Conservation Reader Part 9

CHAPTER SIXTEEN

WHAT ARE THE ENEMIES OF THE TREES?

Every living thing is engaged in a struggle for air to breathe and for something to eat. Those that make their homes on the land also have to struggle for water. The stronger rob the weaker; for, among all of them except man, might always makes right. Men are learning that unselfishness is the better way, although they do not always practice it.

In this struggle the animals have an advantage over the plants, for if food fails in one place they can move to another. Among the animals also the mother tries to protect her children; and, in the case of some,--the wolf, for example,--a number will hunt together for the common good.

It is quite different with the plants. They must grow where the seeds take root. If there is little sunlight or water or the soil is poor, they must make the best of what they have.

The plants have to struggle not only with such enemies as insects, winds, fire, and browsing animals, but with each other, for every tree is the real or possible enemy of every other tree. Brother seeds sprouting under the same parent maple struggle with each other for the food and moisture in the soil and for the best place in the sunlight.

The one that gets the most of these will grow the faster and choke some of its weaker brothers.

[Ill.u.s.tration: _Edward S. Curtis_ Trees that struggle with cold and storm.]

In yonder grove of pines there are trees of all ages and sizes. The older ones have much the advantage and take a part of the food and sunlight that the smaller ones require. How the little ones stretch up and grow tall and slender in their attempt to get the sunlight!

But in spite of all their efforts some of them must die.

Some kinds of trees grow faster than others. Where a number are springing up together, the slow-growing ones will stand less chance of ever becoming great trees. In this way the yellow pine sometimes chokes out the cedar, and the fir gets the advantage of the sugar pine.

The bright, warm sun is the enemy of the tree that loves the shady hillsides. The swamp is the enemy of the tree that must have loose, dry soil. The cold is the enemy of the tree that is used to a hot climate.

Is it not strange that what is good for one tree is an enemy of another?

Many kinds of trees have their own particular insect enemies which attack them and no others. Some of these insects live upon the leaves, others eat the sapwood under the bark, while a few attack the roots.

Certain insects burrow in and eat the heartwood. Although this does not always kill the tree, it weakens it and makes the wood unfit for use.

The cedar and the hickory are among the trees injured in this manner.

The foliage of the broad-leaved trees is the delight of many insects.

They sometimes eat the leaves so closely that the tree is killed; for the trees breathe through their leaves and can no more do without them than they can without their roots.

The gypsy moth, which did no great harm in its European home, was brought to this country and accidentally set free. It at once began to attack the leaves of the elm, that beautiful tree of the old New England villages. Now it is destroying other trees and, notwithstanding the fight which we have made against it, we have not yet been able to exterminate it.

[Ill.u.s.tration: _American Forestry a.s.sociation_ Insects are destroying the trees of this forest.]

The chestnut tree, which every Eastern child loves for its nuts, is now being destroyed by a fungus which may kill every one of these trees in the country.

The white-pine blister, also brought over from Europe, is now threatening all the white pines and the related trees of our country.

This disease has already such a start in the East that we may not be able to stop it.

The dainty mistletoe, about which there are so many pretty Christmas legends, is a deadly enemy of many trees. The seed of this fungus is carried, by the birds or by the wind, from one tree to another. When it sprouts, tiny roots go down through the bark to the sap, on which it feeds until the tree is killed.

All our fruit trees have their deadly enemies which cause a loss of many millions of dollars every year. Among the worst of these is the San Jose scale, which was carelessly brought into the country from China.

[Ill.u.s.tration: _Pillsbury's Pictures, Inc._ A dwarf white pine which has found a foothold in the rocks on a mountain top.]

The pear blight has destroyed whole orchards of pear trees in the Western states. The citrus canker is now threatening the orange orchards of the Southern states.

For years we have been searching over the world for new and better varieties of fruit trees. With the s.h.i.+pments of such trees we have brought some of the worst of the diseases that we have just mentioned.

We should have all foreign trees most carefully inspected before admitting them to the country. We should also be very careful about s.h.i.+pping fruit or other trees from one part of our country to another.

Diseases are often carried in this way into places which otherwise they could not reach.

Field mice, gophers, and rabbits eat the bark of young fruit trees and kill those which are not carefully protected. In some parts of our country the apple and peach tree borers are a serious menace to young orchards. Gra.s.shoppers occasionally come in dense swarms and eat the leaves from every tree or plant in their path.

The valuable sugar pine of the Western mountains is not seeding itself as rapidly as it should, and we fear it will become extinct. The beautiful silver-gray squirrel loves the nuts of this pine, and it is said that he eats so many that few are left to sprout and make new trees. For this reason some people would like to make it lawful to kill all the gray squirrels that one wished. This would be too bad, for we do not believe the gray squirrel is the cause of the trouble. It is more likely that the lack of young sugar pines is due partly to its struggle in the forest with more rapidly growing trees and partly to the less frequent occurrence of forest fires to burn off the humus on the ground.

We know that the seeds of certain trees find difficulty in sending their roots down through the humus to the soil beneath.

[Ill.u.s.tration: _H. W. Fairbanks_ An avalanche has pa.s.sed through this forest.]

The narrow-leaved or cone-bearing trees, which are the main source of our lumber, also have other enemies. The most destructive of these are the little pine beetles which lay their eggs in the bark of the yellow pine, sugar pine, and tamarack pine. From these eggs there hatch worms which burrow under the bark until they cut off the flow of the sap. This kills the trees. The trees that are young and strong are sometimes able to pour out enough sap into the wounds to drown the insects, but many thousands of trees in the Western mountains are destroyed every year by these insects.

Wind and lightning are both enemies of the forests. Hundreds of forest fires are set every summer by thunder storms, but the rangers usually discover such fires soon enough to put them out before they have done much harm.

The pasturing of forests by stock does great injury, because of the browsing and trampling underfoot of the young trees. Sheep and goats are the worst of all the animals and should be kept out of those forests where the surface particularly needs protection and where the young trees require all the encouragement that Nature can give them in order to make a successful start in life.

We have learned something about the many enemies of the trees, but the worst one has not yet been mentioned. Can you guess what it is? This terrible enemy is man,--not savage man or Indian, but civilized man.

Although man has more need for forest trees than has any other animal, he is at the same time more ruthless in his treatment of them. Man destroys more trees every year, as a result of fires which he sets and of his wasteful methods of lumbering, than all the other enemies of the trees put together.

The forest area of the world is constantly growing smaller, and we must soon learn to treat the trees with more care or they may, like many of the wild creatures, nearly disappear from parts of the earth where they are most needed.

CHAPTER SEVENTEEN

HOW THE FORESTS ARE WASTED

O forest home in which the songbirds dwell!

The squirrel and the stag shall miss the spell Of thy cool depths when summer's sun a.s.sails, Nor more find shelter in thy shadowed vales.

All will be silent; echo will be dead; A field will lie where s.h.i.+fting shadows fled Across the ground. The mattock and the plow Will take the place of Pan and Satyr now.

The timid deer, the spotted fawns at play, From thy retreats will all be driven away.

Farewell, old forest; sacred crowns, farewell!

Revered in letters and in art as well; Thy place becomes the scorn of every one, Doomed now to burn beneath the summer sun.

All cry out insults as they pa.s.s thee by, Upon the men who caused thee thus to die!

Farewell, old oaks that once were wont to crown Our deeds of valor and of great renown!

O trees of Jupiter, Dordona's grove, How ingrate man repays thy treasure trove That first gave food that humankind might eat, And furnished shelter from the storm and heat.

PIERRE DE RONSARD, translated by BRISTOW ADAMS; _American Forestry_, XVI. 244

When our grandfathers came to America they found the country so covered with forests that they had to cut and burn the trees in order to obtain the ground on which to raise their crops. The Eastern states could not have been settled without clearing the land, and we cannot blame the pioneers for doing under those circ.u.mstances that which today would be very wrong.

[Ill.u.s.tration: _H. W. Fairbanks_ The farmer wastes the trees by girdling them and then allowing them to rot.]