Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume I Part 118

=b.u.t.ter of Zinc*.= Chloride of zinc.

=b.u.t.ter Powder= (from the Adler-Apotheke Emmerich on the Rhine).

Bicarbonate of soda. (Dr U. Kreusler.)

=b.u.t.ter Powder= (Lemmel, Schleswig-Holstein). An impure bicarbonate of soda, coloured with turmeric. (Hirschberg.)

=b.u.t.ter Powder, Schuhrer's= (Emil Schuhrer, Mutzschen, Saxony). This, it is claimed, will considerably increase the yield of b.u.t.ter, shorten the process of churning, and yield a product which will be firm even in the height of summer, well-flavoured, of a handsome colour, and of excellent commercial value. It consists of a tolerably pure commercial bicarbonate of soda, with 1/2 per cent. of powdered turmeric. (Dr Peters.)

=b.u.t.ter Powder, Tomlinson's= (Tomlinson & Co., Lincoln, England). Ordinary bicarbonate of soda, coloured with 3/4 per cent. of annatto. (Dr Karmrodt.)

=b.u.t.ter-preservative Paste= (from Spaa). Consists of common salt, 52 parts; nitre, 23 parts; syrup, 5 parts. (Wittstein.)

=b.u.t.tERINE.= A substance known under this name, and intended as a subst.i.tute for b.u.t.ter, is imported into this country from New York.

Of b.u.t.terine Dr CAMPBELL BROWN remarks:--"In general appearance, taste, and consistence, it is very similar to ordinary b.u.t.ter; but notwithstanding that its solidifying point is lower than that of some b.u.t.ters, it retains much of the peculiar crumbly texture and fracture of dripping.

"It softens at 78 F., and melts at 86. When heated and slowly cooled it obscures the thermometer at 62 and solidifies at 60. It contains--

Water 1125 to 85 Salt 103 " 55 Curd 057 " 06 Fat 8715 " 854 ------ ------ 10000 10000

"The fat consists of oleine, palmitine, margarine, a trace of stearine, and about 5 or 6 per cent. of b.u.t.ter. When dissolved in about four times its weight of ether, and allowed to evaporate spontaneously, it does not deposit any fat until more than half of the ether has pa.s.sed off, and if the temperature is not below 60 the deposit is not solid.

"The first deposit when dried fuses at 108; the second deposit fuses at 88, and solidifies at 64.

"Under the microscope b.u.t.terine does not appear to consist of acicular crystals of fat, but of irregular ma.s.ses, containing a few b.u.t.ter globules, particles of curd, and crystals of salt. With polarised light the irregular crystalline structure is beautifully seen, and is clearly distinguishable from b.u.t.ter which has been melted and recongealed. When old and rancid it acquires the odour and taste of dripping, but it keeps longer undecomposed than b.u.t.ter. When fresh it is a wholesome subst.i.tute for real b.u.t.ter. No one can reasonably take exception to its sale.

"b.u.t.terine may be detected by the following characters:--

"1. Its crumbly fracture.

"2. Its loss of colour when kept melted for a short time at 212.

"3. The behaviour of its ethereal solution.

"4. Its action on polarised light."

The 'American Chemist' for 1876 contains an interesting paper by Mr Henry Mott on the manufacture of artificial b.u.t.ter, which is too lengthy for insertion here.

=b.u.t.tER-MILK.= The liquid that remains after the b.u.t.ter is separated from the cream.

_Qual., &c._ b.u.t.ter-milk left from the churning of sweet cream is not only very delicious, but exceedingly wholesome and nutritious. It is eaten with fruit, puddings, and cakes, and is said to possess the property of allaying the nervous irritability induced by excessive tea-drinking. It is an admirable beverage in rickets, diabetes, and many stomach affections.

An American physician has recently a.s.serted that it induces longevity. See MILK.

=b.u.t.tONS.= See BRa.s.s, GILDING, &c.

=BU'TYRATE.= [Eng., Fr.] _Syn._ BU'TYRAS, L. A salt in which the hydrogen of butyric acid is replaced by a basic radical.

=Butyrate of Barium.= _Prep._ Saponify b.u.t.ter with a boiling solution of caustic alkali, and decompose the resulting soap by adding a solution of tartaric acid; filter and distil; neutralise the distillate with hydrate of barium, and evaporate; the first crystals that form are caprate of barium; the next, caproate of barium; and the last, butyrate of barium.

This salt is very soluble in water, and hence is easily separated from the others.--_Use._ Chiefly for making butyric acid.

=BUTYRIC= (-tir'-). _Syn._ BUTYR'ICUS, L.; BUTYRIQUE, Fr. Of or from b.u.t.ter.

=BUTYRIC ACID.= HC_{4}H_{7}O_{2}. _Syn._ ACIDUM BUTY??R'Ic.u.m, L.; ACIDE BUTYRIQUE, Fr.; b.u.t.tERSaURE, Ger. An oily acid, first obtained by Chevreul from b.u.t.ter.

_Prep._ From butyrate of barium or magnesium, by adding sulphuric acid in quant.i.ty not quite sufficient to decompose the whole of the salt; the clear liquid, filtered and distilled, yields butyric acid, from which the water may be removed by digestion with chloride of calcium.

_Prop._ A thin colourless liquid, of pungent rancid odour, and sour taste, miscible with water and alcohol. It boils and distils unchanged at 327 Fahr. Sp. gr. 963. See ETHERS.

=BU'TYRIN= (-in). [Eng., Fr.] An oily substance existing in b.u.t.ter, and of which it forms the characteristic portion. It was discovered by Chevreul.

_Prep._ Keep clarified b.u.t.ter in a porcelain vessel, at a heat of 66, for some days; carefully collect the oily portion which separates, mix it with an equal weight of alcohol of the sp. gr. 796, and agitate it frequently for 24 hours; after repose pour off the clear portion, and evaporate it; treat the oily residuum with a little carbonate of magnesium, to remove free acid, and wash off the butyrate of magnesium, thus formed, with water; lastly, heat the remaining fatty matter in alcohol, filter, and evaporate, by a gentle heat; the residuum is butyrin.

=BUXINE= (-in). A substance detected by M. Faure in _bux'us semper'virens_, or the common box-tree.

=CABBAGE.= _Syn._ BRAS'SICA, L.; CHOU, Fr.; KOHL, Ger. This common esculent, and all its numerous varieties, are merely cultivated specimens of the wild sea-cabbage of our coasts (_bras'sica olera'cea_, Linn.), one of an extensive and valuable genus of plants belonging to the nat. ord.

Cruciferae. After the potato, the cabbage is doubtless more extensively used by the ma.s.ses of the people than any other fresh vegetable. When young, and properly dressed, it forms an agreeable and wholesome addition to animal food, the grossness of which, it is said, it tends to correct.

It should be eaten only when fresh gathered and fresh cooked; and the unconsumed portion, as well as the water in which it has been boiled, should be at once thrown away. Persons troubled with a weak digestion, or who have a tendency to flatulence, diarrha, or worms, would do well to avoid them. Their use is particularly serviceable in scurvy, and in numerous skin diseases.

It has been a.s.serted that cabbages, cauliflowers, broccoli, celery, and several other culinary vegetables, may be preserved in a fresh state for some time, by cutting them so that they may have about two inches of stem left below the leaves, scooping out the pith as far down as a small knife will reach, and then suspending them perpendicularly by means of a cord, in an inverted position, in some cool situation, and daily filling up the bottom part of the stem with clean cold water. In this way it is stated that a supply of green vegetables may be readily obtained during a severe winter, and on s.h.i.+p-board. Other methods, including those usually adopted with the same object, are noticed under VEGETABLES (Culinary).

Cabbages, broccoli, &c., are dressed by simply throwing them into boiling water, and simmering them until tender. A few minutes is sufficient for this purpose. A pinch of salt of tartar, or of carbonate of soda, is commonly added to the water, to preserve the green colour of the vegetables.

=CACHOU AROMATISE= (kashoo aromateza). [Fr.] A mouth-lozenge intended to sweeten and perfume the breath. Preparations of this description are much used by smokers and baccha.n.a.ls. The form under which they are generally prepared for sale is that of 1-1/2 to 2 gr. pills, neatly silvered.

Originally they were composed chiefly of catechu and sugar, flavoured and perfumed with the stronger aromatics; but at the present day the catechu, from which they derive their name, is not unfrequently omitted. Their preparation is described elsewhere. See BREATH, LOZENGES, PASTILS, &c.

=CAD'MIUM.= Cd. [Eng., L.] _Syn._ KLAPRO'THIUM. A metal discovered by Stromeyer and Hermann, in the ores of zinc.

_Prep._ 1. (Stromeyer.) The cadmo-zincic ore is dissolved in an excess of dilute sulphuric or hydrochloric acid by heat; a stream of sulphuretted hydrogen is pa.s.sed through the solution, the resulting precipitate (sulphide of cadmium) dissolved in nitric acid, and the solution evaporated to dryness; the residuum is dissolved in water, the solution precipitated with carbonate of ammonium in excess, and the precipitate (carbonate of cadmium) collected, mixed with charcoal, and heated to redness in a crucible apparatus so arranged as to condense the fumes; the cadmium sublimes.

2. (Wollaston.) A solution of the ore obtained as above is placed in a platinum capsule, and a piece of metallic zinc is plunged into it. In a short time the cadmium is precipitated, and attaches itself to the sides of the capsule, when it is collected, washed, and dried.

3. (Herapath.) When zinc is obtained by distilling its ores, per descensum, the first portion of the metallic fumes evolved burn with a brownish flame, and deposit oxide of cadmium, which is subsequently reduced by distillation with charcoal. Thousands of pounds of cadmium are yearly wasted at the zinc works which might be easily collected in a similar manner.

_Prop., &c._ Resembles tin in most of its physical properties, being white, soft, and malleable. Sp. gr. 861. Stromeyer gives its melting point as 442 Fahr., but Dr Wood, an American chemist, states that the metal requires for its fusion nearly the same heat as lead, and gives it as about 600 Fahr. It volatilises at a somewhat higher temperature, giving off orange-coloured, suffocating fumes, which, when inhaled too freely, leave a disagreeable, sweetish, styptic sensation upon the lips, and a persistent bra.s.sy taste in the mouth, with constriction of the throat, heaviness in the head, and nausea. The alloys of cadmium are said to be brittle by almost all who have treated of them, but Wood found that many were extremely tenacious, as, for instance, the combination of 2 parts of silver and 1 part of cadmium, which is perfectly malleable and very strong. The amalgam of equal parts of cadmium and mercury is also highly malleable. Like bis.m.u.th, cadmium has the property of promoting fusibility in certain alloys; thus, a remarkable fusible metal may be formed by melting together cadmium 1 to 2 parts, lead 2 parts, and tin 4 parts.

_Tests._ Its ores and salts are recognised as follows:--1. Mixed with carbonate of sodium, and exposed on a charcoal support to the reducing flame of the blowpipe, the charcoal becomes almost instantly covered with a reddish-yellow incrustation of oxide of cadmium, commonly forming a circle or zone.--2. Caustic soda and pota.s.sa give a white precipitate (hydrated oxide) in solutions containing cadmium, insoluble in excess of the precipitant.--3. Ammonia gives a similar white precipitate, freely soluble in excess.--4. The alkaline carbonates give white precipitates (carbonate of cadmium), insoluble in excess.--5. Sulphuretted hydrogen, and sulphydrate of ammonium, give a bright yellow precipitate (sulphide of cadmium), which is insoluble in dilute acid, alkalies, sulphides, and cyanide of pota.s.sium, but readily soluble in both hydrochloric acid and nitric acid, especially with heat.--6. The salts of cadmium are readily distinguished from those of a.r.s.enic, by the precipitated sulphide being insoluble in ammonia, and soluble in hydrochloric acid, and being capable of sustaining a white heat without subliming.

=Cadmium, Car'bonate of.= CdCO_{3}. _Syn._ CAD'MII CAR'BONAS, L. From a solution of sulphate or chloride of cadmium, and an alkaline carbonate; the precipitate being collected, washed, and dried by a gentle heat. A white powder.

=Cadmium, Chlo"ride of.= CdCl_{2}. _Syn._ HYDROCHLO"RATE OF CADMIUM, MU"RIATE OF CADMIUM; CAD'MII CHLORI'DUM, CAD'MII HYDROCHLO"RAS, L.

_Prep._ 1. (Pure.) By dissolving carbonate or oxide of cadmium in hydrochloric acid, and crystallising by gentle evaporation. Prismatic crystals; very soluble in water.

2. (Turner.) By exposing the product of the last process to heat.

Amorphous.

3. From crude cadmium or its oxide, and hydrochloric acid, as last.