Introduction to the History of Religions Part 57

[1180] The Ethiopic Book of Enoch (ed. R. H. Charles), chaps. liii, vi-x; the Slavonic Enoch, or Secrets of Enoch (ed. R. H. Charles), chap. x.x.xi. For the later Jewish view (in Talmud and Midrash) see _Jewish Encyclopedia_, article "Satan."

[1181] The "demons" of 1 Cor. x, 20 (King James version, "devils") are foreign deities.

[1182] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, pp. 416, 492 ff.

[1183] Herzog-Hauck, _Real-Encyklopadie_, articles "Ophiten," "Kainiten."

[1184] J. Menant, _Les Yesidis_ (in _Annales du Musee Guimet_); Isya Joseph, _Yesidi Texts_ (reprinted from _American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures_, xxv (1909), no. 2 f.). Cf. the idea of restoration in Col. i, 20.

[1185] So the Christian Satan.

[1186] When, in the reports of travelers and other observers, demons are said to be placated, examination shows that these beings are G.o.ds who happen to be mischievous. Of this character, for example, appear to be the "demons"

mentioned in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_, ii, 122.

[1187] Frazer, _Golden Bough_, 2d ed., iii, 39 ff.

[1188] But see below, -- 704.

[1189] Baethgen, _Beitrage zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte_; Wellhausen, _Skissen_, iii, 25; Noldeke, in _Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft_, 1886, 1888, and article "Arabs (Ancient)" in Hastings, _Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics_; Pinches, article "Gad," and Driver, article "Meni," in Hastings, _Dictionary of the Bible_; Cheyne, article "Fortune" in _Encyclopaedia Biblica_; Commentaries of Delitzsch, Duhm, Marti, Skinner, and Box on Isa. lxv, 11.

[1190] Lane, _Arabic-English Lexicon_, s.v. The Old Testament t.i.tle "Rock" given to Yahweh (Deut. x.x.xii, 18, "the Rock that begat thee") is figurative, but may go back to a divine rock.

[1191] On the Hebrew place-name (Job i, 1) and perhaps personal name (Gen. x.x.xvi, 28) U? (Uz), which seems to be formally identical with 'Au?, see W. R. Smith, _Kins.h.i.+p and Marriage in Early Arabia_, 1st ed., p. 260 f., and his _Religion of the Semites_, p. 43; Wellhausen, _Skissen_, iii; Noldeke, in _Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft_, xl, 183 f.

[1192] _Maniya_, plural _manaya_.

[1193] Isa. lxv, 11; III Rawlinson, 66.

[1194] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and a.s.syria_, pp.

420, 428 (the tablets of fate given to Kingu and s.n.a.t.c.hed from him by Marduk); R. F. Harper, _a.s.syrian and Babylonian Literature_, p. 304 f. (Marduk seizes the tablets of fate from Zu); Ps. cx.x.xix, 16; Dan. vii, 10; Rev. v, 1, and other pa.s.sages.

[1195] As far as the forms are concerned, a concrete sense for _manat_, _manu_, _meni_, seems possible; cf. Wright, _Arabic Grammar_, 2d ed., i, -- 231; Barth, _Semitische Nominalbudungen_, p. 163 ff.; Delitzsch, _a.s.syrian Grammar_, p. 158 ff.

[1196] The etymologies in Gen. x.x.x, 11 ff. are popular. In "Baal-Gad" (Josh. xi, 17) _Gad_ may be the name of a place; cf. Stade, _Geschichte des Volkes Israel_, i, 271, note.

[1197] Erman, _Handbook of Egyptian Religion_, chap. iii.

For a list of other Egyptian G.o.ds of abstractions, such as eternity, life, Joy, see Wiedemann, "Religion of Egypt," in Hastings, _Dictionary of the Bible_, v, 191.

[1198] Boissier, _La religion romaine_, i, 4 ff.; Wissowa, _Religion der Romer_, p. 46 ff.; Usener, _Gotternamen_, p.

364 ff. (cf. Farnell, in _Anthropological Essays presented to E. B. Tylor_); Fowler, _Roman Festivals_, pp. 190 f., 341; Frazer, _Adonis Attis Osiris_, p. 169 ff.

[1199] Cf. above, -- 679, note.

[1200] Not all of these had public cults.

[1201] See articles in Roscher's _Lexicon_ ("Eros," "Moira,"

and similar terms); on Phoibos, cf. L. Deubner, in _Athenische Mittheilungen_, 1903.

[1202] Cicero, _De Natura Deorum_, ii, 25.

[1203] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 135 f.; Bloomfield, _Religion of the Veda_, pp. 191, 243 ff.; Macdonell, _Vedic Mythology_, p. 115 ff.

[1204] Spiegel, _Eranische Alterthumskunde_, ii, 34 ff.; A.

V. Williams Jackson, _Iranische Religion_ (in Geiger and Kuhn's _Grundriss der iranischen Philologie_, ii, 637).

[1205] The six are: Vohumanah (Good Thought or Good Mind), Khshathra Vairya (Best or Wished-for Righteous Realm or Law), Spenta Armaiti (Holy Harmony), Asha Vahista (Perfect Righteousness or Piety), Haurvatat (Well-being), Ameretat (Immortality).

[1206] On these and certain minor divinized conceptions of time see Spiegel, op. cit., ii, 4-17. On the Hindu personification of time see Bloomfield, _Religion of the Veda_, p. 244 ff. In these and similar cases time, containing all things, is conceived of as the producer of all things, and the line between personification and hypostatization is not always clearly defined. For the influence of astrology on the deification of time, see c.u.mont, _Les religions orientates parmi les peuples romains_, chap. vii (on astrology and magic), p. 212 f., paragraph on new deities, and notes thereto. Hubert, "La representation du temps dans la religion et la magie" (in _Melanges de l'histoire des religions_), p. 190, distinguishes between the notation of favorable and unfavorable times (and the nonchronological character of mythical histories) and the calendar, which counts moments continuously.

[1207] On a supposed relation between the Amesha-spentas and the Vedic Adityas see Roth, in _Zeitschrift der deutschen morgenlandischen Gesellschaft_, vi, 69 f.; Macdonell, _Vedic Mythology_, p. 44; Bloomfield, _Religion of the Veda_, p.

134 f. Cf. also L. H. Gray (on the derivation of the Amshaspands from material G.o.ds), in _Archiv fur Religionswissenschaft_, vii (1904), 345.

[1208] Cf. J. B. Carter, _De Deorum Romanorum Cognominibus_.

[1209] Cf. Boissier, _La religion romaine_, i, 9.

[1210] Cf. Farnell, _Cults of the Greek States_, v, 442 ff.

[1211] They survive in later times to some extent in the form of patron and other local saints, Christian and Moslem.

[1212] Cf. Bloomfield's cla.s.sification of deities (_Religion of the Veda_, p. 96) partly according to the degree of clearness with which characters belonging to physical nature appear: "translucent" G.o.ds are those whose origin in nature is obvious; "transparent" G.o.ds are half-personified nature objects.

[1213] Cf. Tylor, _Primitive Culture_, ii, 285 ff.

[1214] See above, -- 328 ff.

[1215] Spencer and Gillen, _Native Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 561 ff., and _Northern Tribes of Central Australia_, p. 182; Codrington, _The Melanesians_, p. 348; Roth, in _Journal of the Anthropological Inst.i.tute_, xxi, 125; Boas, _The Kwakiutl_, p. 410 f.

[1216] Cf. Batchelor, _The Ainu_ (1901), p. 63 f.

[1217] Cf. Aston, _s.h.i.+nto_, p. 35.

[1218] J. G. Muller, _Amerikanische Urreligionen_, p. 58, and Index, s.v. _Sonnendienst_; Matthews, _Navaho Legends_, p. 33; Brinton, _The Lenape_, p. 65 (cf. his _American Hero-Myths_, p. 230); Gatschet, _Migration Legend of the Creeks_, p. 216 f.

[1219] Prescott, _Mexico_, i, 57 ff.; id., _Peru_, i, 92 ff.; E. J. Payne, _History of the New World called America_, i, 463, 550 ff.; C. R. Markham, _The Incas of Peru_, pp. 63, 67, 104 ff.

[1220] _Records of the Past_, first series, ii, 129 ff.; viii, 105 ff.

[1221] Jastrow, _Religion of Babylonia and a.s.syria_, p. 71.

[1222] A. B. Ellis, _E?e_, p. 65.

[1223] Macdonell, _Vedic Mythology_, pp. 30, 32, 29, cf. p.

23; Bloomfield, _Religion of the Veda_, p. 86; Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 40 ff.

[1224] _Yas.h.i.+_, x, 67.

[1225] Hopkins, _Religions of India_, p. 529 f.