Allende's Chile And The Inter-American Cold War Part 9

96. Oficio, Rettig to Senor Ministro, 2 March 1971, Oficios Conf., E./R./Brasil/1971/AMRE.

97. Oficio, Rettig to Senor Ministro, 14 May 1971, Oficios Conf., E./R./Brasil/1971/AMRE.

98. Quotations from Oficio, Embachile Rio to Senor Ministro, 17 September 1970, Oficios Conf., E./R./Brasil/1970/AMRE.

99. O Estado de So Paulo, 10 November 1970, as quoted in Oficio, Embachile Rio to Senor Ministro, 23 November 1970, and Oficio, Embachile Rio to Senor Ministro, 13 November 1970, Oficios Conf., E./R./Brasil/1970/AMRE.

100. Oficio, Rettig to Senor Ministro, 23 March 1971, Oficios Conf., E./R./Brasil/1971/AMRE. On evidence of communication between Brazilian naval officials and anti-Allende sectors of the Chilean navy, see Record of Conversation, Rountree and Admiral Figueiredo, c. 14 January, So Paulo, Telegram, Rountree to SecState, 14 January 1971, box 1697/RG59/NARA.

101. Oficio, Rettig to Senor Ministro, 30 March 1971, Oficios Conf., E./R./Brasil/1971/AMRE.

102. "Paises Latinoamericanos no han contestado consulta de EE.UU para bloqear a Chile; Departamento de Estado inicio contactos en noviembre. Norteamerica y Brasil observan Gobierno de Allende," El Diario and La Prensa, 13 March 1971, enclosures, Telex, Vuskovic and Vergara to Letelier, 13 March 1971.

103. Oficio, Embachile Rio to Senor Ministro, 29 April 1970, Oficios Conf., E./R./Brasil/1970/AMRE.

104. Almeyda as quoted in Urgent Note, "Summary of Visit of the Chilean Delegation," 2 June 1971, wiazka 3/40/75/AMSZ.

105. On reactions to Brazil's diplomatic offensive, see Oficios Conf., Rettig to Senor Ministro, 2 June 1971, and MRE to Senor Embajador de Chile en Brasil-Brasilia, 11 June 1971, Oficios Conf., E./R./Brasil/1971/AMRE. On Brazil's outreach to Peru, see Oficio Conf., Rettig to Senor Ministro, 27 March 1971, enclosure, Oficio, MRE to Embachile Was.h.i.+ngton, 15 April 1971, Oficios Conf., E./EEUU/1971/AMRE.

106. Oficio, Ramon Huidobro (Chilean Amba.s.sador), Embachile Buenos Aires to Senor Ministro, 16 July 1971, Oficios Conf., E./EEUU/1971/AMRE.

107. Oficio, Rettig to Senor Ministro, 26 March 1971, enclosure, Oficio, MRE to Embachile Was.h.i.+ngton, 15 April 1971, Oficios Conf., E./EEUU/1971/AMRE.

108. Almeyda, "Foreign Policy of the Unidad Popular," 88, and Almeyda as quoted in Urgent Note, "Summary of Visit of the Chilean Delegation," 2 June 1971. On levels of trade, see Diplomatic Report no. 338/72, FCO, 19 April 1972, FCO7/2174/TNA.

109. Record of Conversation, Hugo Vigorena Ramirez (Chilean Amba.s.sador), Embachile Mexico, and Emilio Rabasa (Mexican Foreign Minister), no date, Oficio, Vigorena Ramirez to Senor Ministro, Oficios Conf., E./R./Mexico/1971/AMRE.

110. "Conferencia de Prensa del Presidente de la Republica, Companero Salvador Allende," 5 May 1971, Discursos/AMRE.

111. Almeyda, Speech to OAS, San Jose, Costa Rica, 15 April 1971, in Vera Castillo, Politica Exterior Chilena, 42737; and Telex, Herrera to MRE, 1 April 1971, Aerograma y Telex/OEA/1971/AMRE.

112. Special Report, FBIS, "Cuban and Other Communist Views of Chile: Elements of Compet.i.tion with the Cuban Model," 15 March 1971, CDP-CIA.

113. Telegram, Hildyard (British Amba.s.sador in Santiago) to FCO, 14 June 1971, FCO7/2091/TNA.

114. Letter, Hildyard to J. M. Hunter (Latin America Department), FCO, 30 June 1971, FCO7/2091/TNA.

115. Record of Conversation, Letelier and Crimmins, 17 March 1971. See also Telegram, SecState to Amemba.s.sy Santiago, 18 March 1971, box 18/RG84/NARA.

116. Record of Conversation, Letelier and Kissinger, 23 March 1971.

117. Oficio, Letelier to Senor Ministro, 9 April 1971.

118. Crimmins interview.

119. Memorandum of Conversation, H. E. Argentina's Amba.s.sador Pedro Real et al., Was.h.i.+ngton, 22 December 1970, Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Deputy a.s.sistant Secretary, Subject and Country Files, box 1/RG59/NARA.

120. Paper, "A Study of Options for U.S. Strategy Concerning Chile's Future Partic.i.p.ation in the Organization of American States," enclosure, Memorandum, Crimmins to Kissinger, 4 December 1970.

121. Spektor, "Equivocal Engagement," 4380.

122. "Brazil Program a.n.a.lysis (NSSM 67)," enclosure, Memorandum, Wayne Smith to Kissinger, 3 December 1970, box H049/NSCIF/NPMP.

123. Letter, Edward M. Kennedy to Rogers, 25 March 1971, box 2134/RG59/NARA.

124. Memorandum, Irwin to the Secretary, "Policy toward Brazil," c. 1 December 1970, box 2134/RG59/NARA; and Memorandum, Wayne Smith to Kissinger, 27 November 1970, box H049/NSCIF/NPMP.

125. Memorandum, Nachmanoff to Kissinger, 25 November 1970, box H049/NSCIF/NPMP.

126. Memorandum, Nachmanoff to Kissinger, 1 December 1970, box H049/NSCIF/NPMP. Although he was invited in early 1971, Medici finally visited in December. Handwritten note, Kissinger, on Memorandum, Nachmanoff and Kennedy to Kissinger, 5 December 1970, box H050/NSCIF/NPMP.

127. Country a.n.a.lysis and Strategy Paper (CASP), 30 November 1970, enclosure, Airgram, Rountree to DOS, 19 January 1971, box 2136/RG59/NARA.

128. White House Tape, Nixon, Kissinger and Haldeman, 11 June 1971, doc. 139/FRUS/19691976/E-10.

129. Memorandum, Irwin to the Secretary, "Policy toward Brazil," c. 1 December 1970.

130. Memorandum, Crimmins to Irwin, 19 December 1970.

131. Memorandum, Laird to Nixon, 30 November 1970, box H220/NSCIF/NPMP.

132. Telcon, Kissinger and Laird, 26 December 1970, box 8/HAK Telcons/NSCF/NPMP.

133. Memorandum, Kissinger to the Undersecretary of State et al., 8 December 1970, box H049/NSCIF/NPMP.

134. Study, "U.S Military Presence in Latin America," enclosure, Memorandum, Meyer (Chairman, Interdepartmental Group for Inter-American Affairs) to Kissinger, 12 January 1971, box H178/NSCIF/NPMP.

135. Telcon, Kissinger and Laird, 22 April 1971, box 9/HAK Telcons/NSCF/NPMP.

136. Oficio, da Camara Canto to Secretario de Estado das Relaces Exteriores, 25 March 1971, Oficios/Embaixada do Brasil, Santiago 1971 (01)/AMRE-Brasilia.

137. Record of Conversation, Rountree and Admiral Figueiredo, c. 14 January 1971.

138. Record of Conversation, Rountree and Mario Gibson Barbosa, 12 November 1970, Telegram, Amemba.s.sy Brasilia to SecState, 12 November 1970, doc. 129/FRUS/19691976/E-10.

139. Memorandum of Conversation, Rogers, Meyer, Robert W. Dean (Brazil Country Director), Gibson Barbosa, and Celso Diniz (charge d'affaires, Brazilian Emba.s.sy), 1 February 1971, box 2134/RG59/NARA.

140. Oficio, Embachile Rio to Senor Ministro, 26 October 1970, Oficios Conf., E./R./Brasil/1970/AMRE.

141. Oficio, Huidobro to Senor Ministro, 16 July 1971, Airgram, Rountree to DOS, 28 May 1971, box 2132/RG59/NARA; and Oficio, Rettig to Senor Ministro, 2 July 1971, Oficios Conf., E./R./Brasil/1971/AMRE.

142. Bautista Yofre, Mision Argentina, 6364, 7879. Memorandum, Huidobro, 18 December 1970, MINREL: Memorandos Politicos/AMRE; and Almeyda, Speech to OAS, San Jose, Costa Rica, 15 April 1971, in Vera Castillo, Politica Exterior Chilena, 431. On Argentina's concerns regarding Chile, see also Telegram, Lodge to SecState, 27 April 1971, box 1697/RG59/NARA.

143. Letter, Letelier to Rodriguez, 12 October 1970.

144. Cable, Amba.s.sador Noworyt, Polish Emba.s.sy, Santiago, to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 22 May 1971, wiazka 3/40/75/AMSZ.

145. Almeyda, "Politica Exterior de la Unidad Popular," in Almeyda, Obras Escogidas, 12223, and Huidobro interview, 18 October 2004.

146. Almeyda as quoted in Urgent Note, "Summary of Visit of the Chilean Delegation," 2 June 1971.

147. Ibid.

148. Memorandum of Conversation, H. E. Argentina's Amba.s.sador Pedro Real et al., Was.h.i.+ngton, 22 December 1970.

149. Pablo Pardo as quoted in Telegram, Lodge to SecState, 2 July 1971, box 2193/RG59/NARA. See also Bautista Yofre, Mision Argentina, 6364, 7879.

150. "Declaracion de Salta," 24 Argentina 1971, in Vera Castillo, Politica Exterior Chilena, 46568.

151. Was.h.i.+ngton Post, 25 July 1971, as quoted in Telegram, Brazilian Emba.s.sy, Was.h.i.+ngton to Secretario de Estado das Relcoes Exteriores, 26 July 1971, Rolo 424/Telegramas recebidos da Embaixada em Was.h.i.+ngton/AMRE-Brasilia.

152. Oficio, Letelier and Valdes to Senor Ministro, 4 June 1971, Oficios Conf., R./EEUU/1971/AMRE.

153. Fidel Castro, 26 July 1971, as quoted in Oficio, Vega to Senor Ministro, 13 August 1971, Oficios Conf./Cuba/1971/AMRE.

154. Record of Conversation, Salum (Chilean Amba.s.sador), Embachile Argel, and President Boumedienne, 23 July 1971, Oficio, Salum to Senor Ministro, 27 July 1971, Argelia/1971/AMRE.

155. Oficio, Jerez Ramirez to Senor Ministro, "Asamblea Gobernadores BID: Discurso Presidente Velasco Alvarado," 11 May 1971, Oficios Res., E./R./Peru/1971/AMRE.

156. Directorate of Intelligence: Central Intelligence Bulletin, 28 August 1971, CREST/NARA.

157. Letter, Castro to Allende, 21 May 1971, in Castro, "Salvador Allende: His Example Lives On."

158. Record of Conversations, Raul Roa and Polish minister of foreign affairs Stefan Jedrychowski, 2426 June 1971, Urgent Note, "Notes on the Conversations with Roa," 30 June 1971, wiazka 3/40/75/AMSZ.

159. Memorandum Secreto, MRE al Senor Ambajador, no. 14, 24 June 1971.

160. Telegram, DOS to Amemba.s.sy Brasilia, 15 July 1971, box 2134/RG59/NARA.

Chapter 4.

1. Castro, Speech at Regional Stadium, Concepcion, 17 November 1971, published as "Estadio Regional de Concepcion," Cuba-Chile, 242.

2. Cable, Amba.s.sador Noworyt, Polish Emba.s.sy, Santiago, to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 11 June 1971, wiazka 3/40/75/AMSZ, and Telegram, Korry to SecState, 9 June 1971, box 2193/RG59/NARA.

3. Logevall and Preston, Nixon in the World, 4.

4. Castro, interview for Chilean Television, 12 November 1971, in Fidel in Chile: "A Symbolic Meeting Between Two Historical Processes," 67. See also doc.u.mentary, Alvarez, De America Soy Hijo.

5. Letter, Allende to Nixon, 4 September 1971 [English translation], 2/15/23/FOL. See also draft letter, Almeyda to Rogers, in Telex, Letelier to Almeyda (in Lima), 1 September 1971, Telex R: 401839/EEUU/1971/AMRE; and Jaramillo Edwards interview, 21 September 2005.

6. Allende, 15 July 1971, published as "Palabras del Presidente de la Republica, Companero Salvador Allende, en la ceremonia de firma del decreto que promulga la reforma const.i.tucional que permite la nacionalizacion del Cobre," in Vera Castillo, Politica Exterior Chilena, 4089.

7. Memorandum of Conversation, Almeyda and Rogers, no date, c. 7 October 1971, 2/13/32/FOL.

8. Estrada interview.

9. Record of Conversation, Valdes and Nachmanoff, 13 May 1971; Telex, Valdes to MRE, 13 May 1971; and Record of Conversation, Letelier and Meyer, 28 June 1971, Telex, Letelier to MRE, 29 June 1971, Telex R: 1400/EEUU/1971/AMRE.

10. Telex, Letelier to Almeyda, 9 July 1971, Telex R: 1400/EEUU/1971/AMRE.

11. Record of Conversation, Letelier and Kearns, 11 August 1971; Telex, Letelier to Almeyda, 11 August 1971; and Telex, Letelier to Almeyda, 5 August 1971.

12. Record of Conversation, Letelier and Kissinger, 5 August 1971; Telex, Letelier to Almeyda, 5 August 1971, Telex R: 401839/EEUU/1971/AMRE.

13. Oficio, Letelier to Senor Ministro, 10 August 1971, Oficios Conf., R./EEUU/1971/AMRE; and Telexes, Letelier to Almeyda, 11 August 1971, and Letelier to MRE, 12 October 1971, Telex R: 401839/EEUU/1971/AMRE.

14. Record of Conversation, Amba.s.sador Noworyt and Allende, 29 July 1971, Urgent Cable, Polish Emba.s.sy, Santiago, to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 31 July 1971, wiazka 3/40/75/AMSZ.

15. Telex, Letelier to Almeyda, 5 August 1971, Telex R: 401839/EEUU/1971/AMRE.

16. Telex, Letelier to Almeyda, 8 September 1971, Telex R: 401839/EEUU/1971/AMRE.

17. Telexes, Letelier to Almeyda, 11 August 1971, 13 and 21 August 1971, Telex R: 401839/EEUU/1971/AMRE; and Telex, Letelier to Almeyda, 8 September 1971, 2/13/33/FOL. See also Record of Luncheon offered by the Chilean emba.s.sy, attended by Marilyn Berger (Was.h.i.+ngton Post), Benjamin Welles (New York Times), George Gedda (AP), Ricardo Utrilla (France Press), Juan Walte (UPI), and Jones Rozenthal (Latin), Oficio, Letelier to Senor Ministro, 24 August 1971, Oficios Conf., R./EEUU/1971/AMRE. Another key emba.s.sy contact included Senator Edward Kennedy. See Record of Conversation, Letelier and Kennedy, 5 December 1971, Telexes (2), Letelier to MRE, 7 December 1971, and Record of Conversation, Letelier, Almeyda, and Kennedy, 6 October 1971, Telex, Letelier to MRE, 6 October 1971, Telex R: 401839/EEUU/1971/AMRE.

18. Vazquez and Cubillas interview, 11 September 2005. Vazquez and Cubillas recall that the Cubans advised Chile throughout the nationalization process and encouraged Allende to negotiate with the companies. On PS pressure, see Special National Intelligence Estimate, "The Outlook for Chile under Allende," 4 August 1971, CDP-CIA; and Cable, Polish Emba.s.sy, Santiago, to Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 7 June 1971, wiazka 3/40/75/AMSZ.

19. "Decreto No. 92, firmado por el Presidente de la Republic de Chile, Salvador Allende Gossens, Relativo a las Rentabilidades excesivas de las empresas de la gran mineria del cobre afectadas por la nacionalizacion," 28 September 1971, in Vera Castillo, Politica Exterior Chilena, 40910.

20. Allende, "Address to the United Nations," in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 2034. Allende stated that Anaconda and Kennecott mines reaped $774 million in "excess profits." This was then deducted from the compensation figure of $333 million determined by Chile's controller general.

21. "Contraloria General de la Republica: Fijacion de la Indemnizacion a las Empresas Cupreras Nacionalizadas, Resolution No. 529," 11 October 1971, in Vera Castillo, Politica Exterior Chilena, 41417.

22. Allende, Speeches in Quito, 25 August 1971, and Guayaquil, 27 August 1971, in Allende, Voz de Un Pueblo Continente, 53, 86. See also Telegram, Amemba.s.sy Quito, to SecState, 26 August 1971, box 2193/RG59/NARA.

23. Almeyda, Reencuentro con mi Vida, 19495.

24. "Declaracion Conjunta suscrita entre los Presidentes de la Republica del Ecuador, Jose Maria Velasco y de la Republica de Chile, Salvador Allende Gossens" Quito, 26 August 1971; "Declaracion Conjunta suscrita entre los Presidentes de la Republica de Colombia, Misael Pastrana Borrero y de la Republica de Chile, Salvador Allende Gossens," Bogota, 31 August 1971; "Declaracion Conjunta suscrita entre los Presidentes de la Republic del Peru, Juan Velasco Alvadardo y de la Republica de Chile, Salvador Allende Gossens," Lima, 3 September 1971, in Vera Castillo, Politica Exterior Chilena, 46980; and Almeyda, Speech to UN General a.s.sembly, 1 October 1971, in Vera Castillo, Politica Exterior Chilena, 371.

25. Letter, Castro to Allende, 11 September 1971, in Castro, "Salvador Allende: His Example Lives On."

26. Allende, Press Conference in Quito, 26 August 1971, in Allende, Voz de Un Pueblo Continente, 66.

27. Allende, Speech to Presidential Banquet, Bogota, 29 August 1971, in Allende, Voz de Un Pueblo Continente, 10910.

28. Telegram, Allen (U.S. Amba.s.sador), Embachile Bogota to SecState, 1 September 1971, box 2193/RG59/NARA.

29. Allende, interview with Augusto Olivares, November 1971, published as "Interview with Salvador Allende and Fidel Castro," in c.o.c.kcroft, Allende Reader, 134. See also Allende, San Augustin, Ecuador, 24 August 1971, in Allende, Voz de Un Pueblo Continente, 45.

30. Almeyda, Speech to UN General a.s.sembly, in Vera Castillo, Politica Exterior Chilena, 36871.