The Worst Hard Time Part 13

Homesteading details in part from Homestead National Monument of America, Beatrice, Nebraska, author visit April 10, 2003.

Kansas details from previously cited WPA guide, Kansas: A Guide to the Sunflower State. Kansas: A Guide to the Sunflower State.

Size of the federal budget from The Great Depression: America in the 1930s, The Great Depression: America in the 1930s, T. H. Watkins (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1993). T. H. Watkins (Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1993).

Dawson family details from previously cited Dawson book, High Plains Yesterdays. High Plains Yesterdays.

Folkers details from author interview with Faye Folkers Gardner, April 30, 2002, and her previously cited book, So Long, Old Timer! So Long, Old Timer!

Osteen family narrative from author interview with Ike Osteen, April 25, 2002, and his previously cited book, A Place Called Baca. A Place Called Baca.

Description of Boise City at the time from the Cimarron News, Cimarron News, various editions, 1930. various editions, 1930.

Early twentieth-century American life in general, in part from America in Mid-pa.s.sage, Vol. III: The Real Rise of American Civilization, America in Mid-pa.s.sage, Vol. III: The Real Rise of American Civilization, Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard (New York: MacMillan Co., 1939), and Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard (New York: MacMillan Co., 1939), and This Fabulous Century: Sixty Years of American Life, This Fabulous Century: Sixty Years of American Life, Volume III, 19201930 (New York: Time-Life Books, 1969). Volume III, 19201930 (New York: Time-Life Books, 1969).

6: FIRST WAVE.

Bank closure from the Dalhart Texan, Dalhart Texan, various issues, 1931, on file at the XIT Museum, Dalhart, Texas. various issues, 1931, on file at the XIT Museum, Dalhart, Texas.

Depression details in general, in part from several books: The Great Depression, Robert S. McElvaine (New York: Times Books, 1984). Robert S. McElvaine (New York: Times Books, 1984).

Watkins, The Great Depression, The Great Depression, previously cited. previously cited.

The Great Crash: 1929, John Kenneth Galbraith (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1954). John Kenneth Galbraith (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1954).

Hard Times: An Oral History of the Great Depression, Studs Terkel (New York: Random House, 1970). Studs Terkel (New York: Random House, 1970).

White family troubles from author interview with Melt White, November 21, 2002.

Dalhart details from previously cited Hunter, Book of Years. Book of Years.

Dalhart collapse from letters, archives, and newspapers on file at the XIT Museum, Dalhart, Texas.

Information on the Herzstein family came from a variety of sources: Author visit to the Herzstein Museum in Clayton, New Mexico, June 4, 2003.

Author interview with Mortimer H. Herzstein on October 2, 2003.

Herzstein family archives, on file at the Zimmerman Library, Lerzstein Latin American Reading Room, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Author interview with Isabel Lord, daughter of Simon Herzstein, on February 20, 2002.

7: A DARKENING.

Weather records are from federal weather bureau records, available online, www.nws.noaa.gov/, and from archives at the National Drought Mitigation Center in Lincoln, Nebraska, author visit June 22, 2003.

Hazel Shaw story from author interview with her son, Charles Shaw, September 21, 2003.

Folkers details from Faye Folkers Gardner's previously cited book, So Long, Old Timer! So Long, Old Timer!

Information on William Murray in part from Alfalfa Bill Murray, Alfalfa Bill Murray, Keith L. Bryant Jr. (Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1968) and William H. Murray Collection at Oklahoma University, Carl Albert Center archives, author visit, September 9, 2003. Keith L. Bryant Jr. (Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 1968) and William H. Murray Collection at Oklahoma University, Carl Albert Center archives, author visit, September 9, 2003.

Sheriff Hi Barrick and his story from oral history interview with Barrick, recorded January 7, 1983, on file at the Oklahoma Historical Society, Oral History Program, author visit September 6, 2003.

First dust storm details from federal government's Monthly Weather Review, January 1932, www.history.noaa.gov.

Approaching storms and social conditions from The Dust Bowl: An Agricultural and Social History, The Dust Bowl: An Agricultural and Social History, R. Douglas Hurt (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1981). R. Douglas Hurt (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1981).

White family details from author interview with Melt White, November 21, 2002.

Reaction in Boise City from Boise City News, Boise City News, various editions, 1932 and 1933. various editions, 1932 and 1933.

Farming troubles from An Empire of Dust, An Empire of Dust, Lawrence Svobida (Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1940). Lawrence Svobida (Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1940).

8: IN A DRY LAND.

Dawson family descriptions of bugs from Dawson's book, High Plains Yesterdays, High Plains Yesterdays, previously cited. previously cited.

White family from author interview with Melt White, November 21, 2002.

Story of Blackjack's grave in part from pages of the Dalhart Texan, Dalhart Texan, various editions, 1932, and from author interviews with Herzstein family members, February 20, 2002, and October 2, 2003. various editions, 1932, and from author interviews with Herzstein family members, February 20, 2002, and October 2, 2003.

Weather bureau reaction to early storms in part from The Dust Bowl: Men, Dirt and the Depression, The Dust Bowl: Men, Dirt and the Depression, Paul Bonnifield (Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1979). Paul Bonnifield (Albuquerque: Univ. of New Mexico Press, 1979).

Information on Oklahoma Panhandle reaction from author interview with Gerald Dixon at his home in Guymon, Oklahoma, on November 21, 2002.

Details of drought, social, and agricultural life from author interview with Dr. Ken Turner, curator, No Man's Land Historical Museum, Guymon, Oklahoma, on November 20, 2002.

Lujan family details from family history on file at Boise City Public Library, Boise City, Oklahoma, and from Young, The Tracks We Followed, The Tracks We Followed, previously cited. previously cited.

County agricultural agent, William Baker, and his actions in part from Boise City News, Boise City News, various editions, 19321934. various editions, 19321934.

Hispanics and how they lived in part from oral history of Joe Garza, on file at Oklahoma Historical Society, Oral History Program, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.

Hugh Bennett from United States Department of Agriculture official biography, www.nrcs.usda.gov/about/history/bennett.html, and Big Hugh: The Father of Soil Conservation, Big Hugh: The Father of Soil Conservation, Wellington Brink (New York: MacMillan, 1951). Wellington Brink (New York: MacMillan, 1951).

Farming troubles from Svobida, An Empire of Dust, An Empire of Dust, previously cited. previously cited.

9: NEW LEADER, NEW DEAL.

White family details from author interview with Melt White, November 21, 2002.

Bill Murray decline from Murray archives, William H. Murray Collection at Oklahoma University.

Depression information in general from previously cited McElvaine, Great Depression, Great Depression, and and The Age of Roosevelt: The Crisis of the Old Order, 19191933, The Age of Roosevelt: The Crisis of the Old Order, 19191933, Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), as well as Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1957), as well as Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny, Franklin D. Roosevelt: A Rendezvous with Destiny, Frank Freidel (Boston: Little, Brown, 1990). Frank Freidel (Boston: Little, Brown, 1990).

Details of Boise City from Boise City News, Boise City News, various editions, 19331934. various editions, 19331934.

Farm income from Yearbook of Agriculture 1934, Yearbook of Agriculture 1934, United States Department of Agriculture (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1934). United States Department of Agriculture (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1934).

General plains details from Heaven's Tableland: The Dust Bowl Story, Heaven's Tableland: The Dust Bowl Story, Vance Johnson (New York: Farrar, Straus, 1947). Vance Johnson (New York: Farrar, Straus, 1947).

Bennett quotes from previously cited USDA biography and Brink, Big Hugh. Big Hugh.

10: BIG BLOWS.

Weather details from Boise City News, Boise City News, April 1 and 14, 1933, and from No Man's Land Historical Museum, Guymon, Oklahoma, author visit November 20, 2002. April 1 and 14, 1933, and from No Man's Land Historical Museum, Guymon, Oklahoma, author visit November 20, 2002.

Weather history from History of United States Weather Bureau, History of United States Weather Bureau, Donald R. Whitnah (Champaign: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1961). Donald R. Whitnah (Champaign: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1961).

Dalhart details from the Dalhart Texan, Dalhart Texan, various editions, 1933. various editions, 1933.

Hazel Shaw information from her previously cited book, Suns.h.i.+ne and Shadows, Suns.h.i.+ne and Shadows, and from author interview with her son, Charles Shaw, September 21, 2003. and from author interview with her son, Charles Shaw, September 21, 2003.

Lindbergh landing from Dalhart Texan Dalhart Texan and and Boise City News, Boise City News, various editions, 1933. various editions, 1933.

Eyewitness accounts of early storms from Oral History Program, Oklahoma Historical Society, author visit September 6, 2003.

Cable sent to Was.h.i.+ngton from Boise City News, Boise City News, various editions, 1933. various editions, 1933.

Hazel Shaw's pregnancy from her book, Suns.h.i.+ne and Shadows, Suns.h.i.+ne and Shadows, previously cited. previously cited.

11: TRIAGE.

Government checks and government plans in Boise City from Boise City News, Boise City News, various editions, 1934. various editions, 1934.

Hazel Shaw details from author interviews with son Charles Shaw, September 21, 2003, and her previously cited book, Suns.h.i.+ne and Shadows. Suns.h.i.+ne and Shadows.

Description of area, as quoted, from New Outlook New Outlook magazine, May 1934. magazine, May 1934.

McCarty writings from his column, Dalhart Texan, Dalhart Texan, various editions, 1934. various editions, 1934.

Information on the Kohler ranch and how the Kohler family coped from Robert Kohler interview, recorded March 14, 1983, on file at Oral History Program, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, author visit September 5, 2003.

Description of storms from "The Dust Bowl," Michael Parfit, Smithsonian, Smithsonian, June 1989. June 1989.

Big dust storm hits New York, from the New York Times, New York Times, various editions, 1934. various editions, 1934.

Caroline Henderson writings from "Letters of Two Women Farmers," Atlantic Atlantic Monthly, Monthly, August 1933, and collected in August 1933, and collected in Letters from the Dust Bowl, Letters from the Dust Bowl, Caroline Henderson, Alvin O. Turner, eds. (Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2001). Caroline Henderson, Alvin O. Turner, eds. (Norman: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2001).

12: THE LONG DARKNESS.

Birth of Shaw child and travails from Hazel Shaw's previously cited book, Suns.h.i.+ne and Shadows. Suns.h.i.+ne and Shadows. More Shaw details from author interview with Charles Shaw, September 21, 2003. More Shaw details from author interview with Charles Shaw, September 21, 2003.

Hi Barrick from oral history recorded January 7, 1983, on file at Oral History Program, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, author visit September 5, 2003.

Depression era birthrate from U.S. Census, www.census.gov.

Government plans and payouts from Boise City News, Boise City News, various editions, January 1935. various editions, January 1935.

Kohler ranch from oral history, Oral History Program, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, author visit September 6, 2003.

Lowery family canning and eating Russian thistles from Odalee Lowery Bohn's story in Footsteps: Family Histories of Cimarron County, Oklahoma, Footsteps: Family Histories of Cimarron County, Oklahoma, Norma Gene b.u.t.terbaugh Young, ed. (Amarillo, Texas: Southwestern Publications, 1989). Norma Gene b.u.t.terbaugh Young, ed. (Amarillo, Texas: Southwestern Publications, 1989).

Ehrlich family details from Willie Ehrlich oral history at Oral History Program, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, recorded July 17, 1986.

Borth family details from author interview with Rosa Borth Becker, Shattuck, Oklahoma, September 12, 2003.

13: THE STRUGGLE FOR AIR.

Osteen illnesses and life in dugout from author interview with Ike Osteen, April 25, 2002.

Osteen land and descriptions of family struggle from Osteen's previously cited book, A Place Called Baca. A Place Called Baca.

Dr. Blue on dust pneumonia from Boise City News, Boise City News, April 1935. April 1935.

Red Cross hospitals from Boise City News, Boise City News, April and May 1935, and Osteen recollections, author interview, April 25, 2002. April and May 1935, and Osteen recollections, author interview, April 25, 2002.

Stories of Baca County during 1930s from Baca histories on file at the Baca County Public Library, Springfield, Colorado.

Stories of Red Cross and other dust-related emergency measures in southeast Colorado from Prowers County Heritage, Prowers County Heritage, the county history, on file at the Lamar Public Library, Lamar, Colorado. the county history, on file at the Lamar Public Library, Lamar, Colorado.

Weather history, From Weather Vanes to Satellites, From Weather Vanes to Satellites, Herbert J. Spiegel and Arnold Gruber (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1983). Herbert J. Spiegel and Arnold Gruber (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1983).

14: SHOWDOWN IN DALHART.

Arrest of blacks from Dalhart Texan, Dalhart Texan, various issues, Spring 1935. various issues, Spring 1935.

Lunacy trials from records on file in Dallam County Courthouse, Dalhart, Texas, and from previously cited Dawson, High Plains Yesterdays. High Plains Yesterdays.

Details of Dalhart decline from previously cited Hunter, Book of Years. Book of Years.

White family ch.o.r.es and challenges, author interview with Melt White, November 21, 2002.

Big Dalhart meeting from Dalhart Texan, Dalhart Texan, various issues, Spring 1935. various issues, Spring 1935.

McCarty comments from his column in the Dalhart Texan, Dalhart Texan, various issues, Spring 1935. various issues, Spring 1935.

Rainmaking from Dalhart Texan, Dalhart Texan, various issues, Spring 1935. various issues, Spring 1935.

15: DUSTER'S EVE.

Baby's illness and death, from Hazel Shaw's previously cited book, Suns.h.i.+ne and Shadows, Suns.h.i.+ne and Shadows, and from Hi Barrick oral history, recorded January 7, 1983, on file at Oral History Program, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, author visit September 5, 2003. and from Hi Barrick oral history, recorded January 7, 1983, on file at Oral History Program, Oklahoma Historical Society, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, author visit September 5, 2003.

Other details and family reaction to tragedy from author interview with Charles Shaw, September 21, 2003.

Folkers troubles from Faye Folkers Gardner's previously cited book, So Long, Old Timer! So Long, Old Timer! and from author interviews with Gordon Folkers, May 2, 2002, and Faye Gardner, April 30, 2002. and from author interviews with Gordon Folkers, May 2, 2002, and Faye Gardner, April 30, 2002.

Boise City life just before Black Sunday from author interview with Norma Gene b.u.t.terbaugh Young, September 8, 2003, and her book, Footsteps, Footsteps, previously cited. previously cited.