The Teaching and Cultivation of the French Language in England Part 20

[334] Often what appear to be mistakes to-day are due to change in p.r.o.nunciation; as when Pistol takes the French soldier's "bras" ('arm') for English 'bra.s.s,' a possibility at this period when the final _s_ was still sounded (Thurot, _p.r.o.nonciation francaise_, ii. pp. 35-36; Anders, _op. cit._ pp. 50-51.)

[335] Anders, _op. cit._ p. 51 _et seq._

[336] Cp. A. F. Leach, _English Grammar Schools of the Reformation_, 1896: F. Watson, _The English Grammar Schools up to 1660_, Cambridge, 1908, and _The Curriculum and Text-Books of English Schools in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century_, Bibliog. Soc., 1906.

[337] The author of the _Inst.i.tution of a Gentleman_, 1555 and 1560, mentions the "knowledge of tongues as necessary to gentlemen," but he does not seem to have meant modern languages. William Kemp, in his _Education of Children in Learning_, 1588, names the ancient tongues, especially Latin, and other writers do the same. For a list of similar works, cp. Watt, _Bibliotheca Britannica_, under "Education."

[338] Cp. J. W. Adamson, _Pioneers in Modern Education_, Cambridge, 1905, pp. 178 _sqq._

[339] _Sidney Papers_, ed. A. Collins; _Letters and Memorials of State_, vol. i. p. 8.

[340] E. Arber, _Transcript of the Registers of the Company of Stationers, 1554-1640_, v. p. 162.

[341] _Calendar of State Papers, Domestic: Addenda, 1580-1625_, p. 413.

[342] _Handlists of Books printed by London Printers, 1501-56_, Bibliog.

Soc., 1913: Grafton, p. 13.

[343] There is no trace of Du Ploich's name in any of the registers of aliens published by the Hug. Soc. The only trace of a name resembling his is that of Peter de Ploysse, butcher, in Breadstreet Ward (Lay Subsidies, 1549).

[344] F. Watson, _Grammar Schools_, pp. 69 _et seq._

[345] Arber, _Stationers' Register_, i. p. 126.

[346] Sig. A-N in fours.

[347] French in Roman type, English in black letter.

[348] Especially the Lambeth fragment, and the _Introductorie_ of Duwes.

[349] Sig. A-I in fours. Like the first edition, this is preserved in a unique volume in the Brit. Mus. The copy of Kingston's edition is not complete, wanting all before signature A3.

[350] Brit. Mus. Royal MSS. 16, E x.x.xvii., 63 quarto leaves.

[351] Edward had the MS. placed in his Library. Nichols, _Literary Remains_, p. cccx.x.xiv.

[352] Royal MSS. 16, E xxiii., 29 quarto leaves.

[353] "Et je ne suis pas si presumptueux de vouloir dire que celuy livre je soye suffissant a translater du tout en englois, a cause que je ne l'ay de nature. Mais a mon simple entendement, ayant l'opportunite et le loisir, l'ensuivray au plus pres que ie pourray."

[354] _Returns of Aliens in London_, Hug. Soc. Pub. x.

[355] _Lists of Denizations_, Hug. Soc. Pub., ad nom. (a Sancto Vinculo). Other details of his life are given in Miss L. E. Farrer's _La vie et les oeuvres de Claude de Sainliens_, Paris, 1907.

[356] Yet in this work Holyband refers several times to the necessity of having a good tutor.

[357] Farrer, _op. cit._ p. 21.

[358] As in the _French Schoolemaister_, French and English are arranged on opposite pages, the French in Roman characters, and the English in black letter.

[359] Des escholiers et l'eschole--Pour voyageurs--Du Logis, Du Poidz, Vendre et acheter, Pour marchans.

[360] Sylvius (1530) had placed a small vertical line over final unsounded consonants.

[361] Hug. Soc. Pub. x. pt. iii. p. 400. The name John Henricke occurs frequently in the registers of aliens. There was a John Henryke, a "Dutchman," who, in 1567, was living in Broadstreet Ward, and had been three weeks in England; and, in 1571, in St. Mary Alchurch Parish, when he is said to have been five years in England, and to be a native of Barowe in Brabant and nineteen years old. In 1582 one of the same name was living in Blackfriars and had two servants (Hug. Soc. Pub. x. pt i.

p. 322; pt. ii. pp. 91, 253). In 1579 a John Hendricke from the dominion of the Bishop of Liege received letters of denization (Hug. Soc. Pub.

viii. ad nom.). It does not seem likely that Holyband employed one of the Walloons, whose accent he taught his pupils to avoid.

[362] Foster, _Alumni Oxonienses_, ad nom.

[363] Farrer, _op. cit._ p. 1.

[364] C. Livet, _La Grammaire francaise et les grammairiens du 16e siecle_, Paris, 1859, pp. 500 _et seq._

[365] For his sources, etc., see Farrer, _op. cit._ pp. 73 _et seq._

[366] Schickler, _eglises du Refuge_, i. p. 358.

[367] _Dict. Nat. Biog._, ad nom.

[368] Farrer, _op. cit._ p. 16. Miss Farrer suggests that Holyband was connected with the family of Thuillier de Saint Lyens of Moulins (_op.

cit._ pp. 8, 9).

[369] Latin poem in the _Campo di Fior_, 1583.

[370] In the _Schoolemaister_, on the contrary, the exercises follow the rules, "to the end that I may teache by experience and practice that which I have shewed by arte."

[371] The philological side of Holyband's work has been fully treated by Farrer, _op. cit._

[372] In the _Schoolemaister_. The rules of the _French Littleton_ are much the same, only less quaintly worded.

[373] Holyband was the author of a work for teaching Italian: _The Italian Schoolmaster_, 1583, and again in 1591, 1597, and 1608.

[374] Schickler, _eglises du Refuge_, iii. pp. 167-171. The members of the Church attended to the interests of the schools, and donations were made from time to time. Cp. for instance, Schickler, _op. cit._ i. p.

123.

[375] _The Scholemaster_, ed. Arber, 1869, p. 82.

[376] Schickler, _op. cit._ i. p. 211.

[377] _Registers of Threadneedle Street, London_, Hug. Soc. Pub. ix.

[378] _Registre de l'eglise wallonne de Southampton_, Hug. Soc. Pub.

iv., 1890. In 1584 three baptisms were performed by Mr. Hopkins, an English minister.

[379] _Registre de l'eglise de Cantorbery_, Hug. Soc. Pub. v. pt. i., 1890.

[380] W. J. C. Moens (_The Walloons and their Church at Norwich_, Hug.