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18. Works Works 6:237, 245; see also JA to JQA, 7 May 1794, 6:237, 245; see also JA to JQA, 7 May 1794, UFC UFC, and JA to TBA, 19 September 1795, UFC UFC.
19. AA to JA, 31 December 1793, AA to JA, 31 December 1793, AFC AFC, vol. 9.
20. JA to AA, 12 March 1794, JA to AA, 12 March 1794, UFC UFC.
21. JA to AA, 11 November 1789, JA to AA, 11 November 1789, AFC AFC 8:342. 8:342.
22. AA to Cotton Tufts, 18 April 1790, AA to Cotton Tufts, 18 April 1790, AFC AFC, vol. 9.
23. Woody Holton, "Abigail Adams, Bond Speculator," Woody Holton, "Abigail Adams, Bond Speculator," WMQ WMQ 64 (October 2007), 82138; editorial note, AA to Cotton Tufts, 6 February 1790, 64 (October 2007), 82138; editorial note, AA to Cotton Tufts, 6 February 1790, AFC AFC, vol. 9.
24. AA to Cotton Tufts, 7 March 1790, AA to Cotton Tufts, 7 March 1790, AFC AFC, vol. 9.
25. AA to JQA, 11 July 1790, AA to JQA, 11 July 1790, AFC AFC, vol. 9; AA to Cotton Tufts, 1 September 1789, AFC AFC 8:405; AA to AA(2), 21 November 1790, 8:405; AA to AA(2), 21 November 1790, AFC AFC, vol. 9.
26. I have discussed the issues surrounding the treaty with the Creek Nation at greater length in I have discussed the issues surrounding the treaty with the Creek Nation at greater length in American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic American Creation: Triumphs and Tragedies at the Founding of the Republic (New York, 2007), ch. 4. (New York, 2007), ch. 4.
27. AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 8 August 1790, AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 8 August 1790, AFC AFC, vol. 9.
28. TJ to JA, 10 May 1789, TJ to JA, 10 May 1789, AJ AJ 1:237. 1:237.
29. JA to TJ, 29 July 1791, JA to TJ, 29 July 1791, AJ AJ 1:24748. 1:24748.
30. TJ to JA, 17 July 1791, TJ to JA, 17 July 1791, AJ AJ 1:246. 1:246.
31. JA to TJ, 29 July 1791, JA to TJ, 29 July 1791, AJ AJ 1:24950. John Quincy's eleven essays appeared in the 1:24950. John Quincy's eleven essays appeared in the Columbia Centinel in Columbia Centinel in June and July 1791. June and July 1791.
32. AA to JA, 7 January 1793, AA to JA, 7 January 1793, AFC AFC, vol. 9.
33. AA to JA, 27 May 1794, AA to JA, 27 May 1794, UFC UFC; JA to AA, 11 March 1796, UFC UFC.
34. AA to Martha Was.h.i.+ngton, 25 June 1791, AA to Martha Was.h.i.+ngton, 25 June 1791, UFC UFC; AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 20 March 1792, UFC UFC.
35. AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 28 April 1790, 25 October 1790, AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 28 April 1790, 25 October 1790, UFC UFC; AA to JQA, 7 November 1790, 5 November 1792, UFC UFC.
36. JA to JQA, 26 April 1795, JA to JQA, 26 April 1795, UFC UFC.
37. JA to AA(2), 31 January 1796, JA to AA(2), 31 January 1796, UFC UFC; JA to AA, 28 December 1794, UFC UFC.
38. JA to AA, 13 February 1796, JA to AA, 13 February 1796, UFC UFC.
39. JA to AA, 2 February 1796, JA to AA, 2 February 1796, UFC UFC.
40. AA to JA, 26 February 1794, 8 March 1794, AA to JA, 26 February 1794, 8 March 1794, UFC UFC; JA to AA, 16 January 1795, UFC UFC.
41. AA to AA(2), 14 December 1795, 21 February 1791, AA to AA(2), 14 December 1795, 21 February 1791, AFC AFC, vol. 9.
42. WSS to JA, 21 October 1791, WSS to JA, 21 October 1791, AFC AFC, vol. 9; JA to AA, 2 March 1793, AFC AFC, vol. 9.
43. JA to AA, 21 January 1794, JA to AA, 21 January 1794, UFC UFC.
44. JA to JQA, 4 October 1790, JA to JQA, 4 October 1790, AFC AFC, vol. 9; JA to JQA, 8 September 1790, 17 October 1790, AFC AFC, vol. 9.
45. JA to Thomas Welsh, 13 September 1790, JA to Thomas Welsh, 13 September 1790, AFC AFC, vol. 9; JA to AA, 19 May 1794, UFC UFC.
46. AA to Mary Cranch Smith, 12 March 1791, AA to Mary Cranch Smith, 12 March 1791, AFC AFC, vol. 9; JA to AA, 14 January 1794, UFC UFC.
47. JA to JQA, 30 May 1794, JA to JQA, 30 May 1794, UFC UFC; Martha Was.h.i.+ngton to AA, 19 July 1794, UFC UFC; JA to JQA, 19 September 1795, UFC UFC, in which John provides the quotation from Was.h.i.+ngton.
48. JA to JQA, 25 August 1795, JA to JQA, 25 August 1795, UFC UFC.
49. AA to JA, 22 April 1789, AA to JA, 22 April 1789, AFC AFC 8:334; JQA to William Cranch, 27 May 1789, 8:334; JQA to William Cranch, 27 May 1789, AFC AFC 8:361. See also AA(2) to JQA, 30 March 1789, 8:361. See also AA(2) to JQA, 30 March 1789, AFC AFC 8:363. 8:363.
50. AA to JA, 20 October 1789, AA to JA, 20 October 1789, AFC AFC 8:427; AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 9 January 1790, 8:427; AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 9 January 1790, AFC AFC, vol. 9; JA to JQA, 8 September 1790, AFC AFC, vol. 9.
51. The correspondence started on 23 December 1793 and ended on 17 May 1794. The early letters are in The correspondence started on 23 December 1793 and ended on 17 May 1794. The early letters are in AFC AFC, vol. 9, the remainder in UFC UFC. The question is from JA to CA, 11 May 1794, UFC UFC.
52. JA to CA, 25 December 1794, JA to CA, 25 December 1794, UFC UFC.
53. JA to CA, 7 February 1795, JA to CA, 7 February 1795, UFC UFC. My interpretation here cannot be proved conclusively, but strikes me as the most plausible explanation based on a considerable body of circ.u.mstantial evidence.
54. JA to AA, 8 December 1792, JA to AA, 8 December 1792, AFC AFC, vol. 9. John took offense at the support for Clinton, calling him "a mere cipher, a logroller in New York politics, a man of mere ambition and no virtue." JA to AA, 19 December 1792, AFC AFC, vol. 9.
55. JA to AA, 4 February 1794, 8 February 1794, JA to AA, 4 February 1794, 8 February 1794, AFC AFC, vol. 9.
56. JA to AA, 19 November 1794, JA to AA, 19 November 1794, UFC UFC; JA to AA, 23 November 1794, UFC UFC; AA to JA, 13 February 1795, UFC UFC.
57. AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 20 April 1792, 25 March 1792, AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 20 April 1792, 25 March 1792, AFC AFC, vol. 9.
58. JA to AA, 26 January 1794, JA to AA, 26 January 1794, UFC UFC; JA to AA, 14 January 1793, AFC AFC, vol. 9.
59. The best secondary account of this crowded moment is in Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The best secondary account of this crowded moment is in Stanley Elkins and Eric McKitrick, The Age of Federalism The Age of Federalism (New York, 1993), 33084. See also my (New York, 1993), 33084. See also my American Creation American Creation, ch. 5, and CA to JA, 29 July 1793, AFC AFC, vol. 9; JA to AA, 12 December 1793, AFC AFC, vol. 9; JA to AA, 17 February 1793, AFC AFC, vol. 9.
60. JA to AA, 28 December 1792, JA to AA, 28 December 1792, AFC AFC, vol. 9.
61. JA to AA, 3 February 1793, JA to AA, 3 February 1793, AFC AFC, vol. 9.
62. JA to JQA, 3 January 1794, JA to JQA, 3 January 1794, UFC UFC. See also JA to AA, 6 January 1794, UFC UFC.
63. Jerald A. Combs, Jerald A. Combs, The Jay Treaty: Political Battleground of the Founding Fathers The Jay Treaty: Political Battleground of the Founding Fathers (Berkeley, 1970), is the standard account. Elkins and McKitrick, (Berkeley, 1970), is the standard account. Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism The Age of Federalism, 40650, is superb on the diplomatic twists and turns.
64. JA to CA, 13 December 1795, JA to CA, 13 December 1795, UFC UFC; AA to JQA, 15 September 1795, UFC UFC.
65. JA to AA, 9, 14, 23, and 29 June 1795, JA to AA, 9, 14, 23, and 29 June 1795, UFC UFC, for John's report on the debate in the Senate. AA to JQA, 10 February 1795 and JA to CA, 20 April 1796, UFC UFC, for the quotations.
66. JA to AA, 21 and 26 April 1796, JA to AA, 21 and 26 April 1796, UFC UFC, for John's description of the melting Republican majority. JA to AA, 28 April 1796, UFC UFC, for reference to Madison's condition.
67. JA to JQA, 29 November 1795, JA to JQA, 29 November 1795, UFC UFC.
68. JA to AA, 5, 7, and 20 January 1796, JA to AA, 5, 7, and 20 January 1796, UFC UFC.
69. AA to JA, 21 January and 14 February 1796, AA to JA, 21 January and 14 February 1796, UFC UFC.
70. JA to AA, 15 February 1796, 10 February 1796, JA to AA, 15 February 1796, 10 February 1796, UFC UFC.
71. AA to JA, 20 February 1796, AA to JA, 20 February 1796, UFC UFC; JA to AA, 1 March 1796, UFC UFC.
72. AA to JA, 28 February 1796, AA to JA, 28 February 1796, UFC UFC.
73. JA to AA, 9 April 1796, JA to AA, 9 April 1796, UFC UFC; AA to JA, 4 December 1796, UFC UFC.
74. JA to AA, 8 December 1796, 7 December 1796, JA to AA, 8 December 1796, 7 December 1796, UFC UFC.
75. AA to JA, 1 January 1797, AA to JA, 1 January 1797, UFC UFC.
76. JA to AA, 27 December 1796, JA to AA, 27 December 1796, UFC UFC.
77. AA to JA, 31 December 1796, AA to JA, 31 December 1796, UFC UFC.
78. AA to JA, 15 January 1797, AA to JA, 15 January 1797, UFC UFC.
CHAPTER SIX. 17961801.
1. TJ to James Madison, 8 January 1797, TJ to James Madison, 8 January 1797, JM JM 2:955; 2:955; Aurora Aurora, 6 March 1797; William Duane, "A Letter to Was.h.i.+ngton" (Philadelphia, 1796); AA to JA, 23 December 1796, UFC UFC.2. AA to JA, 15 January 1797, AA to JA, 15 January 1797, UFC UFC; AA to JA, 31 December 1796, UFC UFC; AA to JA, 28 January 1797, UFC UFC. The standard account of the Adams presidency is Stephen G. Kurtz, The Presidency of John Adams: The Collapse of Federalism, 17841800 The Presidency of John Adams: The Collapse of Federalism, 17841800 (Philadelphia, 1957). (Philadelphia, 1957).3. JA to Elbridge Gerry, 20 February 1797, JA to Elbridge Gerry, 20 February 1797, AP AP, reel 117; TJ to James Madison, 1 January 1797, 22 January 1798, JM JM 2:953, 95960. 2:953, 95960.4. TJ to JA, 28 December 1796, TJ to JA, 28 December 1796, JM JM 2:96162; JA to AA, 1 and 3 January 1797, 2:96162; JA to AA, 1 and 3 January 1797, UFC UFC; AA to JA, 18 March 1797, UFC UFC.5. James Madison to TJ, 15 January 1797, James Madison to TJ, 15 January 1797, JM JM 2:95658. 2:95658.6. I have told this story in somewhat greater detail in I have told this story in somewhat greater detail in Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation (New York, 2000), 184; John's recollection of the episode is in (New York, 2000), 184; John's recollection of the episode is in Works Works 9:285. 9:285.7. JA to AA, 13 March 1797, JA to AA, 13 March 1797, UFC UFC; AA to JA, 2 March 1797, UFC UFC; JA to JQA, 3 November 1797, UFC UFC. On Jefferson's machinations, see Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism The Age of Federalism, 566.8. JA to AA, 17 March 1797, JA to AA, 17 March 1797, UFC UFC9. JA to AA, 5, 9, 17, and 27 March 1797, JA to AA, 5, 9, 17, and 27 March 1797, UFC UFC.
10. JQA to JA, 3 February, 4 March, and 20 May 1797, JQA to JA, 3 February, 4 March, and 20 May 1797, UFC UFC, for John Quincy's quite extraordinary a.n.a.lysis of French policy toward the United States.
11. JQA to JA, 21 May 1797, JQA to JA, 21 May 1797, UFC UFC.
12. AA to JA, 26 April 1797, AA to JA, 26 April 1797, UFC UFC.
13. Alexander Hamilton to James McHenry, 21 April 1797, Alexander Hamilton to James McHenry, 21 April 1797, HP HP 20:57475. An excellent account of Hamilton's behind-the-scenes behavior is in John 20:57475. An excellent account of Hamilton's behind-the-scenes behavior is in John Ferling, John Adams: A Life Ferling, John Adams: A Life (Knoxville, 1995), 343. (Knoxville, 1995), 343.
14. AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 23 June 1797, AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 23 June 1797, UFC UFC.
15. Aurora Aurora, 16 June 1798.
16. George Was.h.i.+ngton to JA, 28 February 1797, George Was.h.i.+ngton to JA, 28 February 1797, Works Works 8:52930. 8:52930.
17. JA to JQA, 25 October and 3 November 1797; AA to JQA, 3 November 1797, JA to JQA, 25 October and 3 November 1797; AA to JQA, 3 November 1797, UFC UFC; JQA to AA, 28 December 1797, UFC UFC.
18. Aurora Aurora, 17 May 1797, 26 May 1797.
19. AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 6 June 1797, AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 6 June 1797, UFC UFC; AA to Mercy Otis Warren, 1 October 1797, UFC UFC.
20. AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 20 and 27 March 1798, AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 20 and 27 March 1798, UFC UFC; AA to Hannah Cus.h.i.+ng, 9 March 1798, UFC UFC.
21. JQA to AA, 29 December 1797, JQA to AA, 29 December 1797, UFC UFC; JA to Cotton Tufts, 18 November 1797, UFC UFC.
22. AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 20 March 1798, AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 20 March 1798, UFC UFC.
23. AA to TBA, 4 April 1798, AA to TBA, 4 April 1798, UFC UFC.
24. AA to TBA, 1 May 1798, AA to TBA, 1 May 1798, UFC UFC.
25. AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 10 May 1798, AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 10 May 1798, UFC UFC.
26. JQA to JA, 15 April 1798, JQA to JA, 15 April 1798, UFC UFC.
27. AA to WSS, 8 April 1798, AA to WSS, 8 April 1798, UFC UFC; AA to Norton Quincy, 12 April 1798, UFC UFC; AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 13 April 1798, UFC UFC.
28. AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 22 April and 26 May 1798, AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 22 April and 26 May 1798, UFC UFC; AA to JQA, 26 May 1798, UFC UFC.
29. The standard work is James Morton Smith, The standard work is James Morton Smith, Freedom's Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties Freedom's Fetters: The Alien and Sedition Laws and American Civil Liberties (Ithaca, 1956). For a somewhat less harsh a.s.sessment of Adams, see Elkins and McKitrick, (Ithaca, 1956). For a somewhat less harsh a.s.sessment of Adams, see Elkins and McKitrick, The Age of Federalism The Age of Federalism, 59093, which cautions against imposing our modern notion of civil liberties on an era that was still groping toward a more expansive version of First Amendment protections.
30. AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 21 May 1798, AA to Mary Smith Cranch, 21 May 1798, UFC UFC; AA to Cotton Tufts, 25 May 1798, UFC UFC; AA to WSS, 20 March 1798, UFC UFC.
31. JA to George Was.h.i.+ngton, 7 July 1798, JA to George Was.h.i.+ngton, 7 July 1798, Works Works 8:575. 8:575.
32. JA to James McHenry, 22 October 1798, JA to James McHenry, 22 October 1798, Works Works 8:61213. 8:61213.
33. HP HP 21:381447. 21:381447.
34. Ron Chernow, Ron Chernow, Alexander Hamilton Alexander Hamilton (New York, 2004), 54668, provides the fullest and fairest account. (New York, 2004), 54668, provides the fullest and fairest account.
35. Ibid., 568. Ibid., 568.
36. AA to WSS, 7 July 1798, AA to WSS, 7 July 1798, UFC UFC.
37. AA(2) to JQA, 28 September 1798, AA(2) to JQA, 28 September 1798, UFC UFC, for a description of Abigail's ailments; AA to JQA, 20 July 1798, UFC UFC.
38. JA to AA, 1 February 1799, JA to AA, 1 February 1799, UFC UFC.
39. JQA to JA, 25 September 1798, JQA to JA, 25 September 1798, UFC UFC.
40. JA to AA, 25 February 1799, JA to AA, 25 February 1799, UFC UFC.
41. AA to JA, 27 February 1799, AA to JA, 27 February 1799, UFC UFC.
42. JA to AA, 22 February 1799, JA to AA, 22 February 1799, UFC UFC.
43. Pickering's comment is in Pickering's comment is in HP HP, 22:49495.
