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INTRODUCTION.
Page 1 On the morning of December 5, 1996: The description of Gil's murder relies on eyewitness accounts by Luis Hernan Manco Monroy, Oscar Alberto Giraldo Arango, and Luis Adolfo Cardona Usma, interviews by the author. The description of Gil's murder relies on eyewitness accounts by Luis Hernan Manco Monroy, Oscar Alberto Giraldo Arango, and Luis Adolfo Cardona Usma, interviews by the author.
Page 2 twenty-eight-year-old was a natural leader: Martin Gil, interview by the author. Martin Gil, interview by the author.
Page 3 union submitted its final proposal: Complaint (Docket Entry 1), Complaint (Docket Entry 1), SINALTRAINAL, et al. v. The Coca-Cola Company, et al. SINALTRAINAL, et al. v. The Coca-Cola Company, et al., United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida, 1:2001-cv-03208 (hereafter SINALTRAINAL v. c.o.ke SINALTRAINAL v. c.o.ke), 23.
Page 3 .38 Special: Ballistics report, December 2, 1998, Isidro Gil investigation, Fiscalia de la Nacion, Unidad de Derechos Humanos, Radicado Preliminar No. 164, Republica de Colombia (hereafter Gil), vol. 2, pp. 72-76. Ballistics report, December 2, 1998, Isidro Gil investigation, Fiscalia de la Nacion, Unidad de Derechos Humanos, Radicado Preliminar No. 164, Republica de Colombia (hereafter Gil), vol. 2, pp. 72-76.
Page 3 shot him between the eyes: Gil autopsy report, December 10, 1996 (Diligencia de Necropsia, No. UCH-NC-96-412), Gil autopsy report, December 10, 1996 (Diligencia de Necropsia, No. UCH-NC-96-412), Gil Gil 1:87. 1:87.
Page 3 more than 2,500 union members: Human Rights Watch, Human Rights Watch, World Report 2009-Colombia World Report 2009-Colombia, January 14, 2009.
CHAPTER 1. A BRIEF HISTORY OF c.o.kE.
Page 9 One million visitors: The World of Coca-Cola The World of Coca-Cola-Atlanta, http://www.worldofcoca-cola.com.
Page 11 "patents of royal favor": Gerald Carson, Gerald Carson, One for a Man, Two for a Horse: A Pictorial History, Grave and Comic, of Patent Medicines One for a Man, Two for a Horse: A Pictorial History, Grave and Comic, of Patent Medicines (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1961), 9. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1961), 9.
Page 11 Hooper's Pills . . . "Rivals might detect": James Harvey Young, James Harvey Young, The Toadstool Millionaires: A Social History of Patent Medicines in America Before Federal Regulations The Toadstool Millionaires: A Social History of Patent Medicines in America Before Federal Regulations (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961), 13. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961), 13.
Page 11 bleeding . . . and "purging": Mary Calhoun, Mary Calhoun, Medicine Show: Conning People and Making Them Like It Medicine Show: Conning People and Making Them Like It (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 24-25, 65-67; David Armstrong and Elizabeth Metzger Armstrong, (New York: Harper & Row, 1976), 24-25, 65-67; David Armstrong and Elizabeth Metzger Armstrong, The Great American Medicine Show The Great American Medicine Show (New York: Prentice Hall, 1991), 1-10; Alyn Brodsky, (New York: Prentice Hall, 1991), 1-10; Alyn Brodsky, Benjamin Rush: Patriot and Physician Benjamin Rush: Patriot and Physician (New York: Truman Talley, 2004), 29. (New York: Truman Talley, 2004), 29.
Page 12 practice grew into a fad: Young, 44-45; Armstrong and Armstrong, 23-25; A. Walker Bingham, Young, 44-45; Armstrong and Armstrong, 23-25; A. Walker Bingham, The Snake Oil Syndrome: Patent Medicine Advertising The Snake Oil Syndrome: Patent Medicine Advertising (Hanover, MA: Christopher, 1994), 13. (Hanover, MA: Christopher, 1994), 13.
Page 12 Connecticut physician Samuel Lee, Jr.: Bingham; Young, 32-34. Bingham; Young, 32-34.
Page 12 Thomas W. Dyott ama.s.sed: Young, 34-35. Young, 34-35.
Page 12 The Civil War brought new patients: Young, 97. Young, 97.
Page 12 little more than laxatives or emetics: Young, 98-99; Carson, 30; Armstrong and Armstrong, 178. Young, 98-99; Carson, 30; Armstrong and Armstrong, 178.
Page 12 between 20,000 and 50,000 . . . concoctions: Young, 109. Young, 109.
Page 12 total sales of $80 million: Calhoun, 70. Calhoun, 70.
Page 12 The winners were . . . rescuing his son from a bear: Bingham, 91-92. Bingham, 91-92.
Page 12 "medicine shows": Calhoun, 1-8. Calhoun, 1-8.
Page 13 notorious showmen, Clark Stanley: Carson, 41. Carson, 41.
Page 13 As one 1930s-era pitch doctor . . . sold themselves: Calhoun, 45, 58. Calhoun, 45, 58.
Page 13 early devotee of Samuel Thomson's . . . Extract of Stillingia: James Harvey Young, "Three Atlanta Pharmacists," James Harvey Young, "Three Atlanta Pharmacists," Pharmacy in History Pharmacy in History 31, no. 1 (1989), 16-22. 31, no. 1 (1989), 16-22.
Page 13 later named him an addict: A. O. Murphy testimony, A. O. Murphy testimony, Coca-Cola Co. v. Koke Co. Coca-Cola Co. v. Koke Co., 254 U.S. 143 (1920) (hereafter Koke Koke), 392; J. C. Mayfield testimony, Koke Koke, 776; "The Original Coca-Cola Woman: Mrs. Diva Brown," The Southern Carbonator The Southern Carbonator, September 1907; Hugh Merrill, "The Formula and Diva Brown: 'The Original Coca-Cola Woman,'" Atlanta Business Chronicle Atlanta Business Chronicle, January 7, 1991.
Page 14 "I am convinced from actual experiments": "A Wonderful Medicine," "A Wonderful Medicine," Atlanta Journal Atlanta Journal, March 10, 1885.
Page 14 Cocaine Toothache Drops: Armstrong and Armstrong, 160-161. Armstrong and Armstrong, 160-161.
Page 14 concoction called Vin Mariani: Mark Pendergrast, Mark Pendergrast, For G.o.d, Country, and Coca-Cola: The Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes It For G.o.d, Country, and Coca-Cola: The Definitive History of the Great American Soft Drink and the Company That Makes It (New York: Basic Books, 2000 [orig. pub. 1993]), 22-23; Frederick Allen, (New York: Basic Books, 2000 [orig. pub. 1993]), 22-23; Frederick Allen, Secret Formula: How Brilliant Marketing and Relentless Salesmans.h.i.+p Made Coca-Cola the Best-Known Product in the World Secret Formula: How Brilliant Marketing and Relentless Salesmans.h.i.+p Made Coca-Cola the Best-Known Product in the World (New York: HarperBusiness, 1994), 23-24. (New York: HarperBusiness, 1994), 23-24.
Page 14 French Wine Coca . . . kola nut: J. C. Louis and Harvey Yazijian, J. C. Louis and Harvey Yazijian, The Cola Wars: The Story of the Global Corporate Battle Between the Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo, Inc. The Cola Wars: The Story of the Global Corporate Battle Between the Coca-Cola Company and PepsiCo, Inc. (New York: Everest House, 1980), 15. (New York: Everest House, 1980), 15.
Page 15 beer was one of the first luxuries . . . cheapest form of water purification: Armstrong and Armstrong, 39, 5. Armstrong and Armstrong, 39, 5.
Page 15 Soon enterprising drunkards . . . "beverige": John Hull Brown, John Hull Brown, Early American Beverages Early American Beverages (Rutland, VT: C. E. Tuttle, 1966), 13-16. (Rutland, VT: C. E. Tuttle, 1966), 13-16.
Page 15 mineral springs such as those at Saratoga Springs: Stephen N. Tchudi, Stephen N. Tchudi, Soda Poppery: The History of Soft Drinks in America Soda Poppery: The History of Soft Drinks in America (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1986), 6. (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1986), 6.
Page 15 Joseph Priestley discovered how to produce: Robert E. Schofield, Robert E. Schofield, The Enlightenment of Joseph Priestley: A Study of His Life and Work from 1733 to 1773 The Enlightenment of Joseph Priestley: A Study of His Life and Work from 1733 to 1773 (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 256-258. (Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1997), 256-258.
Page 15 movement against alcohol led by Benjamin Rush: Brodsky, 95-97, 100; Armstrong and Armstrong, 41-42. Brodsky, 95-97, 100; Armstrong and Armstrong, 41-42.
Page 15 Alcoholics Anonymous . . . statewide prohibition laws: Brown, 78. Brown, 78.
Page 15 many were repealed: Armstrong and Armstrong, 44. Armstrong and Armstrong, 44.
Page 15 creating the world's first "soda fountain": H. B. Nicholson, "Host to Thirsty Main Street" (New York: Newcomen Society, December 18, 1953), 9; Franklin M. Garrett, "The Development of the Soda Fountain in Drug Stores for the Past 50 Years" (The Coco-Cola Company, n.d.); Joseph L. Morrison, "The Soda Fountain," H. B. Nicholson, "Host to Thirsty Main Street" (New York: Newcomen Society, December 18, 1953), 9; Franklin M. Garrett, "The Development of the Soda Fountain in Drug Stores for the Past 50 Years" (The Coco-Cola Company, n.d.); Joseph L. Morrison, "The Soda Fountain," American Heritage American Heritage 13, no. 5 (August 1962). 13, no. 5 (August 1962).
Page 15 Lemon's Superior Sparkling Ginger Ale: Lawrence Dietz, Lawrence Dietz, Soda Pop: The History, Advertising, Art and Memorabilia of Soft Drinks in America Soda Pop: The History, Advertising, Art and Memorabilia of Soft Drinks in America (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1973), 83. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1973), 83.
Page 16 Hires Root Beer: Tchudi, 21-22. Tchudi, 21-22.
Page 16 Dr Pepper . . . Moxie: Dietz, 82-84. Dietz, 82-84.
Page 16 the South suffered a complete disruption: Louis and Yazijian, 14-15. Louis and Yazijian, 14-15.
Page 16 Atlanta . . . known as the "Phoenix City": Pendergrast, 20. Pendergrast, 20.
Page 16 dozens of reformulations . . . bitter orange and ca.s.sia: Frederick Allen, Frederick Allen, Secret Formula: How Brilliant Marketing and Relentless Salesmans.h.i.+p Made Coca-Cola the Best-Known Product in the World Secret Formula: How Brilliant Marketing and Relentless Salesmans.h.i.+p Made Coca-Cola the Best-Known Product in the World (New York: HarperBusiness, 1994), 28. (New York: HarperBusiness, 1994), 28.
Page 17 "three-legged iron pot": E. J. Kahn, E. J. Kahn, The Big Drink: An Unofficial History of Coca-Cola The Big Drink: An Unofficial History of Coca-Cola (London: Max Reinhardt, 1960), 56-57. (London: Max Reinhardt, 1960), 56-57.
Page 17 "bra.s.s kettle heated over an open fire": Pat Watters, Pat Watters, Coca-Cola: An Ill.u.s.trated History Coca-Cola: An Ill.u.s.trated History (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978), 5, 9; see also Wilbur Kurtz, "Dr. John S. Pemberton: Originator of the Formula for Coca-Cola, A Short Biographical Sketch," January 1954. (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1978), 5, 9; see also Wilbur Kurtz, "Dr. John S. Pemberton: Originator of the Formula for Coca-Cola, A Short Biographical Sketch," January 1954.
Page 17 pharmacy owner Willis Venable himself: Watters, 16; Allen, 28. Watters, 16; Allen, 28.
Page 17 John G. Wilkes, who came: Elizabeth Candler Graham and Ralph Roberts, Elizabeth Candler Graham and Ralph Roberts, The Real Ones: Four Generations of the First Family of Coca-Cola The Real Ones: Four Generations of the First Family of Coca-Cola (Fort Lee, NJ: Barricade, 1992), 6. (Fort Lee, NJ: Barricade, 1992), 6.
Page 17 Pemberton's pharmacy laboratory as state-of-the-art: Pendergrast, 28-29; Allen, 27-28. Pendergrast, 28-29; Allen, 27-28.
Page 17 fountain drinks containing kola nut: Tchudi, 25. Tchudi, 25.
Page 18 company's more recent official histories: The Coca-Cola Company, The Coca-Cola Company, The Chronicle of Coca-Cola Since 1886 The Chronicle of Coca-Cola Since 1886 (Atlanta: The Coca-Cola Company, 1993); Coca-Cola Heritage, (Atlanta: The Coca-Cola Company, 1993); Coca-Cola Heritage, www.coca-cola.com/heritage.
Page 18 coined by one of Pemberton's partners: Watters, 15; Pendergrast, 29; Allen, 28. Watters, 15; Pendergrast, 29; Allen, 28.
Page 18 label for the syrup: Charles Howard Candler, Charles Howard Candler, Asa Griggs Candler, Coca-Cola & Emory College Asa Griggs Candler, Coca-Cola & Emory College (Atlanta: Higgins-McArthur, 1953), 10. (Atlanta: Higgins-McArthur, 1953), 10.
Page 18 just twenty-five gallons the first year: Robinson testimony, Robinson testimony, Koke Koke; The Coca-Cola Company, Annual Report to the Stockholders, 1923.
Page 18 took to his bed with illness: Pendergrast, 34. Pendergrast, 34.
Page 19 neither drank nor smoked . . . sc.r.a.p paper: Kahn, 59. Kahn, 59.
Page 19 mix up a single gallon: Graham and Roberts, 55. Graham and Roberts, 55.
Page 19 "more money to be made as a druggist": Graham and Roberts, 39. Graham and Roberts, 39.
Page 19 Candler knew the real money . . . mysterious circ.u.mstances: Pendergrast, 44-46. Pendergrast, 44-46.
Page 19 the earliest records of the company burned: "The Beginning of Bottled Coca-Cola as Told by Mr. S. C. Dobbs," October 13, 1913. "The Beginning of Bottled Coca-Cola as Told by Mr. S. C. Dobbs," October 13, 1913.
Page 20 handing out tickets for free c.o.kes: Allen, 29. Allen, 29.
Page 20 Each soda fountain operator got: Asa G. Candler to Warren Candler, Atlanta, April 10, 1888, reprinted in Candler, Asa G. Candler to Warren Candler, Atlanta, April 10, 1888, reprinted in Candler, Asa Griggs Candler, Coca-Cola & Emory College Asa Griggs Candler, Coca-Cola & Emory College.
Page 20 more than 100,000 drinks a year: Pendergrast, 60. Pendergrast, 60.
Page 20 Sales took off . . . 50,000 gallons: The Coca-Cola Company, Annual Report, 1895. The Coca-Cola Company, Annual Report, 1895.
Page 20 posting on c.o.ke's corporate website: Phil Mooney, January 30, 2008, Coca-Cola Conversations: Did you know? 1886 vs. today, Phil Mooney, January 30, 2008, Coca-Cola Conversations: Did you know? 1886 vs. today, http://www.coca-colaconversations.com/my_weblog/2008/01/did-you-know-18.html.
Page 20 early copy of the formula: Pendergrast, 56; Mark Pendergrast, "Cocaine Information, Amount in Vin Mariani, French Wine Coca, Coca-Cola," Pendergrast collection, Emory University. Pendergrast, 56; Mark Pendergrast, "Cocaine Information, Amount in Vin Mariani, French Wine Coca, Coca-Cola," Pendergrast collection, Emory University.
Page 20 Georgia Pharmaceutical a.s.sociation in 1891: "a.n.a.lysis of Coca-Cola, a.n.a.lysis No. 7265, Office of H. R. Slack, M.D., Ph.G.," reprinted in "a.n.a.lysis of Coca-Cola, a.n.a.lysis No. 7265, Office of H. R. Slack, M.D., Ph.G.," reprinted in Coca-Cola, What Is It? What It Is Coca-Cola, What Is It? What It Is (The Coca-Cola Company, 1901). (The Coca-Cola Company, 1901).
Page 21 narcotic kick on his letterhead: Constance L. Hays, Constance L. Hays, The Real Thing: Truth and Power at the Coca-Cola Company The Real Thing: Truth and Power at the Coca-Cola Company (New York: Random House, 2004), 102. (New York: Random House, 2004), 102.
Page 21 Pamphlets he handed out to retailers: Atlanta Const.i.tution Atlanta Const.i.tution, June 19, 1891.
Page 21 "a very small proportion": Asa G. Candler testimony, Asa G. Candler testimony, Henry A. Rucker v. The Coca-Cola Company Henry A. Rucker v. The Coca-Cola Company, U.S. Circuit Court, District of Georgia, 52.
Page 21 wasn't entirely removed: Graham and Roberts, 19. Graham and Roberts, 19.
Page 21 needed to raise at least $50,000: Allen, 38. Allen, 38.
Page 21 One of the very first corporations: Joel Bakan, Joel Bakan, The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 8. (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 8.
Page 22 "directors of such companies": Adam Smith, Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (London: T. Nelson & Sons, 1895), 311. (London: T. Nelson & Sons, 1895), 311.
Page 22 The corporation took off: Bakan, 7. Bakan, 7.
Page 22 more than three hundred: Jack Beatty, ed., Jack Beatty, ed., Colossus: How the Corporation Changed America Colossus: How the Corporation Changed America (New York: Broadway Books, 2001), 5. (New York: Broadway Books, 2001), 5.
Page 22 And unlike their British counterparts . . . beginning in the 1830s: Beatty, 45-46. Beatty, 45-46.
Page 22 No corporations were as successful: Beatty, 103-112. Beatty, 103-112.
Page 22 corporations were chartered by states . . . any purpose they desired: Richard L. Grossman and Frank T. Adams, "Taking Care of Business: Citizens.h.i.+p and the Charter of Incorporation," in Dean Ritz, ed., Richard L. Grossman and Frank T. Adams, "Taking Care of Business: Citizens.h.i.+p and the Charter of Incorporation," in Dean Ritz, ed., Defying Corporations, Defining Democracy Defying Corporations, Defining Democracy (New York: The Apex Press, 2001), 59-72. (New York: The Apex Press, 2001), 59-72.
Page 23 concept of "limited liability": Bakan, 11-13. Bakan, 11-13.
Page 23 declared corporations to be virtual "persons": David C. Korten, David C. Korten, The Post-Corporate World: Life After Capitalism The Post-Corporate World: Life After Capitalism (West Hartford, CT, and San Francisco: k.u.marian Press and Berrett-Koehler, 1999), 184-186. (West Hartford, CT, and San Francisco: k.u.marian Press and Berrett-Koehler, 1999), 184-186.
Page 23 And in 1880, the federal government . . . "as well as financially": Humphrey McQueen, Humphrey McQueen, The Essence of Capitalism: The Origins of Our Future The Essence of Capitalism: The Origins of Our Future (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2003), 29. (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 2003), 29.
Page 23 few "national" products: Juliann Sivulka, Juliann Sivulka, Soap, s.e.x, and Cigarettes: A Cultural History of American Advertising Soap, s.e.x, and Cigarettes: A Cultural History of American Advertising (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1998), 18-19. (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1998), 18-19.
Page 23 new markets in city department stores: Sivulka, 93. Sivulka, 93.
Page 23 power of corporations was made complete: Bakan, 13-14. Bakan, 13-14.
Page 23 falling from 2,653 to 269: Sivulka, 93. Sivulka, 93.
Page 23 companies that succeeded . . . quintessential example: Richard Tedlow, Richard Tedlow, New and Improved: The Story of Ma.s.s Marketing in America New and Improved: The Story of Ma.s.s Marketing in America (New York: Basic Books, 1990), 4-6. (New York: Basic Books, 1990), 4-6.
Page 23 incorporated the Coca-Cola Company: Allen, 38-39; Pendergrast, 57-58. Allen, 38-39; Pendergrast, 57-58.
Page 23 selling syrup wholesale . . . 400 percent profit: Charles Howard Candler, "Thirty-three Years with Coca-Cola 1890-1923" (unpublished ma.n.u.script, 1929), 20. Charles Howard Candler, "Thirty-three Years with Coca-Cola 1890-1923" (unpublished ma.n.u.script, 1929), 20.
Page 24 legions of salesmen: Candler, "Thirty-three Years," 16-19. Candler, "Thirty-three Years," 16-19.
Page 24 made only $12.50 a week: Candler, "Thirty-three Years," 33. Candler, "Thirty-three Years," 33.
Page 24 sold in all forty-four states . . . soon to follow: Pendergrast, 61, 93. Pendergrast, 61, 93.
Page 24 sleeping on a cot: Allen, 67. Allen, 67.
Page 24 drum up clients . . . solely on advertising: Candler, "Thirty-three Years," 139. Candler, "Thirty-three Years," 139.
Page 24 one-man pep squad: Allen, 71-72. Allen, 71-72.
