The Architecture and Landscape Gardening of the Exposition Part 9

"There is a succession of impressions produced as one walks through the different parts of the grounds that play on the feeling and the mind, each part having its own peculiar influence on the sentiment. Along the main axis, for example, the Machinery Hall and neighborhood suggest a mixture of the cla.s.sic and romantic, as you understand the terms in literature."

"The Court of Ages suggests the medieval with all its rising power of idealism in conflict with the physical. The Court of the Universe suggests Rome, inhabited by some unknown placid people. The Court of the Four Seasons suggests the grace, the beauty and the peace in the land where the souls of philosophers and poets dwell."

"The Fine Arts Palace suggests the romantic of the period after the cla.s.sic Renaissance, and the keynote is one of sadness modified by the feeling that beauty has a soothing influence."

Palace of Fine Arts The Garden and Fountain of Time

In the foreground of this poetic garden scene is the foremost figure of Lorado Taft's "Fountain of Time." In sympathy with the atmospheric influence of such a vista, Bernard R. Maybeck, the architect, continues the thought of the preceding page:

"To make a Fine Arts composition that will fit this modified melancholy, we must use those forms in architecture and gardening that will affect the emotions in such a way as to produce on the individual the same modified sadness as the galleries do. Suppose you were to put a Greek temple in the middle of a small mountain lake surrounded by dark, deep rocky cliffs, with the white foam das.h.i.+ng over the marble temple floor, you would have a sense of mysterious fear and even terror, as of something uncanny. If the same temple, pure and beautiful in lines and color, were placed on the face of a placid lake, surrounded by high trees and lit up by a glorious full moon, you would recall the days when your mother pressed you to her bosom and your final sob was hushed by a protecting spirit hovering over you, warm and large. You have there the point of transition from sadness to content, which comes pretty near to the total impression that galleries have and that the Fine Arts Palace and Lake are supposed to have."

California Building Bell Tower and Forbidden Garden

The California Building is the result of perhaps the most interesting combination of requirements that could be imagined--to provide a host building for the home State of a great Exposition where welcome could warmly and generously be extended to the millions of visitors, where the officials could have suitable quarters and where the fifty-two counties of the State could have their exhibits. The location set aside for the concrete development of these requirements was most stimulating. An edifice to terminate the vista looking north over a laguna of silent water flanked by the wonderful Palace of Fine Arts, and just beyond, the beautiful Bay of San Francisco with a background formed by distant Tamalpais.

No style of architecture could be more appropriate to these needs than that which exists in California--an architecture romantic, peaceful, subtle and charming in its proportions. The task of adapting the Mission architecture to the requirements was given Thomas H. F. Burditt. He entered into the spirit of the old Padre builders with rare intuition, and he designed a building of impressive dignity and hospitality.

California Building The Arches of the Colonnade

The Mission Padres had built neither in magnificence nor in magnitude, and as both of these were requisite qualities in the construction of the California Building, they presented peculiar problems, and were treated with the thought of what one of the old Padres with a limited knowledge of architecture would have done if presented with the larger problem. So it seemed that the entrance foyer should be quiet, and ma.s.sive and should form a nucleus to all parts of the building. The magnitude of the edifice was so great that all the existing Missions of California could be housed therein, and in order to show the largeness of its proportions and varied functions, each part was designed as a motif in itself and closely related to that part by which it stood.

From the forecourt in replica of the Forbidden Garden of Santa Barbara, surrounded by old cypress hedges, by driveways, and walled in by cloistered arches, one can find the princ.i.p.al entrances to all the main divisions of the building, and also to the administrative portion which contains the executive offices of the Exposition and the official reception and banquet rooms.

California Building A Vista in the Colonnade

The cloistered colonnades so intimately a.s.sociated with Mission architecture have been successfully handled in the Court of the California Building. The molds for the columns of the arches were made by the architect himself, to give the semblance of age and that each should differ from the other. It was most necessary to avoid mechanical regularity in any feature of the building, and in consequence all the details vary, so that no two that are exactly similar are placed near each other. The arches are made of slightly different radii, and the bells vary both in size and design. There are ten main groups of entrances, but no two of them are in any way similar, and it was through these means that the attempt was made to obtain a varied change of interest in plan, ma.s.s, silhouette and detail and the lack of precision which must have existed at the time when the old California Missions grew into being.

California Building The Forbidden Garden

There had grown on this location for forty odd years, a hedge of cypress, weary with its age, and groups of trees forming wonderful ma.s.ses of foliage to charm the eye. This happy circ.u.mstance was cleverly utilized by the architect in designing the court of the California Building. A replica of the enclosed Garden of Mission Santa Barbara was laid out within the boundary of this old hedge and planted with old-fas.h.i.+oned flowers such as would have delighted the Mission Fathers.

In the center is a fountain similar to that at Santa Barbara, and the quiet splash of its water adds a touch of charm and romance. The bell tower of the building throws an afternoon shadow over the garden, and within a niche in the tower stands the statue of Padre Serra overlooking this peaceful nook.

California Building The Semi-Tropical Garden

To the south of the California Building, off the Esplanade, lies an interesting garden filled with various species of cacti and unusual semi-tropical plants. Interspersed among these are ma.s.ses of brightly blossoming dainty flowers--baby blue eyes in the spring and others, equally lovely, as the seasons change. In a sheltered nook rise the tall slender stalks of rare bamboo, sent from a private garden in Bakersfield.

The ma.s.sive walls of the building form a rich background. Their appearance of stability, enhanced by a slight batter--that is a slight receding from the perpendicular--is shown by a least visible thickness of three feet. These features are evident in every wall throughout the exterior of the building. Within the corridors, the floors appropriately are paved with red brick, and the ceilings are beamed and roughly finished.

Netherlands Pavilion As Seen from the Laguna

The Pavilion of the Netherlands is located sufficiently near the Laguna to be reflected within the pool. The high dome is adorned with four clock towers and a forest of flagstaffs and spires. K. Kromhout, who designed the building, followed the modern ideas of the present-day school of architects in Holland. The ultra style of the Pavilion fails to recall the staunch and dignified brick structures for which the Dutch are famous, but it is a striking edifice. The tiled panels are lovely and the warm colors used in the exterior decorations most attractive.

When viewed from Administration Avenue, the numerous towers, fluttering pennants and harmonious colors are set oft to best advantage by the trees along the Laguna. About the building, the Hollander's love of flowers is strongly in evidence. Ten carloads of bulbs and shrubs were imported for the horticultural display.

Italian Pavilion The Piazzetta Venetia

The Italian Pavilion consists of a group of eight buildings, combining architectural styles of the fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The main entrance to the pavilion is on the west, and a broad, low flight of steps leads into the Piazza Grande, graced by a fountain by Tacca and pieces of Italian sculpture. On the left is the medieval palace, containing authentic works of art of many ages. Facing this is the Lombard palace, of the period of fourteen-hundred, used by the Italian Commissioners as a reception hall. The Royal Salon and Casa Italiana form the east wall of the main court. The inner courts are beautified with fountains and statuary groups. Covered pa.s.sageways, supported by slender pillars, extend around three sides of the piazzetta, and add a delicate charm to the enclosure. The Venetian Well in the center is a characteristic note, and the stairways leading to the upper verandas, and the niches about this court, are delightful in design. The outer elevation of the main building is of the sixteenth century. Within the Casa Italiana there is an exact reproduction of the library of the S. Maria delle Grazie, Milan.

Italian Pavilion In the Court Verrochio

The arcade which connects the Etruscan Tower with the Bargello Hall separates the smaller court of the Italian Pavilion from the Piazza Grande. The most attractive feature in this ideal court is the staircase and balcony, done in the period of the fourteenth century, with a most interesting composition of the flat walls, pierced by a graceful double arch, attractively spotted with plaques and brightened by the color of the Della Robias and the geraniums blossoming through the bal.u.s.trade. A delicate touch is given by the Fountain of the Winged Boy with the Fish, by Verrocchio, which occupies the center of the stone-flagged court. To the left of the staircase is a mural fresco depicting the "Return from the Crusade."

Old iron-framed lanterns hang from the gray-toned ceilings of the arcades. The coloring of the walls and pillars is stone gray blended with shades of brown and grayish-blue. The vivid green of the sun-lit gra.s.s within the Piazzetta Venetia relieves the sober color scheme of this court. The balconies are lined with blooming flowers, and shrubs and plants in artistic receptacles add to its attractiveness.

Avenue of the Nations Tower of Sweden's Pavilion

The Avenue of the Nations extends from the Exposition group of Palaces in a diagonal direction westward to the Marina, and is lined on either side with the pavilions of the Foreign Nations. In the picture there is a glimpse of the Canadian Building to the left, and prominent in the view is the characteristic Swedish tower, typically northern, and interesting in detail.

Immediately beyond is Bolivia's Palace, to an equal degree typical of the south, followed by the pinkish-toned building erected by Cuba.

Denmark's Pavilion, on the left of the Avenue adjoining the Palace of Fine Arts, is distinctly individual, marked by its towers which reproduce several historic towers in Denmark, and the moat in which frogs croak at night. The interior is arranged to represent the rooms of a gentleman's country home. On the hillside to the south are several avenues about which are grouped others of the Foreign Pavilions--the picturesque gardens of j.a.pan, the open court of France, with its Rodin bronze, and the dignified pavilions of Australia, Norway, Greece and many other nations.

The Esplanade A View of the Foreign Pavilions

The pavilions of the Foreign Nations are on the south side of the Esplanade, westward from the group of Exposition Palaces. In the foreground of this view is seen Canada's stately building, guarded by the ma.s.sive British lions. The admirable and comprehensive exhibit within has aroused great admiration and established a standard for such displays. Beyond is the paG.o.da of the Chinese gardens, and the tea houses, with their roofs colored in the wonderful yellow which occurs so often in the old Chinese rugs.

The slate-colored dome of Argentina's ornate Palace precedes the pinkish-toned Netherlands building seen in the distance--the rather whimsical style of the latter adding a distinct note to that section of the grounds. The park to the south is distinguished by two Oriental buildings erected respectively by Siam and Turkey. The first is an exact copy of a royal pavilion in the Garden of Maha Chakkri Palace, at Bangkok. The latter is equally typical of the East, marked with dome, minarets and spires, and includes the main pavilion and a near-by mosque and prayer tower, connected with it by a corridor.

The Esplanade A View of the State Buildings

The buildings erected by California's sister Commonwealths occupy the district west of the California Building, and the north line of the Esplanade to the Marina. Designed in various individual and dignified styles, surrounded with handsome lawns and beautiful gardens, they have formed a most important and interesting feature of the Exposition grounds. Many of the buildings reproduce historic landmarks. The golden dome of the Ma.s.sachusetts State House is as dominant a feature at the head of the Esplanade as is the original on Beacon Street in Boston. The loggia of Independence Hall is familiar enough to bring a patriotic thrill to the heart of the loyal American, even were not the cherished Liberty Bell on view. Another Colonial feature is the Trenton Barracks, Was.h.i.+ngton's headquarters in New Jersey; and "Homewood" takes one back to Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, and Baltimore in 1802. The ma.s.sive log building from Oregon is fairly representative of that state of virgin forests, notwithstanding the mistaken attempt to reproduce the cla.s.sic Parthenon in such a crude medium. In this view the magnificent building for New York is in the foreground. Beyond, in the order named, are the buildings for Pennsylvania, New York City, Illinois, Ohio, Utah and Ma.s.sachusetts.