Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume I Part 120

=Cakes, Plain.= _Prep._ 1. From flour, 4 lbs.; currants, 2 lbs.; b.u.t.ter, 1/2 lb.; caraway seeds, 1/4 oz.; candied lemon peel (grated), 1 oz.; yeast, 1/4 pint; milk, q. s. Let it rise well before baking.

2. Baker's dough, 2 lbs.; currants, 1 lb.; b.u.t.ter, 1/4 lb.; 3 eggs; milk (hot), 1/4 pint.

3. (Rundell.) Baker's dough, 4 lbs.; b.u.t.ter and moist sugar, of each 1/4 lb.; caraway seeds, a small handful. Well work it together, pull it into pieces the size of a golden pippin, and work it together again. This must be done three times, or it will be in lumps, and heavy when baked.

4. (Rich) Equal weights of flour, b.u.t.ter, sultana raisins, eggs, currants, and brown sugar, mixed up with milk, and seasoned with candied peel, nutmeg, &c., and baked in a quick oven. This resembles "pound cake."

=Cakes, Plum.= _Prep._ 1. (Good.) From b.u.t.ter, 1/2 lb.; dry flour, 3 lbs.; Lisbon sugar, 8 oz.; plums and currants, of each 3/4 lb.; and some pimento, finely powdered; to be "wetted up" with 3 spoonfuls of yeast, and a Winchester pint of new milk (warmed); bake on a floured tin half an hour.

2. (Excellent.) From fresh b.u.t.ter, sifted sugar, flour, and currants, of each 1 lb.; 18 eggs; powdered spices, 2 oz. (viz. cloves, mace, cinnamon, nutmeg, and allspice); sliced almonds, 4 oz.; raisins (stoned and chopped), 1/2 lb.; and a large gla.s.s of brandy; bake in a hot oven. When sufficiently baked let the oven cool, and afterwards put in the cake and allow it to remain for several hours to dry. (Rundell.)

3. (Rich.) Take fresh b.u.t.ter and sugar, of each 1 lb.; flour, 1-1/2 lb.; currants, 2 lbs.; a gla.s.s of brandy; sweetmeats and peels, 1 lb.; sweet almonds, 2 oz.; 10 eggs; allspice and cinnamon, of each 1/4 oz.; bake in a tin hoop in a hot oven for 3 hours, and put 12 sheets of paper under it to keep it from burning. (Mackenzie.)

=Cakes, Port'ugal.= _Prep._ From flour, powdered sugar, and fresh b.u.t.ter, of each 1 lb.; 10 eggs; currants, 1/2 lb.; and a little white wine; bake in small tins only half filled.

=Cake, Potato.= A pound of cold potatoes, a quarter of a pound of flour or oatmeal, half a gill of warm milk (with a quarter of an ounce of yeast dissolved in it), a little salt and b.u.t.ter. Mash the potatoes, add the other ingredients, roll out the paste an inch and a half or two inches thick, place it in a greased tin, and bake it.

=Cakes, Pound.= _Prep._ 1. As plum cake; but using 1 lb. each of all the ingredients except the spices.

2. Using equal parts of sugar, flour, currants, and sultana raisins, and half that quant.i.ty each of b.u.t.ter, brandy, and candied peel, with spices as required.

=Cakes, Queen.= _Prep._ From about 1 lb. each of dried flour, sifted sugar, washed currants, and b.u.t.ter, with 8 eggs; the whole beaten for an hour, made into a batter, and baked in little tins, teacups, or saucers, only half filled. A little fine sugar is frequently sifted over them.

Nutmeg, mace, and cinnamon are also sometimes added.

=Cakes, Rat'ifia.= _Prep._ Beat 1/2 lb. of sweet and 1 oz. of bitter almonds, in fine orange, rose, or ratifia water; mix in 1/2 lb. of pounded sugar; add the whites of 4 eggs (well beaten); set it over a moderate fire in a preserving-pan; stir it one way until it is pretty hot, and when a little cool form it into small rolls, and cut it into thin cakes; shake some flour lightly on them, give each a light tap, put them on sugar papers, sift a little sugar on them, and put them into a very slack oven.

=Cakes, Rout.= _Prep._ From flour, 2 lbs.; b.u.t.ter, sugar, and currants, of each 1 lb.; 3 eggs; 1/2 pint of milk; 2 gla.s.ses of white wine; and 1 gla.s.s of brandy; drop them on a tin plate, and bake them.

=Cakes, Savoy.= _Prep._ From flour and sifted sugar, of each 1 lb.; 10 eggs; and the rind of a lemon (grated); form a batter by degrees, put it into moulds, and bake in a slack oven.

=Cake, Seed.= _Prep._ 1. (Plain.) From flour, 1/4 peck; sugar, 1/2 lb.; allspice, 1/4 oz.; melted b.u.t.ter, 1/2 lb.; a little ginger; milk, 1/2 pint; yeast, 1/4 pint; add seeds or currants; and bake an hour and a half.

2. (Good.) To the preceding add of b.u.t.ter and sugar, of each 1/2 lb., and wet it up with milk previously mixed with 6 eggs.

3. (Rich.) Take of flour, 1-1/2 lb.; b.u.t.ter and sugar, of each 1/2 lb.; 8 eggs; 2 oz. of caraway seeds, 1 grated nutmeg, and its weight in cinnamon.

Bake 2 hours in a quick oven.

4. (Scotch.) Nine eggs; sugar and b.u.t.ter, of each 1/2 lb.; mix well together, then add a little cinnamon, nutmeg, and cloves; 1/4 oz. of caraway seeds; 1/2 lb. of candied citron; 1/4 lb. of candied orange peel; 1/2 lb. of blanched almonds (pounded fine); flour, 3 lbs.; and brandy, 1/4 pint.

=Cakes, Shrews'bury.= _Prep._ From flour, 3 lbs.; sugar, 1 lb.; a little cinnamon and nutmeg; 3 eggs; a little rose water; and melted b.u.t.ter enough to make it into a dough.

=Cakes, So'da.= _Prep._ 1. From flour, 1 lb.; bicarbonate of soda, 1/4 oz.; sugar and b.u.t.ter, of each 1/2 lb.; make a paste with milk, and add candied orange, lemon, or citron peel, or the fresh peels grated, q. s. to flavour.

2. To flour, 1 lb.; sugar and b.u.t.ter, of each 2 oz.; candied peel, 1/2 oz.; sesquicarbonate of soda, 3 dr.; milk, q. s.

_Obs._ An equal weight of carbonate of magnesia, used instead of the soda, also makes good cakes. Both are suitable to delicate stomachs, especially in dyspepsia, with acidity.

=Cakes, Sponge.= _Prep._ From 8 eggs; lump sugar, 3/4 lb.; flour, 1/2 lb.; water, 1/4 pint; the yellow peel of a lemon; mix as follows:--Put the lemon peel into the water; when about to make the cake, put the sugar into a saucepan, pour the water and peel on it, and let it stand by the fire to get hot. Break the eggs into a deep earthen vessel that has been made quite hot; remove from the heat, whisk for a few minutes; make the sugar and water boil up, and pour it very gradually boiling-hot over the eggs; continue to whisk them briskly until they become thick and white; add the flour (quite warm), stir it lightly in, put the paste into tins lined with white paper, and bake them immediately in a moderately hot oven.

=Cakes, Tea.= _Syn._ BENTON CAKES. _Prep._ From flour, 1 lb.; b.u.t.ter, 4 oz.; and milk, q. s.; bake on a hot hearth or slow oven plate.

2. To the last add 2 table-spoonfuls of yeast.

=Cakes, Tip'sy.= _Prep._ Small sponge cakes steeped in brandy, and then covered with grated almonds and candied peel; or almonds (cut into spikes) are stuck in them. They are commonly piled on a dish, surrounded with a custard, and covered with preserves drained as dry as possible.

=Cakes, Wigg.= _Prep._ From 1/2 pint of warm milk; 3/4 lb. of fine flour; and 2 or 3 spoonfuls of light yeast. Afterwards work in 4 oz. each of sugar and b.u.t.ter; make it into cakes, or wiggs, with as little flour as possible, add a few caraway seeds, and bake them quickly.

=Cakes.= (In _medicine_.) Cakes have been used as a form of administering medicinal substances to children, but have not been extensively employed in this country for the purpose, unless by quacks and in domestic practice. In preparing them the active ingredients are added in such proportions to the common materials of a sweet cake that one or two, as the case may be, are sufficient for a dose. See GINGERBREAD, WORM-CAKES, &c.

=CALA'BAR BEAN.= _Syn._ PHYSOSTIGMATIS FABA. The seed of _Physostigma venenosum_. The plant is a native of Western Africa, where the bean is used as an ordeal poison. The bean itself is about the size of a large horse-bean, with a very firm, hard, brittle, s.h.i.+ning coat of a brownish-red, pale chocolate, or ash-grey colour. It has an irregular kidney shape, with flat surfaces and a rounded border, which is for the most part boldly curved, and there marked with a broad furrow, with the central raised raphe in the centre, and ending at one extremity in the microphyle. The kernel consists of two cotyledons. It yields its properties to alcohol, and imperfectly to water. Calabar bean has been used in cases of strychnia poisoning and teta.n.u.s, as well as in epilepsy and St. Vitus's dance. The dose of the powdered bean, according to Royle, is one to four grains. Locally applied it produces contraction of the pupil.

Until the researches of Harnack and Witkowsky the Calabar bean was supposed to owe its activity, when internally administered, to the presence of a powerful alkaloid called _esernia_ or _physostigma_. These chemists, however, have lately succeeded in discovering in the bean, in addition to eserina, another very potent alkaloid, to which they have given the name _calabaria_ or _calabarine_.

Calabarine appears to exert a physiological action antagonistic to that of eserine, and since the commercial preparations of the drug consist, according to the above chemists, of mixtures of the two alkaloids in varying proportions, the discordant effects frequently observed to follow the administration of any of the various preparations of the bean, admit of ready explanation. Wherever eserine predominated it appeared to suppress the effects of calabarine; on the other hand, if this latter preponderated, the paralysing effect on the spinal cord otherwise exercised by eserine would fail to be produced.

The necessity of having preparations of calabar free from calabarine, in cases where the drug is administered for teta.n.u.s, will be apparent when it is stated that calabarine itself induces the disease.

We quote the following from 'New Remedies' for June, 1877:--

"The well-known manufacturing chemist, E. Merk, in Darmstadt, has heretofore prepared and sold a substance which was supposed to be the only active principle of calabar, and which he called calabarine, but which was really eserine or physostigmine. He now accepts and confirms the results of Harnack's and Witkowsky's researches, and has put both of the active principles upon the market labelled with their correct name, viz.

'_Physostigmin_' (or eserine, being the same substance which he formerly sold as calabarine), and '_Calabarin_,' distinguished by the addition of Harnack's name (Harnack's 'Calabarine'). _The attention of physicians and pharmacists is particularly directed to the change of appellations._"

Calabar bean is a powerful poison. The antidotes are:--Diffusible stimulants; the hypodermic injection of the 1/50th of a grain of sulphate of atropia, to be repeated if necessary at the end of two hours; and artificial respiration. See ESERINE.

=CAL'AMINE.= See ZINC (Carbonate of).

=CALCINA'TION.= The operation of burning or roasting any solid body to expel its more volatile parts, as the conversion of chalk into lime by the expulsion of carbonic anhydride. The roasting of the ores in the first stage of the Welsh process of copper smelting and in the Silesian mode of extracting zinc is technically termed CALCINATION.

The method of conducting the process of calcination depends on the nature of the body operated on. Many substances, for delicate experiments, are calcined over a spirit lamp in a platinum spoon or crucible; others, in iron vessels or earthen crucibles, placed in a common furnace. When the action of the air proves injurious, as in the manufacture of charcoal, the process is performed in close vessels or chambers. In some cases the fuel is mixed with the articles, and they are both burnt together, as in the manufacture of lime, the roasting of ores, &c. The process of drying salts, or driving off their water of crystallisation by heat, is also frequently called CALCINATION; thus we have calcined copperas, alum, &c.

=CAL"CINER.= A reverberatory furnace used for the calcination of metallic ores, particularly those of COPPER and ZINC (which _see_).

=CAL'CIUM.= [Eng., L.] Ca. The metal of which LIME is an oxide. Though it is a chemical curiosity when isolated, it is one of the most abundant substances in nature, forming a very large portion of the crust of the earth. It occurs in combination with fluorine as fluor-spar; with oxygen and carbonic acid as chalk, limestone, and marble; and with oxygen and sulphuric acid as gypsum. The metal was first obtained from lime by Sir H.

Davy in 1808; but little was known of its properties until Dr Matthiessen formed it by the electrolytic decomposition of the chloride of calcium.

_Prep._ 1. By the action of a powerful voltaic current upon a paste of pure lime in contact with mercury, as in the original method of preparing barium.

2. By the electrolysis of chloride of calcium in a state of fusion.

3. (Caron.) Fused chloride of calcium in powder, 300 parts; distilled zinc, finely granulated, 400 parts; sodium, in small pieces, 100 parts; the whole placed in a crucible and heated to redness in an ordinary furnace. The action is very feeble at first, but after some time zinc flames arise. The heat must now be moderated to prevent the volatilisation of the zinc, but at the same time it must be maintained as high as possible. When the crucible has remained in this state for about a quarter of an hour it may be withdrawn. On cooling, a metallic b.u.t.ton will be found at the bottom. This alloy of zinc and calcium, which generally contains from 10 to 15% of the latter metal, must be placed in a c.o.ke crucible and heated until the whole of the zinc is driven off. The alloy should be in pieces as large as possible. When proper precautions have been observed a b.u.t.ton of CALCIUM is obtained, only contaminated with the foreign metals contained in the zinc.

_Prop., &c._ The metal belongs to the group which includes BARIUM, STRONTIUM, and MAGNESIUM; it is of a light yellow colour; is rather harder than lead, and very malleable. It melts at a red heat. It tarnishes in a day or two, even in dry air, and in contact with moist air it breaks up like ordinary lime. Its sp. gr. is 155.

_Tests._ Salts of calcium in solution produce a white precipitate with carbonate of ammonium; it becomes far less voluminous on heating the solution, and dissolves very readily in hydrochloric acid. Sulphuric acid, when added to concentrated solutions, gives an immediate white precipitate; if the solution is not concentrated, the precipitate may separate gradually, in minute crystals; and if it is very dilute, no precipitation will take place, because sulphate of lime is soluble in about 500 times its weight of water. With neutral solutions, even when very dilute, oxalate of ammonium gives a copious white precipitate, soluble in most dilute acids.

=Calcium, Acetate of.= Add prepared chalk to acetic (or purified pyroligneous) acid till fully saturated; filter and evaporate, that crystals may form. Diuretic. _Dose_, 10 to 20 grains.

=Calcium, Acid Phosphate of.= _Syn._ SUPERPHOSPHATE OF LIME, SOLUBLE ACID PHOSPHATE. CaH_{4},2PO_{4}. This may be procured by treating bone-earth with two thirds of its weight of oil of vitriol, as in the preliminary stage of the extraction of phosphorus. It is extensively used as a manure for turnips.