Inside Of A Dog Part 32

slaughterhouses, 136, 251n sledding, 16971 sleep circadian rhythms and, 88, 21215 dreaming and, 88, 124, 213, 213n smelling. see see nose; odors; olfaction nose; odors; olfaction smile of chimpanzees, 16 of dogs, 16, 110, 25658, 273 of dolphins, 16

happiness and, 16, 145 infant imitation of, 143, 173, 277

snarl, 102 sneeze, 68 sniff, 6871 characterized by ethologists, 6970, 8384 description of, 67, 68, 6970 in dogs, 67, 6871, 8388, 11617 in elephants, 69 in greeting, 75, 76, 8485, 86, 8788 in humans, 7071 in marmosets, 69 rump sniffing, 8488 in tortoises, 69 types of, 67, 68 wet nose good for, 69, 7475, 77 see also nose; odors; olfaction nose; odors; olfaction Snoopy, 226 snuffling, 103 social cognition animal behavior in zoos, 45, 8, 1415, 15n, 15859, 216 animal knowledge of humans, 16173 animal preferences and, 1617 attention in, 14445 in detection of fear, 7981 in domestication of dogs, 3847 eye contact and, 4547 linguistic ability of animals, 9495 packs and, 38, 40, 41, 43, 5761, 103 physical cognition and, 17681 play and, 12, 56, 2067. see also see also play play "psychic powers" of animals, 16372 sensitive/critical period of, 43 see also attention; communication attention; communication social panting, 1034 socks, 244 Sofia (dog), 145n Sony, 276

sounds made, 98108 bark. see see barks barks

breathing, 103 cackling laugh, 1034 chatter, 103 context and, 99100 cry, 101 duration of, 100 growl, 62, 100, 102, 22122 grunt, 1012 high-frequency, 93, 101 howl, 100, 101, 103 method of production, 100 moan, 100, 1012 noisy breathing, 103 pitch of, 9396, 98108 play slap, 103, 201 range of hearing in dogs, 92, 9394 range of hearing in humans, 2122, 2324, 9294 scream, 101 shriek, 103 sigh, 27, 153 snarl, 102 sneeze, 68 snuffling, 103 social panting, 1034 sonorous mouth licking, 152 squeal, 101 ultrasonic, 91, 93, 24143 whimper, 101 whine, 100, 101, 153 yawn, 110, 28081 yelp, 98, 100101 sour taste, 30 spaniel, 3, 49, 50, 114 species, nature of, 38n spelling, 167 sporting hounds, 49

springer spaniel, 3 squeal, 101 standing over, 1819 Stanley (Jack Russell), 245 staring, 15, 4546, 110, 29293 Stein, Gertrude, 161 Sterbak, Jana, 245 stimulus enhancement, 18490 strange dogs, 79n stranger barks, 107 stray dogs, 63 stress response cortisol in, 17273, 27980 eye contact and, 4546 in fear, 7981 genes and, 3637 sounds in, 104 tails in, 112 yawn in, 110

stroboscopic vision, 131 submission

body language showing, 11011, 112, 114 in electric shock research, 19n eye contact in, 147 licking and, 3031 in training dogs, 5761 in wolves versus dogs, 1819 suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), 21213 surrogate mothers, 26869 sweat, 2021, 75, 76, 80 sweet taste, 30 synchrony

of a.s.sistance dogs, 43, 13435, 162, 274 in regulation of time, 27479

tail docked, 114 in greetings, 3, 31, 25657

meaning of wags, 3, 31, 11213 use of, 11114

tapetum lucidum, 125 125 taste importance of, 122 reception, 30 types of flavors, 30 teeth showing, 110 tooth-snapping, 100 television-watching, 157 flicker-fusion rate and, 13132 in observing animals, 14 see also vision vision tells, dog, 29293 temperament, 4748, 55 termites, sounds made by, 93 terriers, 5, 4748, 49, 50, 53n, 56 territory marking, 8384 testosterone, 172 see also hormones hormones theory of mind, 190207 children and, 19293, 218, 23435 comparative psychology and, 2067 concept of, 19092 dog mind and, 193206 false belief task, 19293, 201 nonverbal test of, 19293 play and, 196205 rudimentary theory of mind, 2045 self-awareness and, 21722 thermotactile sensory probe (Fox), 269 threshold differences, 5255 ticks, deer, 2022 time, 21117, 25156 boredom and, 21617, 28889 b.u.mblebee use of, 215 circadian rhythms, 88, 21215, 22728

dog "pacemaker" and, 21215 dog years and, 222n memories and, 119, 22228 odors and, 72, 77, 7879, 84, 22728, 25456 regulation of, 27479 temporal patterns in bonding, 27479 time-telling by dogs, 22728 Tinbergen, Niko, 147n tool use, 4445, 177 tooth-snapping, 100 tortoises, sniff in, 69 touch as element in bonding, 26671, 293 between mother and child, 26769 petting, 26667, 293 sense of, 122, 26971 see also see also licking licking toy dogs, 49, 29091 toys ball retrieval, 12632, 154 color vision and, 12829 dog beds and, 25 dog naming of, 9697, 98 object displacement and, 17779 size of objects, 24750 tracking, 48, 57n olfaction in, 76, 7778 style of dogs, 48, 57n style of wolves, 57n vision in, 12324, 143 training a.s.sociative learning in, 1011, 16768, 182 clickers in, 256n dogs' reading of trainers in, 16672 domestication of dogs and, 3334 for emergencies, 240 guidelines for, 28586 learning from others, 176, 18183

to obey commands, 18283, 18990, 204n, 28586

by owners, 1011, 2526 pack a.n.a.logy and, 5761

"psychic powers" of animals, 16372, 25152 punishment versus reward in, 6061, 286 for scent recognition, 76, 7778, 8182 successes in, 11 wolf versus dog behavior and, 5561 see also learning learning trotting, 290 tuberculosis, detection of, 81 typhoid fever, detection of, 81

ultrasonic sounds, 91, 93, 24143 umami taste, 30 umwelt "acting into,"23#8211;24 anthropomorphism versus, 1417, 23, 3132, 263n, 29496 of blind companion, 13435, 162, 274 de-animalizing of dogs, 295 defined, 20 of dogs, 1319, 22, 23, 2426, 3132, 13237, 24158, 28788 functional tones and, 2426 of humans, 2122, 2426, 93n impact of dogs on human, 28384 of ticks, 2022 unfriendly behavior, 17172 uniformity of species, 89 urine as communication, 22, 8284, 11418 in detection of cancer, 8182 ground scratching a.s.sociated with, 85 hippopotamus marking, 84 licking, 73, 74 marking behavior, 22, 76, 8284, 11418 mongoose marking, 84 odor of, 22, 76, 8284, 11418 pheromones in, 73, 74, 83 punishment a.s.sociated with, 6061

raised-leg display, 83, 116, 11718 rhinoceros marking, 84

vasopressin, 261 see also see also hormones hormones

veterinarian, smell of fear and, 8485

video cameras, 56, 113, 19899, 23132, 245, 29192 vision, 12137 anatomy of dog eye, 12432 animal behavior affected by, 15n, 12632 animal observation of humans, 16173 area centralis, 127 b.a.l.l.s and, 12632, 154 color vision, 12829, 250, 252 dog companions for blind persons, 43, 13435, 152, 162, 274 dog visual field, 13537 flicker-fusion rate, 13032 foveae in, 12627

human visual perception, 2122, 6768, 7273, 13537, 14144 lateral versus panoramic, 124, 12728

motion sensitivity and, 48, 54, 12324, 12932, 167, 24445, 249, 25051 night vision, 48, 125, 12830 photoreceptors, 48, 126, 12732, 168 purpose of, 12224 retina in, 125, 12632, 13536, 249 sclera, 125 tapetum lucidum, 125 125 television-watching, 14, 13132, 157 in tracking prey, 12324, 143 visual attention, 139 visual streak, 12728, 287 of wolves, 123, 125 see also eye contact; eyes eye contact; eyes vocabulary of birds, 145n of dogs, 9697

voles, 261 vomeronasal organ, 12223

in animals, 7375, 79

as explanation for wet nose, 69, 7475, 77 in humans, 74 pheromone detection in, 7375

von Uexkull, Jakob, 2022, 24

wagging tails, 3, 31, 11213 walking, 16971 allelometric behavior, 275 described, 290 smell walks, 28485 weaning, 262n whales brain size of, 9n communication of, 91 whimper, 101 whine, 100, 101, 153 whiskers, 67 whistle, dog, 93 Whiten, Andrew, 188n Wild Animal Park (Escondido), 45, 15n wild side of dogs, 6164 willpower, 22627 Wilson, Edward O., 265n Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 253 wolfhound, 12, 124, 2056 wolves attachment in, 6364 behavior of, 2930, 45, 8990 Canidae family and, 34, 38 family and, 34, 38 developmental differences between dogs and, 10, 4245, 5052, 5564 divergence of, 3847 DNA differences between dogs and, 3940, 62 domestication of, 3847, 5561 dominance and submission in, 1819, 40, 147, 148 hunting behavior of, 34 hunting by, 3840, 43, 57n, 58 packs in, 38, 40, 41, 43, 5761, 103

physical cognition tasks and, 4445 physical differences between dogs and, 4344 problem-solving by, 180 as scavengers, 39, 40, 43 socialization of, 3847, 6364 social organization of, 38, 40, 41 tails of, 112 touch and, 269 vision of, 123, 125

Woolf, Virginia, 119 working dogs

a.s.sistance dogs, 43, 13435, 152, 162, 240, 274 companions for blind, 43, 13435, 152, 162, 274 guard dogs, 252 herders, 49, 53, 54, 71, 262, 287 hunters, 43, 49, 5354 linguistic ability of, 95 rescue dogs, 79, 166, 23739 self-awareness of, 22122 trackers, 76, 7778, 79

yard dogs, 180 yawn

contagious, 28081 as sign of stress, 110 yelp, 98, 100101

zebra finches, leg band preference in, 296n zoos

animal behavior in, 45, 8, 1415, 15859, 216 petting, 267

About the Author.

Alexandra Horowitz earned her B.A. in philosophy from the University of Pennsylvania and a Ph.D. in cognitive science from the University of California at San Diego, studying dog cognition. She is currently a term a.s.sistant professor of psychology at Barnard College and continues to research dog behavior. In addition to her work with dogs, she has also studied cognition in humans, rhinoceroses, and bon.o.bos. She previously worked as a lexicographer at Merriam-Webster and a fact-checker for earned her B.A. in philosophy from the University of Pennsylvania and a Ph.D. in cognitive science from the University of California at San Diego, studying dog cognition. She is currently a term a.s.sistant professor of psychology at Barnard College and continues to research dog behavior. In addition to her work with dogs, she has also studied cognition in humans, rhinoceroses, and bon.o.bos. She previously worked as a lexicographer at Merriam-Webster and a fact-checker for The New Yorker. The New Yorker. She lives in New York City with her husband and Finnegan, a dog of indeterminate parentage and determinate character, and the fond memories of dogs past. She lives in New York City with her husband and Finnegan, a dog of indeterminate parentage and determinate character, and the fond memories of dogs past.

She also likes to sketch her dogs.

Of course, researchers soon found brains bigger than ours: the dolphin's brain is larger, as are the brains of physically larger creatures such as whales and elephants. The "big brain" myth has long been overturned. Those who are still interested in mapping brain to smarts now look at other, more sophisticated measures: the amount of convolution of the brain; the encephalization quotient, a ratio that includes both brain and body size in the calculation; the quant.i.ty of neocortex; or the gross number of neurons and synapses between neurons.

This was made most evident for me one day collecting data of the behavior of the white rhinoceros. At the Wild Animal Park it is the animals who roam (relatively) freely, and the visitors are restricted to trains that travel around the large enclosures. I was situated in the narrow patch of gra.s.s between the track and the fence, watching a typical day of rhino socializing. As the trains approached, the rhinos stopped what they were doing and moved quickly into a defensive huddle: standing with rumps together, heads radiating out in a rough sunburst. The animals are peaceful, but with poor vision they can be easily startled if they do not smell someone approaching, and they count on each other as lookouts. The train stopped, and everyone gaped at the rhinos who, it was announced by the guide, were "doing nothing." Eventually the driver moved on, and the rhinos resumed their ordinary behavior.

This is similar to what was discovered by midcentury behaviorist researchers who exposed laboratory dogs to an electric shock from which they couldn't escape. Later, put in a chamber from which there was a visible escape route, and shocked again, these dogs showed learned learned helplessness: helplessness: they did not try to avoid the shock by escaping. Instead, they froze in place, seemingly resigned to their fate. The researchers had essentially trained the dogs to be submissive and accept their lack of control of the situation. (They later forced the dogs to unlearn the response and end the shock.) Happily, the days of experiments wherein we shock dogs to learn about their responses are over. they did not try to avoid the shock by escaping. Instead, they froze in place, seemingly resigned to their fate. The researchers had essentially trained the dogs to be submissive and accept their lack of control of the situation. (They later forced the dogs to unlearn the response and end the shock.) Happily, the days of experiments wherein we shock dogs to learn about their responses are over.

Not on this list are hyenas. hyenas. Dog-sized and -shaped, with erect German shepherdlike ears, and p.r.o.ne to howl and vocalize like many garrulous canids, hyenas are in some ways doglike, but are not in fact canids. They are carnivores more closely related to mongooses and cats than to dogs. Dog-sized and -shaped, with erect German shepherdlike ears, and p.r.o.ne to howl and vocalize like many garrulous canids, hyenas are in some ways doglike, but are not in fact canids. They are carnivores more closely related to mongooses and cats than to dogs.