Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume I Part 122

In the madder, fast colour, or chintz style, the mordants are applied to the white cloth, and the colours are brought out in the dye bath. This is the method commonly followed for "permanent prints."

In the padding or plaquage style, the whole cloth is pa.s.sed through a bath of some particular mordant, and different mordants are afterwards printed on it before submitting it to the dye bath. By this means the colour of the ground and pattern is varied. Like the last, it is much used for gown pieces, &c.

In the reserve or resist-paste style, white or coloured figures are produced by covering those parts with a composition which resists the general dye afterwards applied to form the ground of the pattern. In this style the dye bath is indigo, or some other substantive colour.

The discharge, or rongeant style, is the reverse of the preceding; it exhibits bright figures on a dark ground, which are produced by printing with acidulous or discharge mordants after the cloth has been pa.s.sed through the colouring bath.

Steam-colour printing consists in printing the calico with a mixture of dye extracts and mordants, and afterwards exposing it to the action of steam.

Spirit-colour printing is a method by which brilliant colours are produced by a mixture of dye extracts and solution of tin, called by the dyers "spirits of tin."

Pigment printing consists in applying such colours as ultramarine, magenta, or aniline purple, to the cloth, and fixing them by such agents as casein, alb.u.men, or solution of india rubber. This style of printing has been developed to a great extent since the introduction of the splendid mauves and purples obtained from aniline.

For further information on this subject the reader is referred to Ure's 'Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines,' Calvert's 'Dyeing and Calico Printing,' edited by Stenhouse and Groves; Wagner's 'Clinical Technology,' and Crooke's 'Practical Handbook of Dyeing and Printing,'

where he will find the several processes of calico printing fully treated on, and most ably and accurately described. To enter largely into the subject in this work might amuse the reader, but would be of no practical value; as calico printing is an art only practised on the large scale, and by men who obtain their whole knowledge of it in the laboratories and printing rooms of the factories.

=CAL'OMEL.= See MERCURY (Chlorides of).

=CALOTRO'PIS PROCE'RA.=, =CALOTRO'PIS GIGAN'TEA.=, (Ind. Ph.). _Syn._ MUDAR.--_Habitat._ One or other of these species, everywhere in India.--_Officinal part._ The root-bark, dried (_calotropis cortex_).

Small flat or arched pieces, brownish externally, yellow-greyish internally, peculiar smell, and mucilaginous, nauseous, acrid taste. Its activity appears to reside in a peculiar extractive matter named _mudarine_.--_Properties._ Alterative tonic; diaph.o.r.etic, and, in large doses, emetic.--_Therapeutic uses._ In leprosy, const.i.tutional syphilis, mercurial cachexia, syphilitic and idiopathic ulcerations, in dysentery, diarrha, and chronic rheumatism, it has been used with alleged benefit.

=Powder of Mudar.= (_Pulvis Calotropis._) Take of the roots of mudar, collected in the months of April and May from sandy soils, a sufficiency; carefully remove, by was.h.i.+ng, all particles of sand and dirt, and dry in the open air, without exposure to the sun, until the milky juice contained in it becomes so far insp.i.s.sated that it ceases to flow on incisions being made in it. The bark is then to be carefully removed, dried, and reduced to powder. Preserve in well-corked bottles.--_Dose._ As an alterative tonic, 3 grains, gradually increased to 10 grains or more, thrice daily.

As an emetic, from 1/2 to 1 drachm.

=CAL'OTYPE.= See PHOTOGRAPHY.

=CALUM'BA.= _Syn._ CALUMBae RADIX, B. P. CALUM'BA-ROOT; KALUMB, Hind. The root of a plant of Eastern Africa, extensively used in _medicine_ as a stomachic and mild tonic. _Dose_, 10 to 20 grains, three or four times a day. The botanical name of this plant is _Jateorhiza palmata_, or _Cocculus palmatus_. See CALUMBINE (_below_); also INFUSIONS and TINCTURES.

=CALUM'BA WOOD.= This wood, which is used as a tonic by the Cingalese, is not the produce of the true calumba plant, but of _Menispermum fenestratum_. It contains the alkaloid BERBERINE (which _see_).

=CALUM'BINE.= _Syn._ CALOM'BINE, _Calum'bina_. A bitter substance discovered by Wittstock in calumba root.

_Prep._ 1. Digest calumba root (in coa.r.s.e powder) in water acidulated with acetic acid; express, filter, boil to one half, again filter, add carbonate of calcium, in slight excess, and evaporate to dryness in a water bath; reduce the residuum to powder, and digest it in boiling alcohol; the latter will deposit crystals of CALUMBINE on cooling.

2. (Wittstock.) Evaporate tincture of calumba root (made with rectified spirit) to dryness; dissolve the residuum in water, and agitate the solution with an equal bulk of ether; after repose for a short time, decant the ethereal portion, distil off most of the ether, and set the liquid aside to crystallise.

_Prop., &c._ Impure calumbine occurs as a yellow-brown ma.s.s; when pure, it forms rhombic prismatic crystals or delicate white needles; it is only slightly soluble in alcohol, ether, and water; 40 parts of boiling rectified spirit take up only 1 part of calumbine. Its best solvent is acetic acid; it is also soluble in acidulated and alkalised water. Neither nut-galls nor metallic salts affect its solution. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves it, and a.s.sumes first a yellow, and then a red colour. Its properties indicate that weak vinegar or sour wine would be the best menstruum for extracting the medicinal virtues of calumba root. _Dose_, 1 to 3 gr. twice a day as a tonic and stomachic, in dyspepsia, debilitated stomach, bilious vomiting, &c.; and in the later periods of dysentery and diarrha.

=CALX.= This term was formerly applied to the residuum of the combustion of any substance; or to any substance which had been exposed to a strong heat. See CALCINATION, LIME, &c.

=CAMBOGE'.= See GAMBOGE.

=CAM'ERA LU'CIDA.= [L. and Eng.] When a ray of light (_r_) falls upon a quadrangular gla.s.s prism (_a_), it is bent by two reflections (at _c_ and _d_), and thrown upwards where it may be received by the eye, to which it will appear described on the table or sheet of paper (_f_) placed to receive it. The point of a pencil used to trace any object on the paper can also be seen, and by its means the picture can be easily copied. When the prism is mounted on a stand, and a thin bra.s.s plate with a small hole through it for the eyepiece adjusted thereto, it forms the CAMERA LUCIDA of the opticians. The image may be magnified or lessened by placing a lens so as either to intercept the rays before they strike the prism, or before they reach the eye. An ingenious person will readily be able to set up this instrument, than which a more useful one cannot exist.

[Ill.u.s.tration]

=CAM'ERA OBSCU"RA.= [L. and Eng.] An optical instrument for producing upon a screen the image of a field of view more or less extensive. It was invented by Baptista Porta in the 16th century. The principles and construction of the camera obscura may be thus described:--A convex lens (_B_) is placed in a hole admitting the light into a darkened box or chamber (_A_), which, falling on a white ground (_D_), produces an inverted picture of every object within its range. The image thus formed may be restored to its natural position, by allowing the rays of light to pa.s.s through two lenses instead of one, or by receiving the rays on a mirror placed at an angle of 45, when the image will be thrown on the floor in its original position. The picture may be viewed through an oblong aperture cut in the box, or the experiment may be performed in a darkened room, by placing the lens in a hole in the shutter, and allowing the image to fall on the wall, or on a sheet of white paper stretched to receive it.

[Ill.u.s.tration]

In the simplest form, when intended for taking views or portraits, the image is thrown upon a mirror placed at an angle of 45, and resting on the bottom of the box, by which means it is thrown upwards against a plate of gla.s.s, also placed at a similar angle. On this is laid a piece of semi-transparent tracing paper, on which the object is distinctly seen painted, and may be traced out with a pencil. When the camera is used in photography, slides are provided to retain the sensitive paper in the proper position in the box or dark chamber to receive the image, and the whole apparatus is adjusted with screws, and slides of the most delicate description. Achromatic gla.s.ses are also employed. See PHOTOGRAPHY.

=CAM'PHINE.= The name given by the trade to rectified oil of turpentine when sold for burning in lamps, in order that purchasers may not be aware of the inflammable character of the liquid. Since the introduction of the hydro-carbon oils from coal, shale, and petroleum, camphine has been little used for burning. To rectify the turpentine, it is pa.s.sed in vapour through a solution of caustic potash, soda, or lime; or through sulphuric acid.

=CAM'PHOR.= C_{10}H_{16}O. _Syn._ CAM'PHIRE, LAU'REL CAM'PHOR; CAMPHO'RA, B. P. A crystalline substance found in many plants; though only obtained in large quant.i.ties from two, namely, _Camphora officinarum_ and _Dryobalanops aromatica_. The first, commonly known as the laurel camphor tree of China and j.a.pan, yields the camphor of commerce; the latter, the Sumatra or Borneo camphor, and the peculiar fluid known as liquid camphor.

It is found that several of the essential oils, by carefully distilling off about one third their volume, yield a species of camphor. By collecting this, and redistilling the remainder of the oil 2 or 3 times, a farther quant.i.ty of camphor may be obtained. Oil of rosemary, treated in this way, yields about 10% of camphor; oil of sweet marjoram the same; oil of sage yields 13%; oil of lavender, 25%. By keeping the oils loosely corked, and in a cool place, they produce a larger portion of this camphor. Aniseed camphor is the congealable portion of oil of aniseed, separated from the liquid oil, which it resembles in odour and flavour.

=Camphor, Am'ber.= See PYRETINE (Crystallised).

=Camphor, Com'mercial (Crude).= The produce of the laurel camphor tree, brought to Europe chiefly from China and the island of Formosa, in the form of greyish grains, aggregated into crumbling cakes.--_Prep._ The Chinese and j.a.panese extract the camphor by cutting the wood into small pieces, and boiling it with water in iron vessels, which are covered with large earthen capitals or domes, lined with rice straw. As the water boils, the camphor is volatilised along with the steam, and condenses on the straw.

=Cam'phor, Commercial (Refined).= _Syn._ WHITE CAMPHOR; CAMPHO'RA, B. P.

_Prep._ 100 parts of crude camphor are mixed with 2 parts each of quick-lime and animal charcoal, both in powder, and the mixture is placed in a thin, globular, gla.s.s vessel, sunk in a sand bath. The heat is then cautiously applied, and the vessel gradually and carefully raised out of the sand as the sublimation goes on. When the process is complete, the subliming vessel is removed and allowed to cool.

_Obs._ The whole process of refining camphor requires great care and experience to ensure its success. If conducted too slowly, or at a heat under 375 Fahr., the product is found to be flaky, and consequently unsaleable, without remelting or subliming. An improvement on the common method is simply to sublime the above mixture in any convenient vessel furnished with a large and well-cooled receiver, and to remelt the product in close vessels under pressure, and to cool the liquid ma.s.s as rapidly as possible.

_Prop., &c._ A white, semi-crystalline solid, very volatile at common temperatures; freely soluble in alcohol, ether, bisulphuret of carbon, benzol, oils, and acetic acid, and sufficiently so in water (about 1-1/4 gr. to 1 oz.), to impart its characteristic smell and taste; 100 parts of alcohol (sp. gr. 806) dissolve 120 parts of camphor; concentrated acetic acid dissolves twice its weight of camphor; average sp. gr. 990. It fuses at 347, boils at 400 Fahr., and when set fire to, burns with a bright flame. It evaporates slowly at ordinary temperatures, and crystallises on the inside of bottles. While floating on water it undergoes a curious rotatory movement.

_Uses, &c._ Camphor is sedative, narcotic, anodyne, diaph.o.r.etic, and anaphrodisiac. _Dose_, 2 to 10 gr. in the form of pill or bolus, or made into an emulsion with yolk of egg, mucilage, or almonds. In overdoses it is poisonous. The best antidote is opium or wine, preceded by an emetic.

It is also used externally in ointments, liniments, and embrocations.

Camphor is frequently put into wardrobes and clothes-trunks, to keep away insects; it is used to make the white stars and fire of the pyrotechnist; and by the varnish-maker to increase the solubility of copal and other gums. Mixed with six times its weight of clay, and distilled, it suffers decomposition, and yields a yellow, aromatic, volatile oil, smelling strongly of thyme and rosemary, which is much used by the wholesale druggists and perfumers to adulterate some of the more costly essential oils, and by the fancy soap-makers to scent their soaps.

Camphor may be beaten in a mortar for some time, without being reduced to powder, but if it be first broken with the pestle, and then sprinkled with a few drops of rectified spirit of wine, it may be readily pulverised. By adding water to an alcoholic or ethereal solution of camphor, this drug is precipitated under the form of an impalpable powder of exquisite whiteness.

_Tests._ Pure camphor is entirely soluble in rectified spirit, oils, and strong acetic acid; a fragment placed on a heated spoon or in a warm situation will wholly disappear, and the evolved fumes will be highly fragrant (camphoraceous), and be free from an acid or terebinthinate odour. In an alcoholic solution of natural camphor ammonia gives but a slight precipitate, which is dissolved on shaking the mixture; a similar solution of artificial camphor under the like treatment gives a flocculent precipitate, which remains undissolved. See CAMPHOR, FACt.i.tIOUS (_below_).

=Camphor, Facti"tious.= _Syn._ HYDROCHLORATE OF TUR'PENTINE, HYDROCHLORATE OF CAMPHENE, ARTIFICIAL CAMPHOR. Prepared by pa.s.sing dry hydrochloric acid gas into pure oil of turpentine, cooled by a freezing mixture or pounded ice. After a time a white, crystalline ma.s.s is formed, which must be drained, and dried by pressure between folds of bibulous paper. It may be purified by solution in alcohol.

_Prop., &c._ It has a camphoraceous taste and odour; burns with a greenish, sooty flame, and when blown out evolves a terebinthinate odour; heated a little above the boiling-point of water, slight fumes of hydrochloric acid gas are perceptible.

=Camphor, Hydrochlo"rate of.= _Syn._ MU"RIATE OF CAMPHOR; CAMPHO'Rae HYDROCHLO"RAS, L. By pa.s.sing hydrochloric acid gas over camphor, in small fragments, until it ceases to be absorbed.

=Camphor, Liq'uid.= _Syn._ CAMPHOR OIL; O'LEUM CAMPHO'Rae, L. A pale yellowish, limpid fluid, which exudes from _Dryobalanops aromatica_, a tree growing in Sumatra and Borneo, when deep incisions are made in the trunk. It is supposed that the crystalline SUMATRA CAMPHOR (see _below_) is deposited from this fluid. The liquid camphor has somewhat the odour of CAJEPUT OIL, and might, no doubt, be beneficially employed for the same purpose. It is sometimes imported into Europe.

=Camphor, Mon.o.bromated.= C_{10}H_{15}O_{1}Br. Coa.r.s.ely powdered camphor is introduced into a flask of about ten times the capacity of the amount it is intended to prepare. A fine stream of bromine is then allowed to fall upon the powder with continual agitation; the addition of bromine ceases when the camphor is liquefied. A large long abductor tube is then fitted to the flask, and the other end plunged into an alkaline solution, which will absorb the vapour that would otherwise incommode the operator. The flask is placed in a water bath that is raised to ebullition, when the reaction soon commences. This is at first rather active, there being an abundant evolution of hydrobromic gas, and some vapour of bromine and undecomposed camphor. The liquid, which is at first dark brown in colour, acquires an amber colour and the evolution of gas suddenly slackens. The operation should be carried out at a temperature between 80 and 90 C.

The amber-coloured liquid that remains in the flask solidifies upon cooling, and appears then as a slightly citrine-coloured friable ma.s.s. It is purified by treating it several times with boiling 90 to 95 alcohol, filtering the liquor, and leaving it to crystallise. The crystals are to be dried in the air upon unsized paper.

Dr Bourneville advises mon.o.bromated camphor to be administered either in the form of pills, made up with conserve of roses, or of a mixture rubbed up with mucilage of gum arabic and syrup. He gives it in doses varying from twelve to thirty centigrams daily. Where it cannot be taken by the mouth he injects the following solution subcutaneously:--Mon.o.bromated camphor 3 gr., alcohol 35 gr., glycerin 22 gr.

=Camphor, Nitrate of.= _Syn._ CAMPHOR OIL; O'LEUM CAMPHO'Rae FACTI"TIUM, L. Prepared by dissolving camphor in nitric acid, in the cold.

=Camphor, Sul'phite of.= From camphor and sulphurous acid gas, as hydrochlorate of camphor.

=Camphor, Suma'tra.= _Syn._ BOR'NEO CAMPHOR, HARD C., DRAGON'S BRAIN PERFUME. Obtained from _Dryobalanops aromatica_, being found in natural fissures or crevices of the wood. It resembles ordinary camphor in most properties, but its odour is not of so diffusible a nature. This kind is not seen in European commerce.

=CAMPHOR CAKES.= See b.a.l.l.s (Camphor).