Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume I Part 235

(nearly).

=Extract of Wa'ter-dock.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM RUMICIS AQUATICI, L. _Prep._ From the root, as EXTRACT OF HOPS, Ph. L. Astringent and antis...o...b..tic.--_Dose_, 15 gr. to 1 dr.; in skin diseases, &c.

=Extract of Whor'tleberry.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF BEARBERRY; EXTRACTUM UVae URSI. (Ph. L.), L. _Prep._ 1. From the dried leaves of the bearberry (_Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi_), as EXTRACT OF HOPS--Ph. L.--_Dose_, 5 to 15 gr., twice or thrice a day; in chronic diseases of the bladder and kidneys, attended with increased secretion of mucus, without inflammation.

2. (Ph. U. S. EXTRACTUM UVI-URSI ELUIDUM.) As fluid extract of cotton-root. (Ph. U. S.)

=Extract of Willow Bark.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM SALICIS. (Ph. Par.) From Powdered willow bark, as EXTRACT OF RHATANY.

=Extract of Win'ter Cher'ry.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM ALKEKENGI, L. _Prep._ From the berries of _Physalis alkekengi_, as EXTRACT OF ELDER. Aperient, detergent, and diuretic. _Dose_, 2 to 4 dr.

=Extract of Win'ter-green.= _Syn._ EXTRACT OF PIPSISSEWA; EXTRACTUM CHIMAPHILae, L. _Prep._ From the herb winter-green or pipsissewa (_Chimaphila umbellata_), as EXTRACT OF HOPS--Ph. L.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 1/2 dr.; in dropsy, scrofula, and chronic affections of the urinary organs.

=Extract of Wood Sor'rel.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM ACETOSELLae, L. _Prep._ (Pideret.) From the expressed juice of the fresh herb (_Oxalis acetosella_.) Acid, bitter, and antis...o...b..tic.--_Dose_, 15 gr. to 1/2 dr.

=Extract of Worm Gra.s.s.= See EXTRACT OF PINKROOT.

=Extract of Worm'seed.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM CINae aeTHEREUM, E. SEMINUM C. ae., L. _Prep._ (Hamb. Cod. 1845.) Wormseed, 1 oz.; ether, 4 oz.; digest 3 or 4 days, press, filter, distil off 4-5ths, and evaporate the residuum to a proper consistence. _Prod._ 25% to 30%. Vermifuge.--_Dose_, 3 to 10 gr., night and morning, for 2 or 3 successive days, followed by a brisk purge.

=Extract of Worm-wood.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM ABSINTHII; EXTRACTUM ARTEMESIae ABSINTHII, L. _Prep._ 1. (Ph. D., 1826.) From the dried flowering tops of wormwood, as the other simple extracts (EXTRACTA SIMPLICIORA--Ph. D.)

2. (Ph. Bor.) As EXTRACT OF RHATANY--Ph. Bor.

3. (P. Cod. and Ph. Baden.) By displacement by cold water.

_Obs._ Bitter, stomachic, tonic, and vermifuge.--_Dose_, 10 gr. to 20 gr., 2 or 3 times daily; in dyspepsia, loss of appet.i.te, gout, &c. It is usual to add a few drops of the oil of wormwood to the extract before taking it from the pan.

4. (Alcoholic; EXTRACTUM ABSINTHII ALCOHOLIc.u.m, L.--Guibourt.) From a tincture prepared from the dried tops of wormwood boiled in proof spirit.

More active than the last.

=Extract of Yew.= _Syn._ EXTRACTUM TAXI, L. _Prep._ 1. (Loder.) From the insp.i.s.sated juice of the fresh leaves of the yew (_Taxus baccata_). Its action on the circulation greatly resembles that of digitalis, but is more manageable.--_Dose_, 1 to 7 gr.; in epilepsy, &c.

2. (Alcoholic,--Ph. Baden.) From the dried leaves, as ALCOHOLIC EXTRACT OF ACONITE--Ph. Baden.

_Obs._ In addition to the preparations given above, there are many others which are often called 'EXTRACTS,' These may be grouped under the following heads:--

=Extracts, Concentra'ted.= _Syn._ RESINOIDS. Pharmaceutical preparations of more or less value, largely employed by the American physicians who style themselves 'ECLECTICS,' They are supposed to present in the most concentrated form the medicinal virtues of the plants from which they are derived. See RESINOIDS.

=Extracts, Fluid.= _Syn._ EXTRACTA FLUIDA, EXTRACTA LIQUIDA, L. This name has been applied in modern pharmacy to various preparations differing materially from each other in their degree of fluidity and concentration.

Some of these have been already noticed, and others will be found under one or other of their synonyms. Much confusion would be avoided by confining the name 'FLUID EXTRACT' to those preparations only which differ from the ordinary officinal extracts in being in the liquid form; whilst others of a like character, but of less consistence or concentration, might be conveniently cla.s.sed under the general denomination of 'LIQUORS'

(LIQUORES, L.). The various condensed preparations of vegetable substances, now common in trade, professedly several times stronger than the common DECOCTIONS, INFUSIONS, and TINCTURES, might be simply and advantageously distinguished by the addition of 'CONCENTRATED' to their names. Tinctures made with rectified spirit, and of (say) at least 8 times the usual strength, might be appropriately termed 'ESSENCES,' See DECOCTION, ESSENCE, EXTRACT, INFUSION, OLEO-RESIN, SYRUP, TINCTURE, &c.

=Extracts, Perfu'matory.= See EXTRAIT.

=Extracts, Pulver'ulent.= _Syn._ DRIED EXTRACTS, DESICCATED E.; SACCHARATED E.; EXTRACTA PULVERATA, E. SICCA, E. c.u.m SACCHARO, L. _Prep._ 1. Ordinary soft extract of the drug, 4 parts; white sugar (in powder), 1 part; mix, and dry by exposure in a warm situation; lastly, reduce the ma.s.s to powder, and if it weighs less than 4 parts, triturate it with more powdered sugar until its weight is equal to the original weight of the extract used in its preparation. The strength of the extract thus continues unchanged.

2. (Ph. Bor.) As the last, but using powdered sugar of milk, in lieu of cane sugar.

3. (Gauger.) Alcoholic extract, 3 parts, rectified spirit, 1 part, are triturated together in a porcelain mortar until thoroughly incorporated, when white sugar (in powder), 15 oz., is gradually added, and the two carefully and completely blended together; the mixture is dried as before, and more sugar added until the whole weighs exactly 18 oz. Six grains represent one grain of the unprepared extract.

_Obs._ The above are admirable preparations, intended chiefly to render the perishable extracts of the narcotic plants (EXTRACTA NARCOTICA) less liable to suffer by age. See EXTRACT OF ACONITE (Saccharated), &c.

=EXTRAC'TIVE.= _Syn._ EXTRACTIVE PRINCIPLE. Fourcroy entertained the belief that all vegetable extracts contained a common basis of definite composition, to which he gave the name of _extractive_. Chevreul and other chemists have shown, however, that Fourcroy's _extractive_ is not a chemical compound but a heterogeneous mixture, varying in composition with the plant from which it is obtained. Extractive has a brown colour, or one becoming so in the air; it speedily putrefies, and becomes oxidised, and is rendered insoluble by long exposure to air, and by repeated solutions and evaporations. In its unaltered state it is soluble in water and in alcohol, is nearly insoluble in ether, and is precipitated from its solutions by the acids and metallic oxides. With alumina it forms the basis of several brown dyes.

=EXTRAIT.= [Fr.] Literally an extract. Among perfumers, extraits are mostly spirituous solutions of the essential oils or odorous principles of plants and other fragrant substance. The French commonly apply the term to any concentrated spirit, either simple or compound. In the shops of the Parisian perfumers upwards of 60 preparations of the kind are distinguished by this name. The extracts of JASMINE, JONQUIL, MAY-LILY, ORANGE BLOSSOMS, VIOLETS, and other like flowers of delicate perfume, are obtained by agitating and digesting the 'huiles' and 'pomades' of the flowers with the purest rectified spirit in the manner described under SCENTED SPIRITS ('esprits'). This process is repeated with fresh oil or pomade until the spirit is rendered sufficiently fragrant. The other extracts (both simple and compound) are made by the common methods of infusion and distillation. See ESSENCE, EXTRACT, SPIRIT, &c.

=EYE.= In _anatomy_ and _physiology_, the organ of vision. In order that vision may be distinct, it is necessary that the pencil of rays diverging from each point of the object and entering the pupil should converge to a focus on the retina. Near-sightedness ('MYOPIA,' L.) is due to the too great convexity of either the 'lens' or 'cornea,' causing the rays to converge to a focus before reaching the retina. The spectacles worn by myopic persons have concave gla.s.ses, which, by increasing the divergence of the rays falling upon the eye, have the effect of carrying back each focal point towards the retina. In the long sight of old people ('PRESBYOPIA,' L.) the foci of the refracted pencils are situated behind the retina, the 'lens' or the 'cornea' being not sufficiently convex. This defect is corrected by convex gla.s.ses, which increase the convergence of the incident rays.

_Foreign Bodies in the Eye._--Particles of dust, small insects, hairs, and such like minute bodies frequently get under the eyelid, and thus become a source of considerable discomfort, and very frequently of great pain.

Hence the necessity of their prompt removal. In order to effect this the inside of the lids should be so exposed as to reveal the intruding substance. The lower lid may be easily turned down so as to show the inner surface, but the upper lid cannot be so easily manipulated. The end, however, may be attained by taking firm hold of the lid with the finger and thumb, drawing it downward and forward, placing a quill or a small pencil-case on the outer upper part, and turning the lid backwards over it. When the annoying particle is seen it should be removed by gently drawing over it, with a wiping motion, a piece of rag or linen handkerchief, wrapped round the finger, or by means of a camel-hair brush, if this latter be at hand.

If these means fail to remove it, and it should be imbedded too firmly in the membrane, it may be picked off with a tooth-pick, the end of a pair of tweezers, a fine ivory paper-knife, or with a stiff hair from a clothes-brush bent at right angles. If lime-dust has blown into the eye it is only the larger particles that can be removed in this manner; the finer particles may be dissolved out by was.h.i.+ng the eye with a lotion made of one part of common vinegar and two parts of water. A drop or two of pure sugar syrup will also frequently dissolve the lime. When a powerfully destructive substance, such, for instance, as sulphuric acid or oil of vitriol, is, as sometimes happens, thrown by some person into the eye, the best course is to wash it out with a solution containing four grains of was.h.i.+ng soda in an ounce of water. This should be done as quickly as possible, and pending the time the soda lotion is being got ready, the eye, being kept open, should be diligently washed with cold water. Grains of gunpowder should be carefully removed. Hot fluid, such as melted fat or pitch, may be got rid of by putting into the eye a few drops of almond or olive oil.

Upon removal of the foreign body the pain generally subsides; but it sometimes happens that the membranes may be lacerated, in which case more or less inflammation may ensue. Under these circ.u.mstances a medical pract.i.tioner should be consulted. For _animals_ the same treatment may be followed. See BLINDNESS, COLOUR BLINDNESS, VISION, &c.

=Eye Balsam=, Vegetable (Martin Reichel, Wurzburg). Opium, 5 parts; oxide of mercury, 5 parts; camphor, 2 parts; wax cerate, 52 parts. (Hager.)

=Eye Drops.= See WATER (Eye).

=Eye Essence= (Dr Romershausen). A tincture prepared from fennel seeds and fresh young fennel. (Hager.)

=Eye Powder= (Laeyson, Paris), also known as Odorous Powder. For the strengthening, restoration, and preservation of the sight. A powder composed of--Burnt chalk, 100 parts; ammonia, 50 parts; charcoal, 6 parts; oxide of iron, 2 parts; cinnamon bark, 2 parts. (P. L. Geiger.)

=Eye Pow'ders.= See COLLYRIA.

=Eye Salt.= Powdered alum. (G. Graefe.)

=Eye Salve.= See OINTMENT (Eye).

=Eye Snuff.= See SNUFF.

=Eye Water= (Biedermann, Annaberg). 2 grms. sulphate of zinc in 60 grms.

distilled water, with a little infusion of cloves.

=Eye Water= (Brun) is a solution of 4 parts of aloes in 32 parts of white wine, with 32 parts of rose water, and 1-1/2 part of tincture of saffron.

=Eye Water= (Chantomela.n.u.s) "makes spectacles superfluous." A turbid yellow-brownish liquid, consisting of a weak extract of lavender flowers in diluted spirit, in which some oil of lavender has also been dissolved.

(Opwyrda.)

=Eye Water, Dr Graefe's= (L. Roth, Berlin). Sulphate of zinc, 15 grms.; fennel water, 100 grms., slightly coloured with fennel seed tincture.

(Schadler.)

=Eye Water= (J. P. H. Hette). A solution of ethereal oils of lavender, bergamot, rosemary, and tincture of opium in spirits of wine, 50 per cent.

(Wittstein.)

=Eye Water= (Bernhard Kraft, Calbe) for acute inflammation of the eyes and for strengthening the sight. Seven grammes of an impure muddy sediment-leaving spring water containing half a gramme of native sulphate of zinc containing iron. (Schadler.)

=Eye Water= (Inspector Stroinski, Neisse). One part of sulphate of zinc dissolved in 500 parts of common river water. (Schreiber.)