A Study of Pueblo Architecture: Tusayan and Cibola Part 12

93. See 25........................................Paroquet.

94. See 10........................................Bear.

95. See 19........................................Bear.

96. See 4.........................................Sand.

97. See 4.........................................Sand.

98. See 4.........................................Sand.

99. See 3.........................................Reed.

100. See 2........................................Corn.

101. See 2........................................Corn.

102. See 7........................................Coyote.

103. See 7........................................Coyote.

104. See 3........................................Reed.

105. See 3........................................Reed.

106. See 3........................................Reed.

107. See 5........................................Rabbit.

108. See 7........................................Coyote.

109. See 5........................................Rabbit.

110. See 5........................................Rabbit.

111. See 3........................................Reed.

112. See 5........................................Rabbit.

113. Vacant.

114. Vacant.

115. See 3........................................Reed.

116. See 6........................................Badger.

117. See 43.......................................Sun.

118. See 7........................................Coyote.

119. See 43.......................................Sun.

120. See 5........................................Rabbit.

121. See 43.......................................Sun.

122. See 3........................................Reed.

123. See 4........................................Sand.

124. See 4........................................Sand.

125. See 3........................................Reed.

126. See 3........................................Reed.

127. See 43.......................................Sun.

128. See 2........................................Corn.

129. See 9........................................Lizard.

130. See 4........................................Sand.

131. See 4........................................Sand.

132. See 7........................................Coyote.

133. See 9........................................Lizard.

134. See 25.......................................Paroquet.

135. See 25.......................................Paroquet.

136. See 6........................................Badger.

137. See 6........................................Badger.

138. Vacant.

139. See 10.......................................Bear.

140. See 3........................................Reed.

141. See 25.......................................Paroquet.

142. See 25.......................................Paroquet.

143. See 43.......................................Sun.

144. See 5........................................Rabbit.

145. See 15.......................................Bow.

146. Vacant.

147. See 6........................................Badger.

148. Katcin..............nyumuh...................Katcina.

149. See 7........................................Coyote.

150. See 6........................................Badger.

151. See 6........................................Badger.

152. See 6........................................Badger.

153. See 6........................................Badger.

Counting No. 23, this makes 154 houses; 149 occupied, 5 vacant.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Plate XLIX. Ketchipanan, plan.]

Reed families..... 25 Paroquet families... 10 Eagle families.... 6 Coyote families... 17 Owl families........ 9 Bear families..... 5 Lizard families... 14 Corn families....... 9 Bow families...... 4 Badger families... 13 Sun families........ 9 Spider families... 2 Rabbit families... 11 Sand families....... 8

Snake, Squash, Moth, Crane, Hawk, Mescal cake, Katcina, one each.

No tradition of gentile localization was discovered in Cibola.

Notwithstanding the decided difference in the general arrangements of rooms in the eastern and western portions of the village, the architectural evidence does not indicate the construction of the various portions of the present Zui by distinct groups of people.

INTERIOR ARRANGEMENT.

On account of the purpose for which much of the architectural data here given were originally obtained, viz, for the construction of large scale models of the pueblos, the material is much more abundant for the treatment of exterior than of interior details. Still, when the walls and roof, with all their attendant features, have been fully recorded, little remains to be described about a pueblo house; for such of its interior details as do not connect with the external features are of the simplest character. At the time of the survey of these pueblos no exhaustive study of the interior of the houses was practicable, but the ill.u.s.trations present typical dwelling rooms from both Tusayan and Zui.

As a rule the rooms are smaller in Tusayan than at Zui.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Fig. 20. Interior ground plan of a Tusayan room.]

[Ill.u.s.tration: Plate L. Ketchipauan.]

The ill.u.s.tration, Fig. 20, shows the ground plan of a second-story room of Mashongnavi. This room measures 13 by 12 feet, and is considerably below the average size of the rooms in these villages. A projecting b.u.t.tress or pier in the middle of the east wall divides that end of the room into two portions. One side is provided with facilities for storage in the construction of a bench or ledge, used as a shelf, 3 feet high from the floor; and a small inclosed triangular bin, built directly on the floor, by fixing a thin slab of stone into the masonry. The whole construction has been treated with the usual coating of mud, which has afterwards been whitewashed, with the exception of a 10-inch band that encircles the whole room at the floor line, occupying the position of a baseboard. The other side of the dividing pier forms a recess, that is wholly given up to a series of metates or mealing stones; an indispensable feature of every pueblo household. It is quite common to find a series of metates, as in the present instance, filling the entire available width of a recess or bay, and leaving only so much of its depth behind the stones as will afford floor s.p.a.ce for the kneeling women who grind the corn. In larger open apartments undivided by b.u.t.tress or pier, the metates are usually built in or near one corner.

They are always so arranged that those who operate them face the middle of the room. The floor is simply a smoothly plastered dressing of clay of the same character as the usual external roof covering. It is, in fact, simply the roof of the room below smoothed and finished with special care. Such apartments, even in upper stories, are sometimes carefully paved over the entire surface with large flat slabs of stone.

It is often difficult to procure rectangular slabs of sufficient size for this purpose, but the irregularities of outline of the large flat stones are very skillfully interfitted, furnis.h.i.+ng, when finished, a smoothly paved floor easily swept and kept clean.

On the right of the doorway as one enters this house are the fireplace and chimney, built in the corner of the room. In this case the chimney hood is of semicircular form, as indicated on the plan. The entire chimney is ill.u.s.trated in Fig. 62, which represents the typical curved form of hood. In the corner of the left as one enters are two ollas, or water jars, which are always kept filled. On the floor near the water jars is indicated a jug or canteen, a form of vessel used for bringing in water from the springs and wells at the foot of the mesa. At Zui water seems to be all brought directly in the ollas, or water jars, in which it is kept, this canteen form not being in use for the purpose.

The entrance doorway to this house, as indicated on the plan, is set back or stepped on one side, a type of opening which is quite common in Tusayan. This form is ill.u.s.trated in Fig. 84.

This room has three windows, all of very small size, but it has no interior communication with any other room. In this respect it is exceptional. Ordinarily rooms communicate with others of the cl.u.s.ter.

Pl. Lx.x.xV shows another typical Tusayan interior in perspective. It ill.u.s.trates essentially the same arrangement as does the preceding example. The room is much larger than the one above described, and it is divided midway of its length by a similar b.u.t.tress. This b.u.t.tress supports a heavy girder, thus admitting of the use of two tiers of floor beams to span the whole length of the room. The fireplace and chimney are similar to those described, as is also the single compartment for mealing stones. In this case, however, this portion of the room is quite large, and the row of mealing stones is built at right angles to its back wall and not parallel with it.

The right-hand portion of the room is provided with a long, straight pole suspended from the roof beams. This is a common feature in both Tusayan and Zui. The pole is used for the suspension of the household stock of blankets and other garments. The windows of this house are small, and two of them, in the right-hand division of the room, have been roughly sealed up with masonry.

Pl. Lx.x.xVI ill.u.s.trates a typical Zui interior. In this instance the example happens to be rather larger than the average room. It will be noticed that this apartment has many features in common with that at Tusayan last described. The pole upon which blankets are suspended is here incorporated into the original construction of the house, its two ends being deeply embedded in the masonry of the wall. The entire floor is paved with slabs of much more regular form than any used at Tusayan.

The Zui have access to building stone which is of a much better grade than is available in Tusayan.

[Ill.u.s.tration: Plate LI. Stone church at Ketchipauan.]