Micrographia Part 8

And because these bodies were so small, that I could not well come to make Experiments and Examinations of them, I provided me several small _stiriae_ of Crystals or Diamants, found in great quant.i.ties in _Cornwall_ and are therefore commonly called _Cornish Diamants_: these being very _pellucid_, and growing in a hollow cavity of a Rock (as I have been several times informed by those that have observ'd them) much after the same manner as these do in the Flint, and having besides their outward surface very regularly shap'd, retaining very near the same Figures with some of those I observ'd in the other, became a convenient help to me for the Examination of the proprieties of those kinds of bodies.

And first for the Reflections, in these I found it very observable, That the brightest reflections of light proceeded from within the _pellucid_ body; that is, that the Rays admitted through the _pellucid_ substance in their getting out on the opposite side, were by the contiguous and strong reflecting surface of the Air very vividly reflected, so that more Rays were reflected to the eye by this surface, though the Ray in entring and getting out of the Crystal had suffer'd a double refraction, than there were from the outward surface of the Gla.s.s where the Ray had suffer'd no reflection at all.

And that this was the surface of the Air that gave so vivid a _re-percussion_ I try'd by this means I sunk half of a _stiria_ in Water, so that only Water was contiguous to the under surface, and then the internal reflection was so exceedingly faint, that it was scarce discernable. Again, I try'd to alter this vivid reflection by keeping off the Air, with a body not fluid, and that was by rubbing and holding my finger very hard against the under surface, so as in many places the pulp of my finger did touch the Gla.s.s, without any _interjacent_ air between, then observing the reflection, I found, that wheresoever my finger or skin toucht the surface, from that part there was no reflection, but in the little furrows or creases of my skin, where there remain'd little small lines of air, from them was return'd a very vivid reflection as before. I try'd further, by making the surface of very pure Quicksilver to be contiguous to the under surface of this _pellucid_ body, and then the reflection from that was so exceedingly more vivid than from the air, as the reflection from air was than the reflection from the Water; from all which trials I plainly saw, that the strong reflecting air was the cause of this _Phaenomenon_.

And this agrees very well with the _Hypothesis_ of light and _Pellucid_ bodies which I have mention'd in the description of _Muscovy-gla.s.s_; for we there suppose Gla.s.s to be a _medium_, which does less resist the pulse of light, and consequently, that most of the Rays incident on it enter into it, and are refracted towards the _perpendicular_; whereas the air I suppose to be a body that does more resist it, and consequently more are _re-percuss'd_ then do enter it: the same kind of trials have I made, with _Crystalline Gla.s.s_, with drops of fluid bodies, and several other ways, which do all seem to agree very exactly with this _Theory_. So that from this Principle well establish'd, we may deduce severall Corollaries not unworthy observation.

And the first is; that it plainly appears by this, that the production of the Rainbow is as much to be ascribed to the reflection of the concave surface of the air, as to the refraction of the _Globular_ drops: this will be evidently manifest by these Experiments, if you _foliate_ that part of a Gla.s.s-ball that is to reflect an _Iris_, as in the _Cartesian_ Experiment, above mention'd, the reflections will be abundantly more strong, and the colours more vivid: and if that part of the surface be touch'd with Water, scarce affords any sensible colour at all.

Next we learn, that the great reason why _pellucid_ bodies beaten small are white, is from the mult.i.tude of reflections, not from the particles of the body, but from the _contiguous_ surface of the air. And this is evidently manifested, by filling the _Interst.i.tia_ of those powder'd bodies with Water, whereby their whiteness presently disappears. From the same reason proceeds the whiteness of many kinds of Sands, which in the _Microscope_ appear to be made up of a mult.i.tude of little _pellucid_ bodies, whose brightest reflections may by the _Microscope_ be plainly perceiv'd to come from their internal surfaces; and much of the whiteness of it may be destroy'd by the affusion of fair Water to be contiguous to those surfaces.

The whiteness also of froth, is for the most part to be ascribed to the reflection of the light from the surface of the air within the Bubbles, and very little to the reflection from the surface of the Water it self: for this last reflection does not return a quarter so many Rays, as that which is made from the surface of the air, as I have certainly found by a mult.i.tude of Observations and Experiments.

The whiteness of _Linnen_, _Paper_, _Silk_, &c. proceeds much from the same reason, as the _Microscope_ will easily discover; for the Paper is made up of an abundance of _pellucid_ bodies, which afford a very plentifull reflection from within, that is, from the concave surface of the air contiguous to its component particles; wherefore by the affusion of Water, Oyl, Tallow, Turpentine, &c. all those reflections are made more faint, and the beams of light are suffer'd to traject & run through the Paper more freely.

Hence further we may learn the reason of the whiteness of many bodies, and by what means they maybe in part made _pellucid_: As white Marble for instance, for this body is composed of a _pellucid_ body exceedingly flaw'd, that is, there are abundance of thin, and very fine cracks or c.h.i.n.ks amongst the mult.i.tude of particles of the body, that contain in them small parcels of air, which do so _re-percuss_ and drive back the penetrating beams, that they cannot enter very deep within that body; which the _Microscope_ does plainly inform us to be made up of a _Congeries_ of _pellucid_ particles. And I further found it somewhat more evidently by some attempts I made towards the making transparent Marble, for by heating the Stone a little, and baking it in Oyl, Turpentine, Oyl of Turpentine, &c., I found that I was able to see much deeper into the body of Marble then before; and one trial, which was not with an unctuous substance, succeeded better than the rest, of which, when I have a better opportunity, I shall make further trial.

This also gives us a probable reason of the so much admired _Phaenomena_, of the _Oculus Mundi_, an _Oval_ stone, which commonly looks like white Alabaster, but being laid a certain time in Water, it grows _pellucid_, and transparent, and being suffer'd to lie again dry, it by degrees loses that transparency, and becomes white as before. For the Stone being of a hollow spongie nature, has in the first and last of these appearances, all those pores fill'd with the obtunding and reflecting air; whereas in the second, all those pores are fill'd with a _medium_ that has much the same refraction with the particles of the Stone, and therefore those two being _contiguous_, make, as 'twere, one _continued medium_, of which more is said in the 15. _Observation_.

There are a mult.i.tude of other _Phaenomena_, that are produc'd from this same Principle, which as it has not been taken notice of by any yet that I know, so I think, upon more diligent observation, will it not be found the least considerable. But I have here onely time to hint _Hypotheses_, and not to prosecute them so fully as I could wish; many of them having a vast extent in the production of a mult.i.tude of _Phaenomena_, which have been by others, either not attempted to be explain'd, or else attributed to some other cause than what I have a.s.sign'd, and perhaps than the right; and therefore I shall leave this to the prosecution of such as have more leisure: onely before I leave it, I must not pretermit to hint, that by this Principle, mult.i.tudes of the _Phaenomena_ of the air, as about _Mists_, _Clouds_, _Meteors_, _Haloes_, &c. are most plainly and (perhaps) truly explicable; mult.i.tudes also of the _Phaenomena_ in colour'd bodies, as liquors, &c. are deducible from it.

And from this I shall proceed to a second considerable _Phaenomenon_ which these Diamants exhibit, and that is the regularity of their _Figure_, which is a propriety not less general than the former, It comprising within its extent, all kinds of _Metals_, all kinds of _Minerals_, most _Precious stones_, all kinds of _Salts_, mult.i.tudes of _Earths_, and almost all kinds of _fluid bodies_. And this is another propiety, which, though a little superficially taken notice of by some, has not, that I know, been so much as attempted to be explicated by any.

This propriety of bodies, as I think it the most worthy, and next in order to be consider'd after the contemplation of the _Globular Figure_, so have I long had a desire as wel as a determination to have prosecuted it if I had had an opportunity, having long since propos'd to my self the method of my enquiry therein, it containing all the allurements that I think any enquiry is capable of: For, first I take it to proceed from the most simple principle that any kind of form can come from, next the _Globular_, which was therefore the first I set upon, and what I have therein perform'd, I leave the Judicious Reader to determine. For as that form proceeded from a propiety of fluid bodies, which I have call'd _Congruity_, or _Incongruity_; so I think, had I time and opportunity, I could make probable, that all these regular Figures that are so conspicuously _various_ and _curious_, and do so adorn and beautifie such mult.i.tudes of bodies, as I have above hinted, arise onely from three or four several positions or postures of _Globular_ particles, and those the most plain, obvious, and necessary conjunctions of such figur'd particles that are possible, so that supposing such and such plain and obvious causes concurring the _coagulating particles_ must necessarily compose a body of such a determinate regular Figure, and no other, and this with as much necessity and obviousness as a fluid body encompast with a _Heterogeneous_ fluid must be protruded into a _Spherule_ or _Globe_. And this I have _ad oculum_ demonstrated with a company of bullets, and some few other very simple bodies; so that there was not any regular Figure, which I have hitherto met withall, of any of those bodies that I have above named, that I could not with the composition of bullets or globules, and one or two other bodies, imitate, even almost by shaking them together. And thus for instance may we find that the _Globular_ bullets will of themselves, if put on an inclining plain, so that they may run together, naturally run into a _triangular_ order, composing all the variety of figures that can be imagin'd to be made out of _aequilateral triangles_; and such will you find, upon trial, all the Surfaces of _Alum_ to be compos'd of: For three bullets lying on a plain, as close to one another as they can compose an _aequilatero-triangular_ form, as in A in the 7. _Scheme_. If a fourth be joyn'd to them on either side as closely as it can, they four compose the most regular Rhombus consisting of two _aequilateral triangles_, as B. If a fifth be joyn'd to them on either side in as close a position as it can, which is the propriety of the _Texture_, it makes a _Trapezium_, or four-sided Figure, two of whole angles are 120. and two 60. degrees, as C.

If a sixth be added, as before, either it makes an _aequilateral triangle_, as D, or a Rhomboeid, as E, or an _Hex-angular Figure_, as F, which is compos'd of two _primary Rhombes_. If a seventh be added, it makes either an _aequilatero-hexagonal_ Figure, as G, or some kind of six-sided _Figure_, as H, or I. And though there be never so many placed together, they may be rang'd into some of these lately mentioned Figures, all the angles of which will be either _60_. degrees, or 120. as the figure K. which is an _aequiangular hexagonal_ Figure is compounded of 12. _Globules_, or may be of 25, or 27, or 36, or 42, &c. and by these kinds of texture, or position of globular bodies, may you find out all the variety of regular shapes, into which the smooth surfaces of _Alum_ are form'd, as upon examination any one may easily find; nor does it hold only in superficies, but in solidity also, for it's obvious that a fourth _Globule_ laid upon the third in this texture, composes a regular _Tetrahedron_, which is a very usual Figure of the _Crystals_ of _Alum_. And (to hasten) there is no one Figure into which _Alum_ is observ'd to be crystallized, but may by this texture of _Globules_ be imitated, and by no other.

I could instance also in the Figure of _Sea-salt_, and _Sal-gem_, that it is compos'd of a texture of _Globules_, placed in a _cubical_ form, as L, and that all the Figures of those Salts may be imitated by this texture of _Globules_ and by no other whatsoever. And that the forms of _Vitriol_ and of _Salt-Peter_, as also of _Crystal_, _h.o.r.e-frost_, &c. are compounded of these two textures, but modulated by certain proprieties: But I have not here time to insist upon, as I have not neither to shew by what means _Globules_ come to be thus context, and what those _Globules_ are, and many other particulars requisite to a full and intelligible explication of this propriety of bodies. Nor have I hitherto found indeed an opportunity of prosecuting the inquiry so farr as I design'd; nor do I know when I may, it requiring abundance of time, and a great deal of a.s.sistance to go through with what I design'd; the model of which was this:

First, to get as exact and full a collection as I could, of all the differing kinds of Geometrical figur'd bodies, some three or four several bodies of each kind.

Secondly, with them to get as exact a History as possibly I could learn of their places of Generation or finding, and to enquire after as many circ.u.mstances that tended to the Ill.u.s.trating of this Enquiry, as possibly I could observe.

Thirdly, to make as many trials as upon experience I could find requisite, in Dissolutions and Coagulations of several crystallizing Salts; for the needfull instruction and information in this Enquiry.

Fourthly, to make several trials on divers other bodies, as Metals, Minerals, and Stones, by dissolving them in several _Menstruums_, and crystalizing them, to see what Figures would arise from those several _Compositums_.

Fifthly, to make Compositions and Coagulations of several Salts together into the same ma.s.s, to observe of what Figure the product of them would be; and in all, to note as many circ.u.mstances as I should judge conducive to my Enquiry.

Sixthly, to enquire the closeness or rarity of the texture of these bodies, by examining their gravity, and their refraction, &c.

Seventhly, to enquire particularly what operations the fire has upon several kinds of Salts, what changes it causes in their Figures, Textures, or Energies.

Eighthly, to examine their manner of dissolution, or acting upon those bodies dissoluble in them; The texture of those bodies before and after the process. And this for the History.

Next for the Solution, To have examin'd by what, and how many means, such and such Figures, actions and effects could be produc'd possibly.

And lastly, from all circ.u.mstances well weigh'd, I should have endeavoured to have shewn which of them was most likely, and (if the informations by these Enquiries would have born it) to have demonstrated which of them it must be, and was.

But to proceed, As I believe it next to the Globular the most simple; so do I, in the second place, judge it not less pleasant; for that which makes an Enquiry pleasant, are, first a n.o.ble _Inventum_ that promises to crown the successfull endeavour; and such must certainly the knowledge of the efficient and concurrent causes of all these curious Geometrical Figures be, which has made the Philosophers. .h.i.therto to conclude nature in these things to play the Geometrician, according to that saying of _Plato_, [Greek: Ho Theos geometrei]. Or next, a great variety of matter in the Enquiry; and here we meet with nothing less than the _Mathematicks_ of nature, having every day a new Figure to contemplate, or a variation of the same in another body,

Which do afford us a third thing, which will yet more sweeten the Enquiry, and that is, a mult.i.tude of information; we are not so much to grope in the dark, as in most other Enquiries, where the _Inventum_ is great; for having such a mult.i.tude of instances to compare, and such easie ways of generating, or compounding and of destroying the form, as in the _Solution_ and _Crystallization_ of Salts, we cannot but learn plentifull information to proceed by. And this will further appear from the universality of the Principle which Nature has made use of almost in all inanimate bodies. And therefore, as the contemplation of them all conduces to the knowledg of any one; so from a Scientifical knowledge of any one does follow the fame of all, and every one.

And fourthly, for the usefulness of this knowledge, when acquir'd; certainly none can doubt, that considers that it caries us a step forward into the Labirinth of Nature, in the right way towards the end we propose our selves in all Philosophical Enquiries. So that knowing what is the form of Inanimate or Mineral bodies, we shall be the better able to proceed in our next Enquiry after the forms of Vegetative bodies; and last of all, of Animate ones, that seeming to be the highest step of natural knowledge that the mind of man is capable of.

Observ. XIV. _Of several kindes of frozen _Figures_._

I have very often in a Morning, when there has been a great _h.o.a.r-frost_, with an indifferently magnifying _Microscope_, observ'd the small _Stiriae_, or Crystalline beard, which then usually covers the face of most bodies that lie open to the cold air, and found them to be generally _Hexangular prismatical_ bodies, much like the long Crystals of _Salt-peter_, save onely that the ends of them were differing: for whereas those of _Nitre_ are for the most part _pyramidal_, being terminated either in a point or edge; these of Frost were hollow, and the cavity in some seem'd pretty deep, and this cavity was the more plainly to be seen, because usually one or other of the six _parallelogram_ sides was wanting, or at least much shorter then the rest.

But this was onely the Figure of the _Bearded h.o.a.r-frost_; and as for the particles of other kinds of _h.o.a.r-frosts_, they seem'd for the most part irregular, or of no certain Figure. Nay, the parts of those curious branchings, or _vortices_, that usually in cold weather tarnish the surface of Gla.s.s, appear through the _Microscope_ very rude and unshapen, as do most other kinds of frozen _Figures_, which to the naked eye seem exceeding neat and curious, such as the Figures of _Snow_, frozen _Urine_, _Hail_, several _Figures_ frozen in common Water, &c. Some Observations of each of which I shall hereunto annex, because if well consider'd and examin'd, they may, perhaps, prove very instructive for the finding out of what I have endeavoured in the preceding Observation to shew, to be (next the _Globular Figure_ which is caus'd by _congruity_, as I hope I have made probable in the sixth _Observation_) the most simple and plain operation of Nature, of which, notwithstanding we are yet ignorant.

I.

_Several Observables in the _six-branched_ Figures form'd on the surface of Urine by freezing._

1 [11]The Figures were all frozen almost even with the surface of the _Urine_ in the Vessel; but the bigger stems were a little _prominent_ above that surface, and the parts of those stems which were nearest the center (a) were biggest above the surface.

2 I have observ'd several kinds of these Figures, some smaller, no bigger then a Two-pence, others so bigg, that I have by measure found one of its stems or branches above four foot long; and of these, some were pretty round, having all their branches pretty neer alike; other of them were more extended towards one side, as usually those very large ones were, which I have observ'd in Ditches which have been full of foul water.

3 None of all these Figures I have yet taken notice of, had any regular position in respect of one another, or of the sides of the Vessel; nor did I find any of them equally to exactness extended every way from the center a.

4 Where ever there was a center, the branchings from it, ab, ac, ad, ae, af, ag, were never fewer, or more then six, which usually concurr'd, or met one another very neer in the same point or center, a; though oftentimes not exactly; and were enclin'd to each other by an angle, of very near sixty degrees, I say, very neer, because, though having endeavoured to measure them the most acurately I was able, with the largest Compa.s.ses I had, I could not find any sensible variation from that measure, yet the whole six-branched Figure seeming to compose a solid angle, they must necessarily be somewhat less.

5 The middle lines or stems of these branches, ab, ac, ad, ae, af, ag, seem'd somewhat whiter, and a little higher then any of the _intermediate_ branchings of these Figures; and the center a, was the most _prominent_ part of the whole Figure, seeming the _apex_ of a solid angle or _pyramid_, each of the six plains being a little enclin'd below the surface of the _Urin_.

6 The lateral branchings issuing out of the great ones, such as op, mq, &c.

were each of them inclin'd to the great ones, by the same angle of about sixty degrees, as the great ones were one to another, and always the bigger branchings were _prominent_ above the less, and the less above the least, by proportionate _gradations_.

7 The _lateral_ branches shooting out of the great ones, went all of them from the center, and each of them was parallel to that great branch, next to which it lay; so that as all the branches on one side were parallel to one another, so were they all of them to the _approximate_ great branch, as po, qr, as they were parallel to each other, and shot from the center, so were they parallel also to the great branch ab.

8 Some of the stems of the six branches proceeded straight, and of a thickness that gradually grew sharper towards the end, as ag.

9 Others of the stems of those branches grew bigger and knotty towards the middle, and the branches also as well as stems, from Cylinders grew into Plates, in a most admirable and curious order, so exceeding regular and delicate, as nothing could be more, as is visible in ab, ac, ad, ae, af, but towards the end of some of these stems, they began again to grow smaller and to recover their former branchings, as about k and n.

10 Many of the _lateral_ branches had _collateral_ branches (if I may so call them) as qm had many such as st, and most of those again _subcollateral_, as vw, and these again had others less, which one may call _laterosubcollateral_, and these again others, and they others, &c. in greater Figures.

11 The branchings of the main Stems joyn'd not together by any regular line, nor did one side of the one lie over the other side of the other, but the small _collateral_ and _subcollateral_ branches did lie at top of one another according to a certain order or method, which I always observ'd to be this.

12 That side of a _collateral_ or _subcollateral_, &c. branch, lay over the side of the _approximate_ (as the feathers in the wing of a Bird) whose branchings proceeded parallel to the last biggest stem from which it sprung, and not to the biggest stem of all, unless that were a second stem backwards.

13 This rule that held in the branchings of the _s.e.xangular Figure_ held also in the branchings of any other great or small stem, though it did not proceed from a center.

14 The exactness and curiosity of the figuration of these branches, was in every particular so transcendent, that I judge it almost impossible for humane art to imitate.

15 Tasting several cleer pieces of this _Ice_, I could not find any _Urinous_ taste in them, but those few I tasted, seem'd as _insipid_ as water.