A History Of Christianity Part 18

51 For an extraordinary long-term effect of one reading in the For an extraordinary long-term effect of one reading in the Pes.h.i.+tta Pes.h.i.+tta on worldwide racist att.i.tudes to blacks, see p. 868. on worldwide racist att.i.tudes to blacks, see p. 868.

52 A good introduction is C. Hopkins, edited by B. Goldman, A good introduction is C. Hopkins, edited by B. Goldman, The Discovery of Dura-Europos The Discovery of Dura-Europos (New Haven and London, 1979). (New Haven and London, 1979).

53 J. Gutmann, 'The Dura Europos Synagogue Paintings: The State of Research', in L. I. Levine (ed.), J. Gutmann, 'The Dura Europos Synagogue Paintings: The State of Research', in L. I. Levine (ed.), The Synagogue in Late Antiquity The Synagogue in Late Antiquity (Philadelphia, 1987), 61-72. A more striking instance of a cultural setting promoting the violation of Jewish prohibitions on sacred figural art, in this case the more direct violation of sculpture, is to be seen in the fine series of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century sculpted gravestones in the Portuguese Jewish cemetery at Ouderkerk aan de Amstel in the Netherlands. For Orthodox evasion of the graven-image prohibition, see p. 444. (Philadelphia, 1987), 61-72. A more striking instance of a cultural setting promoting the violation of Jewish prohibitions on sacred figural art, in this case the more direct violation of sculpture, is to be seen in the fine series of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century sculpted gravestones in the Portuguese Jewish cemetery at Ouderkerk aan de Amstel in the Netherlands. For Orthodox evasion of the graven-image prohibition, see p. 444.

54 Doig, 10-18. Doig, 10-18.

55 Baumer, 16. It is ironic that no Christian church building now remains in its original use in Urfa: see p. 927. Baumer, 16. It is ironic that no Christian church building now remains in its original use in Urfa: see p. 927.

56 A. Mirkovic, A. Mirkovic, Prelude to Constantine: The Abgar Tradition in Early Christianity Prelude to Constantine: The Abgar Tradition in Early Christianity (Frankfurt am Main, 2004), 89-115. For the texts, see Eusebius, 100-102 [1.13]. (Frankfurt am Main, 2004), 89-115. For the texts, see Eusebius, 100-102 [1.13].

57 For a judicious contribution to the still ill-tempered debate on the Shroud of Turin, see A. Friedlander, 'On the Provenance of the Holy Shroud of Lirey/Turin: A Minor Suggestion', For a judicious contribution to the still ill-tempered debate on the Shroud of Turin, see A. Friedlander, 'On the Provenance of the Holy Shroud of Lirey/Turin: A Minor Suggestion', JEH JEH, 57 (2006), 457-77. I am grateful to Hannes Schroeder of St Cross College, Oxford, for our discussions on carbon-dating of samples from the shroud in the University of Oxford's Research Laboratory for Archaeology.

58 F. Heal, 'What Can King Lucius Do for You? The Reformation and the Early British Church', F. Heal, 'What Can King Lucius Do for You? The Reformation and the Early British Church', EHR EHR, 120 (2005), 593-614, esp. at 595, 614.

59 Mirkovic, Mirkovic, Prelude to Constantine Prelude to Constantine, 22, 141-3.

60 For Eusebius's comment, see Stevenson (ed., 1987), 125. For Eusebius's comment, see Stevenson (ed., 1987), 125.

61 Hopkins, ed. Goldman, Hopkins, ed. Goldman, Discovery of Dura-Europos Discovery of Dura-Europos, 107-8.

62 For Serapion of Antioch's description of the use of another Gospel attributed to Peter, see Stevenson (ed., 1987), 126-7. For Serapion of Antioch's description of the use of another Gospel attributed to Peter, see Stevenson (ed., 1987), 126-7.

63 On Marcion, see pp. 125-7. On Marcion, see pp. 125-7.

64 For a sympathetic study, see E. J. Hunt, For a sympathetic study, see E. J. Hunt, Christianity in the Second Century: The Case of Tatian Christianity in the Second Century: The Case of Tatian (London, 2003), esp. 52-73, 176-8. (London, 2003), esp. 52-73, 176-8.

65 Stevenson (ed., 1987), 155. Stevenson (ed., 1987), 155.

66 Dalrymple, 175. Dalrymple, 175.

67 S. A. Harvey, 'Syria and Mesopotamia', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 351-65, at 355-6. S. A. Harvey, 'Syria and Mesopotamia', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 351-65, at 355-6.

68 K. McVey (ed.), K. McVey (ed.), Ephrem the Syrian: Hymns Ephrem the Syrian: Hymns (New York and Mahwah, 1989), 107: Hymn 5 on the Nativity. For the parallel of burglary in a parable of Jesus, see Luke 12.39-40. (New York and Mahwah, 1989), 107: Hymn 5 on the Nativity. For the parallel of burglary in a parable of Jesus, see Luke 12.39-40.

69 Dalrymple, 171-7. I much appreciate the welcome given us by the congregation of St George in 2008 and their gift of CDs of their performances of Edessan sacred music. Dalrymple, 171-7. I much appreciate the welcome given us by the congregation of St George in 2008 and their gift of CDs of their performances of Edessan sacred music.

70 A. Gelston, A. Gelston, The Eucharistic Prayer of Addai and Mari The Eucharistic Prayer of Addai and Mari (Oxford, 1992), esp. 12, and see also B. D. Spinks, (Oxford, 1992), esp. 12, and see also B. D. Spinks, Addai and Mari - the Anaphora of the Apostles: A Text for Students with Introduction, Translation and Commentary Addai and Mari - the Anaphora of the Apostles: A Text for Students with Introduction, Translation and Commentary (Grove Liturgical Study 24, Nottingham, 1980). (Grove Liturgical Study 24, Nottingham, 1980).

71 Baumer, 22, 59. Baumer, 22, 59.

72 Ibid., 105-7. Ibid., 105-7.

73 Harvey, 'Syria and Mesopotamia', 363. Harvey, 'Syria and Mesopotamia', 363.

74 Baumer, 66-71. Baumer, 66-71.

75 Goodman, 71. Goodman, 71.

76 V. N. Nersessian, 'Armenian Christianity', in Parry (ed.), 23-47, at 25. V. N. Nersessian, 'Armenian Christianity', in Parry (ed.), 23-47, at 25.

77 Ibid., 24-5. Ibid., 24-5.

78 Ibid., 27-8. Ibid., 27-8.

79 Stringer, 93-4. Stringer, 93-4.

6: The Imperial Church (300-451) 1 Stevenson (ed., 1987), 283. Stevenson (ed., 1987), 283.

2 Ibid., 284-6. Ibid., 284-6.

3 Ibid., 315-16. Ibid., 315-16.

4 Ibid., 283-4. Ibid., 283-4.

5 Eusebius, 547-8, 554 ( Eusebius, 547-8, 554 (Life of Constantine, XXIX, LV). For further discussion of the nature of Constantine's faith, see pp. 291-3.

6 A. Grafton and M. Williams, A. Grafton and M. Williams, Christianity and the Transformation of the Book: Origen, Eusebius and the Library of Caesarea Christianity and the Transformation of the Book: Origen, Eusebius and the Library of Caesarea (Cambridge, MA, 2006), 215-21. (Cambridge, MA, 2006), 215-21.

7 A. H. M. Jones, A. H. M. Jones, Constantine and the Conversion of Europe Constantine and the Conversion of Europe (London, 1948), 93-4. (London, 1948), 93-4.

8 Herrin, 9. Herrin, 9.

9 For what Constantine did achieve in Rome, see pp. 291-3. For what Constantine did achieve in Rome, see pp. 291-3.

10 E. D. Hunt, 'Constantine and Jerusalem', E. D. Hunt, 'Constantine and Jerusalem', JEH JEH, 48 (1997), 405-24, at 409.

11 Herrin, 5. Herrin, 5.

12 See H. C. Evans (ed.), See H. C. Evans (ed.), Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261-1557) Byzantium: Faith and Power (1261-1557) (New Haven and London, 2004), 5, 523, and for comment, see p. 495. (New Haven and London, 2004), 5, 523, and for comment, see p. 495.

13 Goodman, 548. Goodman, 548.

14 Stringer, 65-6. Stringer, 65-6.

15 Excellent accounts of this event and its consequences are provided by Hunt, 'Constantine and Jerusalem', and E. D. Hunt, Excellent accounts of this event and its consequences are provided by Hunt, 'Constantine and Jerusalem', and E. D. Hunt, Holy Land Pilgrimage in the Later Roman Empire, Holy Land Pilgrimage in the Later Roman Empire, AD AD 312-460 312-460 (Oxford, 1984), esp. Chs. 1 and 2. For the archaeology of Constantinian Jerusalem, see J. Murphy O'Connor, (Oxford, 1984), esp. Chs. 1 and 2. For the archaeology of Constantinian Jerusalem, see J. Murphy O'Connor, The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological Guide (Oxford, 1980), esp. 49-61. (Oxford, 1980), esp. 49-61.

16 C. Morris, C. Morris, The Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West from the Beginning to 1600 The Sepulchre of Christ and the Medieval West from the Beginning to 1600, (Oxford, 2005), 28-31.

17 P. Walker, P. Walker, Holy City, Holy Places? Christian Att.i.tudes to Jerusalem and the Holy Land in the Fourth Century Holy City, Holy Places? Christian Att.i.tudes to Jerusalem and the Holy Land in the Fourth Century (Oxford, 1990), esp. 371. (Oxford, 1990), esp. 371.

18 On Gregory and Jerome, B. Bitton-Ashkelony, On Gregory and Jerome, B. Bitton-Ashkelony, Encountering the Sacred: The Debate on Christian Pilgrimage in Late Antiquity Encountering the Sacred: The Debate on Christian Pilgrimage in Late Antiquity (Berkeley and London, 2005), Chs. 1 and 2, esp. 52. (Berkeley and London, 2005), Chs. 1 and 2, esp. 52.

19 On the gradual development of the Jerusalem pilgrimage and mixed motives of the pilgrims, see C. Mango, 'The Pilgrim's Motivation', in E. Da.s.smann and J. Engemann (eds.), On the gradual development of the Jerusalem pilgrimage and mixed motives of the pilgrims, see C. Mango, 'The Pilgrim's Motivation', in E. Da.s.smann and J. Engemann (eds.), Akten des XII. Internationalen Kongresses fur Christliche Archaologie Akten des XII. Internationalen Kongresses fur Christliche Archaologie (2 vols. and Register, Munster, 1995), I, 1-9. (2 vols. and Register, Munster, 1995), I, 1-9.

20 F. M. Young, 'Prelude: Jesus Christ, Foundation of Christianity', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 1-35, at 5, and on crosses in texts in the form of 'staurograms' (representations of the Cross), see L. W. Hurtado, F. M. Young, 'Prelude: Jesus Christ, Foundation of Christianity', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 1-35, at 5, and on crosses in texts in the form of 'staurograms' (representations of the Cross), see L. W. Hurtado, The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Ma.n.u.scripts and Christian Origins The Earliest Christian Artifacts: Ma.n.u.scripts and Christian Origins (Grand Rapids, 2006), esp. 135-6, 139, 151-4. (Grand Rapids, 2006), esp. 135-6, 139, 151-4.

21 Stevenson (ed., 1989), 258-62. Stevenson (ed., 1989), 258-62.

22 Matthew 24.2; Luke 19.44: cf. Jesus's predictions with a different and apparently symbolic thrust that he would destroy the Temple and rebuild it in three days, Matthew 26.61; 27.39-40; John 2.19. Matthew 24.2; Luke 19.44: cf. Jesus's predictions with a different and apparently symbolic thrust that he would destroy the Temple and rebuild it in three days, Matthew 26.61; 27.39-40; John 2.19.

23 Luke 1.52-3. Luke 1.52-3.

24 H. Inglebert, H. Inglebert, Les Romains chretiens face a l'histoire de Rome: Histoire, christianisme et romanites en Occident dans l'Antiquite tardive (IIIe-Ve siecles) Les Romains chretiens face a l'histoire de Rome: Histoire, christianisme et romanites en Occident dans l'Antiquite tardive (IIIe-Ve siecles) (Paris, 1996), 169-73. A balanced, not to say astringent, introduction to Eusebius as historian is F. Young, (Paris, 1996), 169-73. A balanced, not to say astringent, introduction to Eusebius as historian is F. Young, From Nicaea to Chalcedon From Nicaea to Chalcedon (London, 1983), 1-23. (London, 1983), 1-23.

25 Stevenson (ed., 1987), 258; on Paul, see p. 175. Stevenson (ed., 1987), 258; on Paul, see p. 175. 26 26 R. P. C. Hanson, 'The Liberty of the Bishop to Improvise Prayer in the Eucharist', R. P. C. Hanson, 'The Liberty of the Bishop to Improvise Prayer in the Eucharist', Vigiliae Christianae Vigiliae Christianae, 15 (1961), 173-6. A very useful summary of what we can know about early liturgy is B. Spinks, 'The Growth of Liturgy and the Church Year', in A. Casiday and F. W. Norris (eds.), The Cambridge History of Christianity II: Constantine to c. 600 The Cambridge History of Christianity II: Constantine to c. 600 (Cambridge, 2007), 601-17. (Cambridge, 2007), 601-17.

27 For the retreat to the wilderness, Matthew 4.1-11; Mark 1.12-13; Luke 4.1-13. On Nicaea, see Stevenson (ed., 1987), 339-40 (Canon 5). For the retreat to the wilderness, Matthew 4.1-11; Mark 1.12-13; Luke 4.1-13. On Nicaea, see Stevenson (ed., 1987), 339-40 (Canon 5).

28 The t.i.tle of his book The t.i.tle of his book The Silent Rebellion: Anglican Religious Communities, 1845-1900 The Silent Rebellion: Anglican Religious Communities, 1845-1900 (London, 1958). (London, 1958).

29 Stevenson (ed., 1987), 146-53. Stevenson (ed., 1987), 146-53.

30 A. F. J. Klijn, A. F. J. Klijn, The Acts of Thomas: Introduction, Text, and Commentary The Acts of Thomas: Introduction, Text, and Commentary (2nd edn, Leiden, 2003), 70-73, 110-11 [paras. 11-16; 87-90]. (2nd edn, Leiden, 2003), 70-73, 110-11 [paras. 11-16; 87-90].

31 S. A. Harvey, 'Syria and Mesopotamia', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 351-65, at 358. S. A. Harvey, 'Syria and Mesopotamia', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 351-65, at 358.

32 T. Vivian and A. N. Athana.s.sakis with R. A. Greer (eds.), T. Vivian and A. N. Athana.s.sakis with R. A. Greer (eds.), The Life of Antony by Athanasius of Alexandria The Life of Antony by Athanasius of Alexandria (Kalamazoo, 2003), 60-63 [para. 3]. (Kalamazoo, 2003), 60-63 [para. 3].

33 H. Chadwick, 'The Early Church', in Harries and Mayr-Harting (eds.), 1-20, at 13. H. Chadwick, 'The Early Church', in Harries and Mayr-Harting (eds.), 1-20, at 13.

34 Good discussion of Pachomius's initiatives in J. E. Goehring, 'Withdrawing from the Desert: Pachomius and the Development of Village Monasticism in Upper Egypt', Good discussion of Pachomius's initiatives in J. E. Goehring, 'Withdrawing from the Desert: Pachomius and the Development of Village Monasticism in Upper Egypt', HTR HTR, 89 (1996), 267-85, at 275-7.

35 E. A. Judge, 'The Earliest Use of Monachos for "Monk" (P. Coll. Youtie 77) and the Origins of Monasticism', E. A. Judge, 'The Earliest Use of Monachos for "Monk" (P. Coll. Youtie 77) and the Origins of Monasticism', JAC JAC, 20 (1977), 72-89, at 73-4.

36 C. Stewart, C. Stewart, 'Working the earth of the heart': The Messalian Controversy in History, Texts and Language to 'Working the earth of the heart': The Messalian Controversy in History, Texts and Language to AD AD 431 431 (Oxford, 1991), esp. 2-4, 12-24. (Oxford, 1991), esp. 2-4, 12-24.

37 Hastings, 6. Hastings, 6.

38 Binns, 109. Binns, 109.

39 Vivian and Athana.s.sakis with Greer (eds.), Vivian and Athana.s.sakis with Greer (eds.), The Life of Antony by Athanasius The Life of Antony by Athanasius, 68-71 [para. 6].

40 Ibid., 92-3 [para. 14.7]; cf. ibid., 78-9 [para. 8.2]. For useful discussion of the manipulation of the Egyptian story of monastic origins, see Goehring, 'Withdrawing from the Desert', 268-73. Ibid., 92-3 [para. 14.7]; cf. ibid., 78-9 [para. 8.2]. For useful discussion of the manipulation of the Egyptian story of monastic origins, see Goehring, 'Withdrawing from the Desert', 268-73.

41 Vivian and Athana.s.sakis with Greer (eds.), Vivian and Athana.s.sakis with Greer (eds.), The Life of Antony by Athanasius The Life of Antony by Athanasius, 50-51.

42 For examples, see Stevenson (ed., 1989), 169-70. For examples, see Stevenson (ed., 1989), 169-70.

43 Baumer, 112. Baumer, 112.

44 Ibid., 113. Ibid., 113.

45 D. Krueger, D. Krueger, Symeon the Holy Fool: Leontius's Symeon the Holy Fool: Leontius's Life Life and the Late Antique City and the Late Antique City (Berkeley and London, 1996), esp. 41, 43-4, 90-103. See also A. Ivanov, (Berkeley and London, 1996), esp. 41, 43-4, 90-103. See also A. Ivanov, Holy Fools in Byzantium and Beyond Holy Fools in Byzantium and Beyond (Oxford, 2006), esp. on Orthodox disapproval, at 2, and on Simeon in the bathhouse, at 115, and on Serbian silence, at 252-3. (Oxford, 2006), esp. on Orthodox disapproval, at 2, and on Simeon in the bathhouse, at 115, and on Serbian silence, at 252-3.

46 A. Hadjar, A. Hadjar, The Church of St. Simeon the Stylite and Other Archaeological Sites in the Mountains of Simeon and Halaqua The Church of St. Simeon the Stylite and Other Archaeological Sites in the Mountains of Simeon and Halaqua (Damascus, [1995]), 16-17, 22-3, 26-7, 31, 49. (Damascus, [1995]), 16-17, 22-3, 26-7, 31, 49.

47 Dalrymple, 57-60. Simeon's infant pillar-dwelling is recorded by the sixth-century historian Evagrius, who had known him: W. Smith and H. Wace (eds.), Dalrymple, 57-60. Simeon's infant pillar-dwelling is recorded by the sixth-century historian Evagrius, who had known him: W. Smith and H. Wace (eds.), Dictionary of Christian Biography Dictionary of Christian Biography (4 vols., London, 1877-87), IV, 681. (4 vols., London, 1877-87), IV, 681.

48 Stevenson (ed., 1989), 99. Stevenson (ed., 1989), 99.

49 A. M. Casiday (ed.), A. M. Casiday (ed.), Evagrius Ponticus Evagrius Ponticus (London, 2006), 193 ['On Prayer', 67]. Casiday provides a fine selection from Evagrius's writings. (London, 2006), 193 ['On Prayer', 67]. Casiday provides a fine selection from Evagrius's writings.

50 L. Dysinger, L. Dysinger, Psalmody and Prayer in the Writings of Evagrius Ponticus Psalmody and Prayer in the Writings of Evagrius Ponticus (Oxford, 2005), 6, 193-5. On his enthusiastic development of medical imagery, ibid., 104-23. For his influence on John Ca.s.sian, see pp. 315-16. (Oxford, 2005), 6, 193-5. On his enthusiastic development of medical imagery, ibid., 104-23. For his influence on John Ca.s.sian, see pp. 315-16.

51 Stevenson (ed., 1987), 277-8. For Athanasius's angrily distorted version of Melitius's break with colleagues, ibid., 357-8. Stevenson (ed., 1987), 277-8. For Athanasius's angrily distorted version of Melitius's break with colleagues, ibid., 357-8.

52 Events usefully summarized ibid., 297-312. Events usefully summarized ibid., 297-312.

53 Ibid., 304; for these events generally, ibid., 302-7. Ibid., 304; for these events generally, ibid., 302-7.

54 Ibid., 330. Ibid., 330.

55 R. C. Gregg and D. E. Groh, R. C. Gregg and D. E. Groh, Early Arianism: A View of Salvation Early Arianism: A View of Salvation (London, 1981), esp. 14-19, 28-9, 68-70, 114-15. For a balanced a.s.sessment of Arius, see R. Williams, (London, 1981), esp. 14-19, 28-9, 68-70, 114-15. For a balanced a.s.sessment of Arius, see R. Williams, Arius: Heresy and Tradition Arius: Heresy and Tradition (2nd edn, London, 2001). (2nd edn, London, 2001).

56 Cf. the comments of the church historian Socrates, interestingly sympathetic to Arius, in Stevenson (ed., 1987), 321, and on Arius and Melitius, ibid., 277-8 and 321; though see doubts in Williams, Cf. the comments of the church historian Socrates, interestingly sympathetic to Arius, in Stevenson (ed., 1987), 321, and on Arius and Melitius, ibid., 277-8 and 321; though see doubts in Williams, Arius Arius, 37-41.

57 Stevenson (ed., 1987), 334-5. Stevenson (ed., 1987), 334-5.

58 M. Edwards, 'The First Council of Nicaea', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 552-67, at 561 and n. M. Edwards, 'The First Council of Nicaea', in Mitch.e.l.l and Young (eds.), 552-67, at 561 and n.

59 The course and results of the council are usefully presented in Stevenson (ed., 1987), 338- 51. The term 'oec.u.menical', with one of those incongruities which enrich the study of history, was (as Henry Chadwick discovered) borrowed from the t.i.tle of the empire-wide a.s.sociation of actors and athletes given privileges by third-century emperors: Chadwick, 73. The course and results of the council are usefully presented in Stevenson (ed., 1987), 338- 51. The term 'oec.u.menical', with one of those incongruities which enrich the study of history, was (as Henry Chadwick discovered) borrowed from the t.i.tle of the empire-wide a.s.sociation of actors and athletes given privileges by third-century emperors: Chadwick, 73.

60 See p. 428. See p. 428.

61 For Arius and his bishop, Stevenson (ed., 1987), 326-7. For Arius and his bishop, Stevenson (ed., 1987), 326-7.

62 The traditional picture of bishops at Nicaea voting according to the emperor's wishes and then revealing their true 'Eusebian' colours is significantly qualified in S. Parvis, The traditional picture of bishops at Nicaea voting according to the emperor's wishes and then revealing their true 'Eusebian' colours is significantly qualified in S. Parvis, Marcellus of Ancyra and the Lost Years of the Arian Controversy, 325-345 Marcellus of Ancyra and the Lost Years of the Arian Controversy, 325-345 (Oxford 2006): she detects little overlap between those voting at Nicaea and later 'Eusebian' bishops, and a good deal of evidence of ruthless politicking by Eusebius of Nicomedia after Nicaea. See esp. ibid., 5-7, 39-50, 100-107, 133, 255-64. (Oxford 2006): she detects little overlap between those voting at Nicaea and later 'Eusebian' bishops, and a good deal of evidence of ruthless politicking by Eusebius of Nicomedia after Nicaea. See esp. ibid., 5-7, 39-50, 100-107, 133, 255-64.

63 Frend, 524. Frend, 524.

64 A. Robertson (ed.), A. Robertson (ed.), Select Writings and Letters of Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria Select Writings and Letters of Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria ( (NPNF, ser. 2, IV, 1891), 329, and cf. 412-13 (Four Discourses against the Arians, 1.39, 3.34). For Irenaeus's formulation, see A. Roberts and J. Donaldson (eds.), The Apostolic Fathers, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus The Apostolic Fathers, Justin Martyr, Irenaeus ( (Ante-Nicene Fathers I, 1885), 526 (Irenaeus, I, 1885), 526 (Irenaeus, Against Heresies Against Heresies, bk. 5, preface): 'our Lord Jesus Christ, who did, through His transcendent love, become what we are, that He might bring us to be even what He is Himself'.

65 L. Ayres, L. Ayres, Nicaea and Its Legacy: An Approach to 4th-century Trinitarian Orthodoxy Nicaea and Its Legacy: An Approach to 4th-century Trinitarian Orthodoxy (Oxford, 2004), esp. 431-2. See also D. M. Gwynn, (Oxford, 2004), esp. 431-2. See also D. M. Gwynn, The Eusebians: The Polemic of Athanasius of Alexandria and the Construction of the Arian Controversy The Eusebians: The Polemic of Athanasius of Alexandria and the Construction of the Arian Controversy (Oxford, 2007). (Oxford, 2007).

66 Various drafts and councils usefully presented in Stevenson (ed., 1989), 13-21, 39-41, 45-8. Various drafts and councils usefully presented in Stevenson (ed., 1989), 13-21, 39-41, 45-8.

67 An introduction to Julian with primary source material is S. Tougher, An introduction to Julian with primary source material is S. Tougher, Julian the Apostate Julian the Apostate (Edinburgh, 2007), and a notably lively novelistic imagining of Julian is G. Vidal, (Edinburgh, 2007), and a notably lively novelistic imagining of Julian is G. Vidal, Julian: A Historical Novel Julian: A Historical Novel (New York, 1964). See also Stevenson (ed., 1989), 52-68. (New York, 1964). See also Stevenson (ed., 1989), 52-68.

68 Frend, 602-3. Frend, 602-3.

69 J. Huskisson, 'Pagan and Christian in the Third to Fifth Centuries', in Wolffe (ed.), 13-41, at 31. J. Huskisson, 'Pagan and Christian in the Third to Fifth Centuries', in Wolffe (ed.), 13-41, at 31.

70 For another example of Epiphanius's labelling and smearing, see p. 124. For another example of Epiphanius's labelling and smearing, see p. 124.

71 P. Schaff (ed.), P. Schaff (ed.), Basil: Letters and Select Works Basil: Letters and Select Works ( (NPNF, ser. 2, VIII, 1895), 48 (Oration on the Holy Spirit, Ch. 30).

72 A fine introduction to the Cappadocian Fathers is Young, A fine introduction to the Cappadocian Fathers is Young, From Nicaea to Chalcedon From Nicaea to Chalcedon, 92 - 122.