Introduction to the History of Religions Part 38

[280] Numb. xix.

[281] Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., iii, 39 ff.

[282] J. J. M. de Groot, _Religion of the Chinese_, chap.

ii.

[283] Batchelor, _The Ainu_, new ed., p. 321 f.

[284] Josh. vii (story of Achan).

[285] Examples are given in Frazer's _Golden Bough_, loc.

cit.

[286] Lev. xiv, 1-9.

[287] Lev. xvi. Cf. the vision (Zech. v, 5 ff.) in which wickedness (or guilt), in the shape of a woman, is represented (in no brotherly spirit) as being transferred from Jewish soil to s.h.i.+nar (Chaldea).

[288] Miss J. E. Harrison, _Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion_, p. 95 ff.

[289] Later the festival was certainly connected with the driving forth of winter, but its earlier form was, probably, as given above.

[290] W. W. Fowler, _Roman Festivals_, Index, s.v.

_Mamurius, Lupercalia_. The beating was supposed also to have fertilizing power; cf. S. Hartland, _Primitive Paternity_, i, 100 ff.

[291] Deut. xvi; Ex. xii.

[292] In some savage tribes the older men seem to have nothing to do but arrange ceremonies.

[293] There is a faint survival, perhaps, in the use of incense in churches.

[294] A. Wuttke, _Der deutsche Volksaberglaube der Gegenwart_, ed. E. H. Meyer, Index; J. H. King, _The Supernatural_, i, 111 ff.

[295] _Journal of the Anthropological Inst.i.tute_, xii, 129 ff. (Andaman Islands); ibid. xxv, 188 (East Africa); Frobenius, _Childhood of Man_, chap. iii; Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., iii, 422 ff.

[296] A. L. Kroeber, in _University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology_, ii, viii; Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, chap. xliii (on h.o.m.os.e.xual relations).

[297] Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., i, 326; iii, 204 ff.; Hartland, _Primitive Paternity_, Index, s.v. _p.u.b.erty_; Crawley, _The Mystic Rose_, p. 55.

[298] See below, under "Taboo."

[299] Emasculation, of course, does not belong here; it is not a custom of initiation proper.

[300] Cf. Crawley, _The Mystic Rose_, p. 135.

[301] _Journal of the Anthropological Inst.i.tute_, xxvii, 406 (Omahas). On mutilation as a general religious rite see H.

Spencer, _Principles of Sociology_, i, 189, 290, and as punishment, Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, Index, s.v. _Mutilation_.

[302] Roscher, _Lexikon_, articles "Attis," "Kybele." Origen is a noteworthy example in Christian times; cf. Matt. xix, 12.

[303] For details of diffusion, methods, etc., see article "Circ.u.mcision" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_.

[304] This is an incision of the p.e.n.i.s from the meatus down to the scrotal pouch.

[305] Herodotus, ii, 37.

[306] Crawley, _The Mystic Rose_, p. 137 f.

[307] Ploss, _Das Kind_, 2d ed., i, 368 f.

[308] On phallic cults see below, -- 388 ff.

[309] Gen. xxiv, 2 f.

[310] A. B. Ellis, _The Yoruba_, p. 66.

[311] J. G. Frazer, in the _Independent Review_, iv, 204 ff.

[312] Circ.u.mcision of females is the removal of the c.l.i.toris and the l.a.b.i.a minora; introcision is the enlargement of the v.a.g.i.n.al orifice by tearing it downwards; infibulation is the closing of the l.a.b.i.a just after circ.u.mcision. Cf. Ploss, _Das Weib_, 2d ed., i, chap. v.

[313] Cf. also the great extent to which masturbation prevails among savages. Cf. Westermarck, _Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas_, chap. xliii.

[314] A rod is thrust through the glans of the p.e.n.i.s; see Roth, in _Journal of the Anthropological Inst.i.tute_, xxii, 45 (the palang); cf. Ploss, _Das Weib_, 2d ed., i, chap. xi; J. Macdonald, _Journal of the Anthropological Inst.i.tute_, xx, 116.

[315] Cf. the defloration of young women (by certain officially appointed men) on the occasion of their arriving at the age of p.u.b.erty; Rivers, _The Todas_, p. 503; Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 93; Crawley, _The Mystic Rose_, p. 347.

[316] Gen. xvii. Islam has no divine sanction for circ.u.mcision; it is not mentioned in the Koran, doubtless because Mohammed took it for granted as a current usage.

[317] 1 Sam. xvii, 26.

[318] Article "Circ.u.mcision (Egyptian)" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_, and the literature there cited.

[319] Deut. x, 16; Jer. ix, 25 f.; Rom. ii, 28 f.

[320] Article "Brotherhood (artificial)" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_.

[321] Cf. H. C. Trumbull, _The Blood-Covenant_, pa.s.sim; W.

R. Smith, _Religion of the Semites_, new ed., Index, s.v.

_Blood Covenant_.

[322] Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., iii, 422 ff.; cf.

Gatschet, _Migration Legend of the Creeks_, p. 185 f.

[323] Alice Fletcher, _Indian Ceremonies_, p. 278.

[324] ---- 533, 1095 ff., 1161 ff.

[325] _Journal of the Anthropological Inst.i.tute_, xxv, 295 (South Australia); Howitt, _Native Tribes of South-East Australia_, p. 531 f.

[326] _Journal of the Anthropological Inst.i.tute_, xiii, 296 (Queensland); Howitt, loc. cit.; Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, pp. 221, 223, and _Native Tribes of Northern Australia_, p. 361.