Brain On Fire: My Month Of Madness Part 21

50 New York Times Magazine New York Times Magazine "Diagnosis" column: Lisa Sanders, "Diagnosis: Brain Drain," "Diagnosis" column: Lisa Sanders, "Diagnosis: Brain Drain," New York Times Magazine, New York Times Magazine, November 9, 2008, November 9, 2008, http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E7DA1F3BF93AA35752C1A96E9C8B63.

CHAPTER 47: THE EXORCIST

51 Dr. Guillaume Sebire noticed an unusual pattern: Guillaume Sebire et al., "Coma a.s.sociated with Intense Bursts of Abnormal Movements and Long-Lasting Cognitive Disturbances: An Acute Encephalopathy of Obscure Origin," Dr. Guillaume Sebire noticed an unusual pattern: Guillaume Sebire et al., "Coma a.s.sociated with Intense Bursts of Abnormal Movements and Long-Lasting Cognitive Disturbances: An Acute Encephalopathy of Obscure Origin," Journal of Pediatrics Journal of Pediatrics 121 (1992): 845851. 121 (1992): 845851.

52 1981 by Robert Delong and colleagues, described: Robert G. Delong et al., "Acquired Reversible Autistic Syndrome in Acute Encephalopathic Illness in Children," 1981 by Robert Delong and colleagues, described: Robert G. Delong et al., "Acquired Reversible Autistic Syndrome in Acute Encephalopathic Illness in Children," Child Neurology Child Neurology 38 (1981): 191194. 38 (1981): 191194.

53 40 percent of patients diagnosed with this disease are children: Josep Dalmau et al., "Clinical Experience and Laboratory Investigations in Patients with Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis," 40 percent of patients diagnosed with this disease are children: Josep Dalmau et al., "Clinical Experience and Laboratory Investigations in Patients with Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis," Lancet Neurology Lancet Neurology 10 (2011): 6374. 10 (2011): 6374.

54 thirteen-year-old girl from Tennessee displayed: Emily Bregel, "Chattanooga: Teen Has 'Miraculous' Recovery from an Unusual Tumor Disorder," thirteen-year-old girl from Tennessee displayed: Emily Bregel, "Chattanooga: Teen Has 'Miraculous' Recovery from an Unusual Tumor Disorder," TimesFreePress.com, June 11, 2009, http://timesfreepress.com/news/2009/jun/11/chattanooga-teen-has-miraculous-recovery-unusual-t/?local.

55 what is known as echolalia: Guillaume Sebire, "In Search of Lost Time: From Demonic Possession to Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis," what is known as echolalia: Guillaume Sebire, "In Search of Lost Time: From Demonic Possession to Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis," Annals of Neurology Annals of Neurology 66 (2009): 118. Nicole R. Florance and Josep Dalmau, "Reply to: In Search of Lost Time: From 'Demonic Possession to Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis,'" 66 (2009): 118. Nicole R. Florance and Josep Dalmau, "Reply to: In Search of Lost Time: From 'Demonic Possession to Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis,'" Annals of Neurology Annals of Neurology 67 (2010): 142143. 67 (2010): 142143.

56 a nineteen-year-old woman: Souhel Najjar, D. Pearlman, D. Zagzag, J. Golfinos, and O. Devinsky, "Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Autoantibody Syndrome Presenting as Schizophrenia," a nineteen-year-old woman: Souhel Najjar, D. Pearlman, D. Zagzag, J. Golfinos, and O. Devinsky, "Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Autoantibody Syndrome Presenting as Schizophrenia," Neurologist Neurologist 18 (2012): 8891. 18 (2012): 8891.

57 the rate of misdiagnoses: David Leonhardt, "Why Doctors So Often Get It Wrong," the rate of misdiagnoses: David Leonhardt, "Why Doctors So Often Get It Wrong," New York Times, New York Times, February 22, 2006, February 22, 2006, http://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/22/business/22leonhardt.html.

CHAPTER 48: SURVIVOR'S GUILT

58 one hundred different kinds of autoimmune diseases: American Autoimmune Related Diseases a.s.sociation and National Coalition of Autoimmune Patient Groups, "The Cost Burden of Autoimmune Disease: The Latest Front in the War on Healthcare Spending" (Eastpointe, Mich.: American Autoimmune Related Diseases a.s.sociation, 2011). Autoimmune Diseases Coordinating Committee, "Autoimmune Diseases Research" (Bethesda, Md.: National Inst.i.tutes of Health, March 2005). one hundred different kinds of autoimmune diseases: American Autoimmune Related Diseases a.s.sociation and National Coalition of Autoimmune Patient Groups, "The Cost Burden of Autoimmune Disease: The Latest Front in the War on Healthcare Spending" (Eastpointe, Mich.: American Autoimmune Related Diseases a.s.sociation, 2011). Autoimmune Diseases Coordinating Committee, "Autoimmune Diseases Research" (Bethesda, Md.: National Inst.i.tutes of Health, March 2005).

59 20 to 30 percent of survivors develop it: Gwen Adshead, "Psychological Therapies for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder," 20 to 30 percent of survivors develop it: Gwen Adshead, "Psychological Therapies for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder," British Journal of Psychiatry British Journal of Psychiatry 177 (2000): 144148. 177 (2000): 144148.

CHAPTER 50: ECSTATIC

60 relapses happen in about 20 percent of cases: Josep Dalmau et al., "Clinical Experience and Laboratory Investigations in Patients with Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis," relapses happen in about 20 percent of cases: Josep Dalmau et al., "Clinical Experience and Laboratory Investigations in Patients with Anti-NMDAR Encephalitis," Lancet Neurology Lancet Neurology 10 (2011): 6374. 10 (2011): 6374.

CHAPTER 51: FLIGHT RISK?

61 In 2010, a Cambridge University study: Hannah L. Morgan, Danielle C. Turner, Philip R. Corlett, Anthony R. Absalom, Ram Adapa, Fernando S. Arana, Jennifer Pigott, Jenny Gardner, Jessica Everitt, Patrick Haggard, and Paul C. Fletcher, "Exploring the Impact of Ketamine on the Experience of Illusory Body Owners.h.i.+p," In 2010, a Cambridge University study: Hannah L. Morgan, Danielle C. Turner, Philip R. Corlett, Anthony R. Absalom, Ram Adapa, Fernando S. Arana, Jennifer Pigott, Jenny Gardner, Jessica Everitt, Patrick Haggard, and Paul C. Fletcher, "Exploring the Impact of Ketamine on the Experience of Illusory Body Owners.h.i.+p," Biological Psychiatry Biological Psychiatry 69, no. 1 (2011): 3541. 69, no. 1 (2011): 3541.

62 self-monitoring theory: Sharon Begley, "The Schizophrenic Mind," self-monitoring theory: Sharon Begley, "The Schizophrenic Mind," Newsweek, Newsweek, March 11, 2002, March 11, 2002, www.newsweek.com/2002/03/10/the-schizophrenic-mind.print.html (accessed April 21, 2011). Dominic H. Ffytche, "The Hodology of a Hallucinations," (accessed April 21, 2011). Dominic H. Ffytche, "The Hodology of a Hallucinations," Cortex Cortex 44 (2008): 10671083. 44 (2008): 10671083.

63 generation effect: Philip D. Harvey et al., "Cortical and Subcortical Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia: Convergence of Cla.s.sifications Based on Language and Memory Skill Areas," generation effect: Philip D. Harvey et al., "Cortical and Subcortical Cognitive Deficits in Schizophrenia: Convergence of Cla.s.sifications Based on Language and Memory Skill Areas," Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 24 (2002): 5566. Carol A. Tamminga, Ana D. Stan, and Anthony D. Wagner, "The Hippocampal Formation in Schizophrenia," 24 (2002): 5566. Carol A. Tamminga, Ana D. Stan, and Anthony D. Wagner, "The Hippocampal Formation in Schizophrenia," American Journal of Psychiatry American Journal of Psychiatry 167 (2010): 11781193. Daphna Shohamy, Perry Mihalakos, Ronald Chin, Binu Thomas, Anthony D. Wagner, and Carol Tamminga, "Learning and Generalization in Schizophrenia: Effects of Disease and Antipsychotic Drug Treatment," 167 (2010): 11781193. Daphna Shohamy, Perry Mihalakos, Ronald Chin, Binu Thomas, Anthony D. Wagner, and Carol Tamminga, "Learning and Generalization in Schizophrenia: Effects of Disease and Antipsychotic Drug Treatment," Biological Psychiatry Biological Psychiatry 67 (2010): 926932. 67 (2010): 926932.

64 amygdala, an almond-shaped structure situated atop the hippocampus: Michael O'Shea, amygdala, an almond-shaped structure situated atop the hippocampus: Michael O'Shea, The Brain: A Very Short Introduction The Brain: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Rita Carter, Susan Aldridge, Martyn Page, and Steve Parker, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005). Rita Carter, Susan Aldridge, Martyn Page, and Steve Parker, The Human Brain Book The Human Brain Book (London: DK Adult, 2009). Elizabeth A. Phelps and Tali Sharot, "How (and Why) Emotion Enhances Subjective Sense of Recollection," (London: DK Adult, 2009). Elizabeth A. Phelps and Tali Sharot, "How (and Why) Emotion Enhances Subjective Sense of Recollection," Current Directions in Psychological Sciences Current Directions in Psychological Sciences 17 (2008): 147152, 17 (2008): 147152, http://www.psych.nyu.edu/phelpslab/papers/08_CDPS_V17No2_147.pdf. Joseph E. LeDoux, "Emotion Circuits in the Brain," Annual Reviews of Neuroscience Annual Reviews of Neuroscience 23 (2000): 155185. 23 (2000): 155185.

65 help encode and consolidate: Jesse Rissman and Anthony D. Wagner, "Distributed Representations in Memory: Insights from Functional Brain Imaging," help encode and consolidate: Jesse Rissman and Anthony D. Wagner, "Distributed Representations in Memory: Insights from Functional Brain Imaging," Annual Review of Psychology Annual Review of Psychology 63 (2012): 101128. Richard C. Mohs, "How Human Memory Works," 63 (2012): 101128. Richard C. Mohs, "How Human Memory Works," HowStuffWorks.com, http://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/life/human-biology/human-memory.htm.

66 Dr. Loftus has spent a lifetime: William Saletan, "The Memory Doctor: The Future of False Memories," Dr. Loftus has spent a lifetime: William Saletan, "The Memory Doctor: The Future of False Memories," Slate.com, June 4, 2010, http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/the_memory_doctor/2010/06/the_memory_doctor.single.html.

67 A team of New Yorkbased neuroscientists in 2000 demonstrated this a.s.sumption in lab rats: Greg Miller, "How Our Brains Make Memories," A team of New Yorkbased neuroscientists in 2000 demonstrated this a.s.sumption in lab rats: Greg Miller, "How Our Brains Make Memories," Smithsonian, Smithsonian, May 2010, May 2010, http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/How-Our-Brains-Make-Memories.html. "Big Think Interview with Joseph LeDoux," BigThink.com, June 9, 2010, http://bigthink.com/josephledoux.