland under devolution grow thick on the bookshelves with each pa.s.sing month: however, I think Keith Webb in (Edinburgh, 1997), which bravely attempts to sort out the fact from the fiction surrounding the many versions of the stone's origins and travels. Kay Matheson's eyewitness account of the 1950 heist comes from that book, as does the quotation from Ian Hamilton when the stone was returned to Scotland. Books on Scottish nationalism and the future of Scotland under devolution grow thick on the bookshelves with each pa.s.sing month: however, I think Keith Webb in The Growth of Nationalism in Scotland The Growth of Nationalism in Scotland (Glasgow, 1977) gives the best and most balanced account of the movement's origins and links to mainstream politics. The fact that in 1977 neither Webb nor anyone else knew where the Scottish Nationalist Party would finally end up gives the book, oddly enough, a kind of detached perspective more recent and more enthusiastic accounts do not. Colin Kidd's (Glasgow, 1977) gives the best and most balanced account of the movement's origins and links to mainstream politics. The fact that in 1977 neither Webb nor anyone else knew where the Scottish Nationalist Party would finally end up gives the book, oddly enough, a kind of detached perspective more recent and more enthusiastic accounts do not. Colin Kidd's Subverting Scotland's Past: Scottish Whig Historians Subverting Scotland's Past: Scottish Whig Historians and the Creation of an Anglo-British Ident.i.ty and the Creation of an Anglo-British Ident.i.ty (Cambridge, 1993) is actually a more balanced book than the t.i.tle implies: it reveals the tension between the Enlightenment's desire to establish a modern ident.i.ty for Scots as well as Britons, and the traditionalists' pride in Scotland's past, including the Declaration of Arbroath. For those who want a more nationalist-driven view of these matters, there is always William Ferguson's (Cambridge, 1993) is actually a more balanced book than the t.i.tle implies: it reveals the tension between the Enlightenment's desire to establish a modern ident.i.ty for Scots as well as Britons, and the traditionalists' pride in Scotland's past, including the Declaration of Arbroath. For those who want a more nationalist-driven view of these matters, there is always William Ferguson's The Ident.i.ty of the Scottish The Ident.i.ty of the Scottish Nation Nation (Edinburgh, 1988). One can only hope this debate will finally end on a less angry note. (Edinburgh, 1988). One can only hope this debate will finally end on a less angry note.

Acknowledgments.

s.p.a.ce will not permit me to give proper thanks to every person and inst.i.tution who helped me, through wise words or generous ges-ture, to complete the book. But here they are: the Mitch.e.l.l Library in Glasgow, the National Library of Scotland in Edinburgh, the Folger Shakespeare Library, the Library of Congress, the Lauinger Library at Georgetown University, the Fenwick Library at George Mason University, the Evergreen Society at the Johns Hopkins University; Adam Bellow, John Billings, Daniel Boorstin, Jennifer Bradshaw, Lillian Brown, Faye Dale Browning, John Barclay Burns, Jack Censer, Jan Cleaver, Deborah Gomez, Ian Hazlett, Lynn Hopffgarten, Peter Klepper, Nick Lyons, Angus MacDonald, Robert Matheson, Jerry Z. Muller, Marvin Murray, Nick Phillipson, J.G.A. Poc.o.c.k, Richard Sher, Mark Seiler, Caroline Sincerbeaux, Robert Vey, David Wooton, and Fred Warshofsky.

Paul Koda listened patiently to my original plans for this project, offered his usual sensible advice, and has remained an enthusiastic ally right up to the end. My learned friend Charles T. Matheson read an early version of the entire ma.n.u.script. My parents Arthur and Barbara Herman cast their expert critical eyes over the final ma.n.u.script and the galleys. Special thanks also go to Peter J. Diamond of New York University, Bruce Lenman of St. Andrews University, and Will Hay of the Foreign Policy Research Inst.i.tute. They read versions of separate chapters and, bringing all their skill and erudition to bear, agreed with some points, argued with others, and corrected errors throughout. Any errors left are entirely my own doing.

In addition, there are six people without whom this book would not exist. Lloyd John Ogilvie, Chaplain of the United States Senate, offered counsel and inspiration from start to finish. Lynn Chu and Glen Hartley proved, as always, that they are intellectual partners as well as literary agents. The enthusiastic support of my original editor at Crown, Bob Mecoy, made writing the book both a pleasure and a personal journey. Emily Loose took over in mid-race, and with her brilliant and efficient editing, guided the book across the finish line.

My wife, Beth, gave me her advice and insight over the five years this project was in gestation. The final result is lovingly dedicated to her.

1 For more on Robertson, see chapter 4. For more on Robertson, see chapter 4.

2 The last of these took place in 1703, when the Parliament that voted the treaty of union first took their seats. The last of these took place in 1703, when the Parliament that voted the treaty of union first took their seats.

3 Whig Whig is one of the most famous words in English politics; its origin, however, is Scottish (just as its counterpart, is one of the most famous words in English politics; its origin, however, is Scottish (just as its counterpart, Tory Tory, is an Irish word). Whigg Whigg is Scots for a kind of sour milk or whey. In hard times it was the main diet of the poor and indigent; since many of the Covenanters were thought to be lower-cla.s.s trash, opponents taunted them with the word. When a group of Covenanters marched on Edinburgh to prevent the Engagement with Charles I in 1648, it became known as the "march of the whiggamores" or "sour milk men." Whiggamore soon shortened to Whig; in John Locke's day, it referred to anyone bound and determined to have a Protestant succession, whether in Scotland or England. is Scots for a kind of sour milk or whey. In hard times it was the main diet of the poor and indigent; since many of the Covenanters were thought to be lower-cla.s.s trash, opponents taunted them with the word. When a group of Covenanters marched on Edinburgh to prevent the Engagement with Charles I in 1648, it became known as the "march of the whiggamores" or "sour milk men." Whiggamore soon shortened to Whig; in John Locke's day, it referred to anyone bound and determined to have a Protestant succession, whether in Scotland or England.

4 Sept refers to a subclan of Highlanders commanded by a minor chieftain. For more about this, see chapter 5. Sept refers to a subclan of Highlanders commanded by a minor chieftain. For more about this, see chapter 5.

5 In the end, they agreed to split the inheritance between them. In the end, they agreed to split the inheritance between them.

6 When Scottish judges took their seats on the Court of Session, they were automatically addressed as "my Lord" and allowed to take honorary t.i.tles. Hence James Boswell's father, Alexander, became Lord Auchinleck, James Burnett became Lord Monboddo, and so on. Kames's t.i.tle, which he took from his family estate, was in no way a peerage or a claim to n.o.bility: from that point of view, Lord Kames remained a commoner for the rest of his life. When Scottish judges took their seats on the Court of Session, they were automatically addressed as "my Lord" and allowed to take honorary t.i.tles. Hence James Boswell's father, Alexander, became Lord Auchinleck, James Burnett became Lord Monboddo, and so on. Kames's t.i.tle, which he took from his family estate, was in no way a peerage or a claim to n.o.bility: from that point of view, Lord Kames remained a commoner for the rest of his life.

7 The The Essays, Essays, however, did have an enormous impact on Kames's friend the Aberdeen philosopher Thomas Reid, and served as the foundation for his own philosophy of common sense. For more on Reid, see chapter 9. however, did have an enormous impact on Kames's friend the Aberdeen philosopher Thomas Reid, and served as the foundation for his own philosophy of common sense. For more on Reid, see chapter 9.

8 For details, see chapter 6. For details, see chapter 6.

9 Mansfield actually happened to be a Scot, although he was educated in the law in England and served on the King's Bench in London. Mansfield actually happened to be a Scot, although he was educated in the law in England and served on the King's Bench in London.

10 See chapter 7. See chapter 7.

11 Meanwhile, Millan went on to create Britain's most prestigious publis.h.i.+ng house, under the name he used in London: Macmillan and Company. Meanwhile, Millan went on to create Britain's most prestigious publis.h.i.+ng house, under the name he used in London: Macmillan and Company.

12 Which we can translate as: "Tell me, Jean-Jacques, why do you always act so strangely? You have written an excellent book; so get hold of yourself. Why can't you live like other people?" In the event, Boswell kept his thoughts to himself. Which we can translate as: "Tell me, Jean-Jacques, why do you always act so strangely? You have written an excellent book; so get hold of yourself. Why can't you live like other people?" In the event, Boswell kept his thoughts to himself.

13 MacDonnells were, like their cousins the MacDonalds, an independent branch of the great Clan Donald. MacDonnells were, like their cousins the MacDonalds, an independent branch of the great Clan Donald.

14 Sometimes mistakenly called a claymore. In fact, the claymore or Sometimes mistakenly called a claymore. In fact, the claymore or claidheamh-mor claidheamh-mor (which simply means "big sword") was the two-handed battle sword popular in the Middle Ages, which the clans had largely abandoned for the lighter but just as deadly broadsword, with its characteristic basket hilt. (which