Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel Part 10

73. Dyer, Standards of Living Standards of Living, p. 203.

74. Paul Gille, "Hydraulic Works and Water-Supply Systems," in Daumas, II, p. 527.

75. Lopez, Commercial Revolution Commercial Revolution, p. 126. Mundy and Riesenberg, in The Medieval Town The Medieval Town (p. 37), break down the 130 crafts of the Paris tax list of 1292 into several groupings: 18 crafts in "alimentation and consumption goods such as firewood," 36 in clothing and personal furnis.h.i.+ngs, 22 in metallurgy, 22 in textiles and leather, 10 in house furniture, 5 in building and monumental arts, 3 in medicine and sanitation, and 15 in "divers specialities, including banking, brokerage, and bookmaking." (p. 37), break down the 130 crafts of the Paris tax list of 1292 into several groupings: 18 crafts in "alimentation and consumption goods such as firewood," 36 in clothing and personal furnis.h.i.+ngs, 22 in metallurgy, 22 in textiles and leather, 10 in house furniture, 5 in building and monumental arts, 3 in medicine and sanitation, and 15 in "divers specialities, including banking, brokerage, and bookmaking."

76. Dyer, Standards of Living Standards of Living, pp. 192, 210.

77. W. H. Auden, "In Time of War," in The Selected Poetry of W. H. Auden The Selected Poetry of W. H. Auden, New York, 1945, p. 340.

78. John Hooper Harvey, The Gothic World, 11001600: A Survey of Architecture and Art The Gothic World, 11001600: A Survey of Architecture and Art, New York, 1969 (first pub. in 1950), p. 7.

79. J. and F. Gies, Life in a Medieval City Life in a Medieval City, p. 139.

80. Harvey, Gothic World Gothic World, p. 27.

81. Hamlet Hamlet, III, iv.

82. Harvey, Gothic World Gothic World, pp. 1417, 3952, 15760. According to Lon R. Shelby ("The Geometrical Knowledge of Mediaeval Master Masons," Speculum Speculum 47 [1972], pp. 39798), master masons learned their geometry not in the cathedral schools or the universities but on the job, as part of the esoteric knowledge pa.s.sed from master to apprentice and from father to son. 47 [1972], pp. 39798), master masons learned their geometry not in the cathedral schools or the universities but on the job, as part of the esoteric knowledge pa.s.sed from master to apprentice and from father to son.

83. Lon R. Shelby, "The Role of the Master Mason in Mediaeval English Building," Speculum Speculum 39 (1964), pp. 387403. 39 (1964), pp. 387403.

84. Pacey, Maze of Ingenuity Maze of Ingenuity, pp. 5152.

85. Harvey, Mediaeval Craftsmen Mediaeval Craftsmen, p. 64.

86. Pacey, Maze of Ingenuity Maze of Ingenuity, p. 47.

87. Ibid., p. 9.

88. Shelby, "Role of the Master Mason," p. 399.

89. Ibid., p. 400.

90. Harvey, Gothic World Gothic World, pp. 5052.

91. Ibid., p. 47.

92. Pacey, Maze of Ingenuity Maze of Ingenuity, p. 48.

93. Gimpel, Medieval Machine Medieval Machine, p. 141.

94. White, Medieval Technology and Social Change Medieval Technology and Social Change, p. 118.

95. B. Gille, "Problems of Power and Mechanization," in Daumas, I, p. 448.

96. Robert Mark and Huang Yun-Sheng, "High Gothic Structural Development: The Pinnacles of Reims Cathedral," in Long, Science and Technology Science and Technology, p. 127.

97. Forbes, Man the Maker Man the Maker, p. 117.

98. T. Reynolds, Stronger Than a Hundred Men Stronger Than a Hundred Men, p. 64.

99. Bertrand Gille, "The Growth of Mechanization," in Daumas, II, p. 53.

100. Geddes, "Iron," p. 74.

101. B. Gille, "Transformation of Raw Materials," in Daumas, I, pp. 49495.

102. Gale, Iron and Steel Iron and Steel, p. 14; Forbes, Man the Maker Man the Maker, pp. 11718; Bromehead, "Mining and Quarrying," in Singer, II, p. 74.

103. John Spencer, "Filarete's Description of a Fifteenth Century Iron Smelter at Ferriere," Technology and Culture Technology and Culture 4 (1963), p. 202. 4 (1963), p. 202.

104. Gale, Iron and Steel Iron and Steel, p. 9.

105. Aitchison, History of Metals History of Metals, vol. I, pp. 246, 258.

106. "A Complaint Against the Blacksmiths," in English Historical Doc.u.ments, 13271485 English Historical Doc.u.ments, 13271485, ed. A. R. Myers, London, 1969, p. 1055.

107. Geddes, "Iron," pp. 17475.

108. A. R. Hall, "Military Technology," in Singer, II, p. 723. One explanation advanced for the failure of the longbow to diffuse is that the weapon required considerable strength and skill; the crossbow, technically far more complex, was easier to employ effectively.

109. Rosemary Ascherl, "The Technology of Chivalry in Reality and Romance," in Howell Chickering and Thomas Seiler, eds., The Study of Chivalry: Resources and Approaches The Study of Chivalry: Resources and Approaches, Kalamazoo, Mich., 1988.

110. A. R. Hall, "Guido's Texaurus," in Hall and West, Pre-modern Technology Pre-modern Technology, pp. 1152; Bertrand Gille, The Renaissance Engineers The Renaissance Engineers, London, 1966, pp. 2829.

111. Needham, Science and Civilization Science and Civilization, vol. V, pt. 7, pp. 4849, combining pa.s.sages from Roger Bacon's Opus maius Opus maius and and Opus tertium Opus tertium.

112. Ibid., p. 49.

113. Ibid., pp. 57079; Pacey, Technology in World Civilization Technology in World Civilization, pp. 4748.

114. Pacey, Technology in World Civilization Technology in World Civilization, p. 49; White, Medieval Religion and Technology Medieval Religion and Technology, p. 225.

115. Carlo Cipolla, European Culture and Overseas Expansion European Culture and Overseas Expansion, London, 1970, p. 115 (footnote).

116. Contamine, War in the Middle Ages War in the Middle Ages, pp. 13940; Cipolla, European Culture European Culture, p. 36 (footnote).

117. Pacey, Technology in World Civilization Technology in World Civilization, p. 54.

118. Petrarch, De remediis De remediis, bk. 1, dialogue 99, cited in Cipolla, European Culture European Culture, p. 35.

119. Contamine, War in the Middle Ages War in the Middle Ages, p. 145.

120. Ibid., p. 196.

121. Ibid., p. 144.

122. Cipolla, European Culture European Culture, p. 36.

123. Hill, History of Engineering History of Engineering, p. 245.

124. D. S. L. Cardwell, Turning Points in Western Technology Turning Points in Western Technology, New York, 1972, p. 14.

125. Derek J. de Solla Price, "Automata and the Origins of Mechanism and Mechanistic Philosophy," Technology and Culture Technology and Culture 5 (1964), p. 18; Pacey, 5 (1964), p. 18; Pacey, Maze of Ingenuity Maze of Ingenuity, pp. 3839; Needham, Science and Civilization Science and Civilization, vol. IV, pt. 2, p. 441.

126. Hill, History of Engineering History of Engineering, p. 223.

127. B. Gille, "Technology and Civilization of the Medieval West," in Daumas, I, p. 568. The earliest European text reference to the escapement is in Richard of Wallingford's Tractatus horologii Tractatus horologii; the device it describes is somewhat different from the verge and foliot: two spur gears mounted on a common axle with their teeth set out of phase; between them an anchor-shaped pallet rotates, its ends alternately catching and releasing the projecting teeth on either gear. Bert S. Hall believes that it may have derived directly from Villard de Honnecourt's sketched device. See Richard of Wallingford, Tractatus horologii astronomici Tractatus horologii astronomici, 3 vols., Oxford, 1976.

128. Usher, History of Mechanical Inventions History of Mechanical Inventions, pp. 19596. The word "clock" (French cloche cloche, German Glocke Glocke) was probably used for the bells that rang monastic hours before the mechanical clock appeared on the scene. The English expression "o'clock" may have distinguished equal-hour clock time from elastic-hour seasonal time.

129. Cipolla, European Culture European Culture, p. 115.

130. Ibid., p. 116.

131. Hill, History of Engineering History of Engineering, pp. 24344; Pierre Mesnage, "The Building of Clocks," in Daumas, II, pp. 28384.

132. Usher, History of Mechanical Inventions History of Mechanical Inventions, p. 196; Cipolla, European Culture European Culture, pp. 11617.

133. Ibid., pp. 12122; Price, "Automata," p. 18.

134. Usher, History of Mechanical Inventions History of Mechanical Inventions, p. 197.

135. Jacques Le Goff, Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages Time, Work, and Culture in the Middle Ages, trans. Arthur Goldhammer, Chicago, 1980, p. 49.

136. Cipolla, European Culture European Culture, pp. 11920.

137. Le Goff, Time, Work, and Culture Time, Work, and Culture, p. 35.

138. Cipolla, European Culture European Culture, p. 119.

139. Harvey, Mediaeval Craftsmen Mediaeval Craftsmen, pp. 1516.

140. Derry and Williams, p. 177.

141. Goodchild, "Roads and Land Travel," in Singer, II, p. 526.

142. Boyer, Medieval French Bridges Medieval French Bridges, pp. 67; Lopez, Commercial Revolution Commercial Revolution, p. 142; Lopez, "Evolution of Land Transport," pp. 2728.

143. Boyer, Medieval French Bridges Medieval French Bridges, p. 105.

144. Ibid., p. 63.

145. Ibid., p. 168.

146. Ibid., p. 143 (The Sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt, ed. Theodore Bowie, Bloomington, Ind., 1959, p. 130, plate 60).

147. Boyer, Medieval French Bridges Medieval French Bridges, p. 156.

148. J. Gies, Bridges and Men Bridges and Men, pp. 5354.

149. Ibid., pp. 1024; Hill, History of Engineering History of Engineering, pp. 7072.

150. Marjorie Nice Boyer, "Medieval Suspended Carriages," Speculum Speculum 34 (1959), pp. 36165. 34 (1959), pp. 36165.

151. White, Medieval Religion and Technology Medieval Religion and Technology, p. 110.

152. Bertrand Gille, "The Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries in the Western World," in Daumas, II, pp. 18, 35.

153. Paul Gille, "Land and Water Transportation," in Daumas, II, p. 348.

154. Goodchild, "Roads and Land Travel," in Singer, II, p. 527.

155. B. Gille, "Machines," in Singer, II, p. 639.

156. Stenton, "Road System of Medieval England," p. 17.

157. Marjorie Nice Boyer, "A Day's Journey in Medieval France," Speculum Speculum 26 (1951), pp. 59798. 26 (1951), pp. 59798.

158. Lopez, Commercial Revolution Commercial Revolution, p. 108.

159. Stenton, "Road System of Medieval England," p. 18.

160. Derry and Williams, p. 179; Forbes and Dijksterhuis, p. 142.

161. Lane, Venetian s.h.i.+ps and s.h.i.+pbuilders Venetian s.h.i.+ps and s.h.i.+pbuilders, p. 16.

162. Ibid., pp. 17678.

163. Unger, The s.h.i.+p in the Medieval Economy The s.h.i.+p in the Medieval Economy, p. 183.

164. Ibid., p. 186.

165. Ibid., p. 185.

166. Lane, Venetian s.h.i.+ps and s.h.i.+pbuilders Venetian s.h.i.+ps and s.h.i.+pbuilders, pp. 2930.

167. Unger, The s.h.i.+p in the Medieval Economy The s.h.i.+p in the Medieval Economy, pp. 21516; Phillips, Medieval Expansion of Europe Medieval Expansion of Europe, pp. 21819; Frederic C. Lane, "The Economic Meaning of the Invention of the Compa.s.s," American Historical Review American Historical Review 68 (1963), pp. 6056. 68 (1963), pp. 6056.

168. Pryor, Geography, Technology, and War Geography, Technology, and War, p. 54.

169. Lane, "Economic Meaning of the Compa.s.s," pp. 6089.

170. Ibid., pp. 60810.

171. Forbes and Dijksterhuis, p. 143.

172. Bertrand Gille, "Transportation," in Daumas, II, p. 40.