Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume I Part 269

=GOLD SIZE.= _Syn._ GILDING SIZE, GILDER'S S., GOLD COLOUR. _Prep._ 1.

(OIL SIZE.) Drying or boiled oil thickened with yellow ochre or calcined red ochre, and carefully reduced to the utmost smoothness by grinding. It is thinned with oil of turpentine. Improves by age. Used for oil gilding.

2. (WATER SIZE.) Parchment or isingla.s.s size, mixed with finely ground yellow ochre. Used in burnished or distemper gilding.

=GOLD-BEAT'ER'S SKIN= is prepared from the peritoneal membrane of the caec.u.m of the ox. It is used to separate the leaves of gold whilst under the hammer, as a nearly invisible defensive dressing for cuts, as a fabric for court plaster, &c.

=GOLDEN SEAL.= See HYDRASTIS CANADENSIS.

=GONG METAL.= See BELL METAL.

=GONIOM'ETRY.= The art of measuring the angles of crystals, by means of a GONIOMETER; a most important matter in _chemistry_ and _mineralogy_. The only accurate and simple instrument of this kind is the REFLECTING GONIOMETER invented by Dr Wollaston. Facility in using this instrument is readily acquired by a few trials.

=GOOSE.= This bird, the _Anser domesticus_, is a favourite article of food almost everywhere, and may fairly claim a similar position amongst poultry to that occupied by "good Sir Loin" among joints of meat. The vulgar inuendos occasionally heard to its prejudice should be directed against the cook rather than the bird, as it is only when it is unskilfully dressed and too highly seasoned that it is apt to disagree with that "irascible member of the interior," a delicate or overloaded stomach.

Undue susceptibility in that quarter may, however, be generally allayed by an oblation, in the shape of a little '_eau de vie_,' used as sauce or gravy. Formerly, almost miraculous virtues were attributed to this bird.

Its flesh was said to promote longevity, to cure hydrophobia, and to be aphrodisiac. The fat (GOOSE GREASE; ADEPS ANSERIS), mixed with honey, was supposed to be "good against the bitings of a mad dog." At the present day it is occasionally used in clysters, and, when scented, as a pomade to make the hair grow, for which purpose it is said to be superior to bear's grease. In quant.i.ty it is an emetic of very easy action. The large feathers of the wings (quills) are used for writing. The small feathers form the common stuffing of our beds.

=GOOSE'BERRY.= The fruit or berry of _Ribes grossularis_. Unripe fruit, cold and acidulous; ripe fruit, wholesome and slightly laxative; but the seeds and skins should not be eaten, as they are very indigestible; the juice of the green fruit is made into wine (ENGLISH CHAMPAGNE); the seeds, washed and roasted, were formerly used as a subst.i.tute for coffee (GOOSEBERRY COFFEE). Gooseberries are preserved by simply bottling them, and keeping them in a very cold place. See CHEESE, FOOL, FRUIT, &c.

=GOULARD.= _Syn._ GOULARD'S EXTRACT. See SOLUTION OF DIACETATE OF LEAD.

=GOUT.= _Syn._ ARTHRITIS, L. A painful disease that chiefly attacks the male s.e.x, particularly those of a corpulent habit and robust frame.

Persons who live temperately and take much exercise are seldom troubled with gout. Indolence, inactivity, luxurious habits of life, and free living, are the chief exciting causes of this disease; but excessive study, grief, watchfulness, exposure to cold, and the too free use of acidulous liquors, also occasionally bring it on. In some persons it is an hereditary disease.

_Symp._ Gout is generally preceded by unusual chilliness of the feet and legs, and a numbness or a sensation of p.r.i.c.kling along the lower extremities; the appet.i.te fails, flatulency, indigestion, torpor, and languor ensue, and extreme la.s.situde and fatigue follow the least bodily exercise; the bowels become costive, and the urine pallid. The fits usually come on in the night; the patient is awakened by the severity of the pain, generally in the first joint of the great toe, or occasionally in the heel, whole foot, or calf of the leg. The pain resembles that of a dislocated joint, accompanied by a sensation resembling the effusion of cold water; the pain increases, rigors and febrile symptoms ensue, accompanied with local throbbing and inflammation. Sometimes both feet and legs are attacked; at others, only one. Towards morning the patient generally falls asleep, and sinks into a state of copious perspiration, from which he awakes comparatively recovered. This const.i.tutes what is called a 'fit of gout.' These fits or paroxysms are apt to return at intervals, commonly every evening, with more or less violence; and when frequent, the disease usually extends its action, the joints become affected, and concretions of a chalky nature (chalk stones, gout stones) are formed upon them, and they become stiff and nearly immovable.

_Treat._ A plain or vegetable diet, moderate exercise, and the use of warm laxatives, gentle tonics, diaph.o.r.etics, and diuretics, are among the best preventives. The moderate use of alkaline remedies, as pota.s.sa and magnesia, has also been recommended. To relieve the fit of gout, or to check it at its commencement, the affusion of cold water will be often found effective. The use of the '_eau medicinale_', or the '_vinum colchici_' of the Pharmacopia, may also be had recourse to; a due dose of which taken at bedtime will frequently carry off the paroxysm, and nearly always mitigate the symptoms. The effect of the above remedies do not greatly differ from each other. The action of both medicines is accompanied with great languor, and a deadly nausea or sickness, which terminates in vomiting or a discharge from the bowels, or both. These symptoms have often reached an alarming extent, and in some const.i.tutions follow even a moderate dose. This method of cure should not, therefore, be unadvisedly and incautiously adopted.

Another remedy which has been recommended for gout is lemon juice, but experience has proved that this agent is not to be depended on. The dose proposed by Dr O. Rees, who originated this treatment, was 2 or 3 fl. oz., twice or thrice a day.

To ensure the efficacy of lemon juice, it must be expressed from the fruit into the gla.s.s shortly before being taken. That purchased at the shops is generally stale and disagreeable, and is often worse than useless. In some cases it is advisable to take the juice undiluted, but the more common practice is to mix it with about an equal quant.i.ty of water. See RHEUMATISM, COLCHIc.u.m, DRAUGHT (Anti-arthritic), LEMON JUICE, VINEGAR OF COLCHIc.u.m, WINE OF COLCHIc.u.m, &c.

=Gout Cor'dial.= _Prep._ Rhubarb, senna, coriander seed, sweet-fennel seed, and cochineal, of each 2 oz.; liquorice root and saffron, of each 1 oz.; raisins, 2-1/2 lbs.; rectified spirit of wine, 2 gals.; digest for 14 days, press, and filter. Used in gout and rheumatism. Aromatic and slightly laxative.--_Dose_, 1 to 3 table-spoonfuls.

=Gout Med'icine.= (Duncan's.) A mixture of wine of colchic.u.m, wine of opium, and tincture of saffron.

=Gout Rem'edy.= (Alexander's.) According to Dr Paris, this contains--aniseed, c.u.min seed, ginger, hermodactyles, pepper, and scammony.

=Gout Specific.= (Murray's.) A mixture of iodide of pota.s.sium, sulphate of magnesia, and wine of colchic.u.m, disguised with an aromatic tincture.

=GOUTTES AMERES.= [Fr.] See DROPS (Bitter).

=GRAD'UATOR.= See VINEGAR.

=GRAFTING COM'POST.= Clay tempered with water, to which a little linseed oil is sometimes added. Used to cover the joint formed by the scion and stock in grafting.

=GRAINS OF HEALTH, Dr Franck's--Gesundheitspillen--Grains de Sante, ou Grains de Vie=, du Docteur Franck. Silvered pills, containing 1 part gamboge and 4 parts aloes. (Hager.)

=GRAINS OF PAR'ADISE.= _Syn._ GUINEA GRAINS, MELEGUETTA PEPPER. The seeds of the _Ammomum meleguetta_. Grains of paradise are hot, acrid, and aromatic, and in general properties similar to the other peppers. In some parts of the world they are used as a condiment. They are princ.i.p.ally employed in these countries to impart a false strength to wine, beer, spirits, and vinegar.

=GRANIL'LA.= A small inferior variety of cochineal (which _see_).

=GRANULA'TION.= The act or process of forming, or breaking into, grains or small ma.s.ses.

The granulation of MEDICINES has of late years received considerable attention from both foreign and British pharmaceutists. In France, granulated powders (POUDRES GRANULeES) are coming into general use in place of impalpable powders, the most unpleasant of all forms of medicine.

The French process consists in enveloping the particles of medicines in syrup by means of heat and constant stirring. Mr Banner, of Liverpool, has lately introduced a method of granulating medicines far preferable to that of the French pharmaceutists. The powder to be granulated is placed in a mortar, and mucilage of gum acacia is gradually added until a crumbly ma.s.s is made; this is then rubbed through a wire sieve (about 12 meshes to the inch), and the granules produced are spread out on paper, and left to dry spontaneously, or they are placed in a copper pan, and kept in constant motion over a stove until dry; when perfectly dry, they are placed in a mortar, and sufficient quant.i.ty of strong tincture of tolu (3 dr. to 1 oz.) is added to them, until by constant stirring they all appear glossy and s.h.i.+ning; they are then dried again by a gentle heat, being kept in constant motion. The granules thus formed keep well, are tasteless, and are much more elegant and agreeable preparations than pills or ordinary powders. Many saline substances are granulated by the simple process of dissolving the salt in water, and evaporating to dryness with constant stirring.

METALS are granulated (reduced to drops, grains, or coa.r.s.e powder) by pouring them, in the melted state, into water. In many cases they are allowed to run through the holes of a species of colander or sieve to produce minute division; and in order to render the drops spherical, they are allowed to fall from a sufficient height to permit of their acquiring the solid state before striking the water. Lead shot is made in this way.

Shot towers are often upwards of 100 feet in height. See COPPER, GUNPOWDER, POWDER, ZINC, &c.

=GRAPES.= _Syn._ UVae, L. The fruit of _Vitis vinifera_, or the common grape vine. Ripe grapes are cooling and antiseptic, and in large quant.i.ties diuretic and laxative. They are very useful in bilious affections and dyspepsia, and in all febrile, putrid, and inflammatory complaints. The skin and seed, which are indigestible, should be rejected.

"Grapes which contain a large quant.i.ty of sugar are, if taken without the husks, the safest and most nutritive of summer fruits." (Cullen.) "The subjects of pulmonary affections, who pa.s.s the summer in Switzerland, may try the effects of a course of grapes, '_cure de raisins_,' a remedy held in high estimation in several parts of the Continent." (Sir J. Clark.)

Grapes, in bunches are preserved by wrapping them in silver paper, and packing them in dry bran. Each bunch is suspended by the stem with the fingers of one hand, whilst the bran is poured round it with the other; the jar being occasionally gently shaken as the process of packing proceeds. Some paper is then laid over the top of the jar, the mouth or cover of which is, lastly, tied firmly over with bladder, to exclude the air and moisture. See FRUIT, &c.

=GRAPH'ITE.= See PLUMBAGO.

=GRATE.= A frame of iron bars used for burning coal as fuel. In the construction of a grate it is desirable to make the perpendicular height of the fuel as great as is consistent with safety. A stratum of burning coal will radiate considerably more heat into an apartment if placed vertically than if arranged horizontally; besides which a great saving of fuel will be effected in proportion to the heat radiated. Hence the faulty construction of the old-fas.h.i.+oned wide grates. The fuel should also be so divided in a fireplace as to be easy of ignition, and so placed as to give free access of air to all its parts, as the smoke is then more likely to be burnt.

=GRAV'EL.= A collection of small pebbles commonly mixed with sand or clay, or both. Gravel for garden walks is chosen for its fine colour and binding properties. The gravel of Kensington and Wimbledon is esteemed the finest in the world. Gravel walks when once in order, may be rendered nearly equal to asphalt by pouring over them tar or a mixture of tar and pitch, absorption being promoted, if required, by the application of a hot iron.

=Gravel.= In _pathology_, a term popularly applied to calculous matter formed in the kidneys, and pa.s.sing off in the urine; and sometimes to distinct calculi or concretions in the bladder itself.

An attack of gravel, as commonly understood, is accompanied by a deposit of red, gritty, sand-like particles in the urine, which do not dissolve when the urine is heated. The deposit consists of uric acid. Pains in the loins are a common accompaniment of gravel, and there is also sometimes pain in pa.s.sing water.

_Treat._ Give twenty minims of solution of potash (of the B. P.) three times a day in barley water; or twenty grains of bicarbonate of soda, also three times a day. If the attack be attended with much pain a brisk dose of Gregory's powder should be additionally taken every morning. Vichy Water will also be found a useful remedy. See CALCULUS.

=GRAVIM'ETER.= See HYDROMETER.

=GRAV'ITY.= _Syn._ GRAVITATION. The attractive force by which bodies fall towards the centre of the earth. Weight is the measure of gravity. The determination of the relative weight of bodies with reference to a given standard, is explained under SPECIFIC GRAVITY.

=GRA'VY.= The juice or liquid matter that drains from dressed meat after it is placed on the dish for serving. The common practice among cooks is to pour a spoonful or two of boiling water or broth over the joint, to increase the quant.i.ty. The natural gravy that oozes from the meat after it is cut is the richest and most wholesome. Made gravies are prepared by adding spice and flavouring to the foregoing, or to strong meat soup.

The gravy for roast meat is usually made by sprinkling a little salt on the joint after it is placed in the dish, and then pouring some boiling water over it; this washes off some of the brown, and makes a coloured liquid in the dish.

Another method for making gravy for roast meat is the following:--Take any bones, sc.r.a.ps of cold meat, or tr.i.m.m.i.n.gs of the joint, put them in a half pint of water, with a little salt and half an onion, let them stew all the time the meat is roasting; colour with a little burnt sugar. When the meat is done, pour the dripping from it carefully into a basin, leaving the gravy at the bottom of the tin; strain the gravy you have made into this, let it boil, and pour round (not over) the meat. If the gravy is liked thick, put a dessert-spoonful of flour, mixed into a smooth paste, with two of cold water, into the saucepan five minutes before you strain it.

See SAUCE.

=GRAY.= _Syn._ GREY; GRIS, Fr. A mixture of black and white. Delicate grays result from mixture of the three elementary colours, red, yellow, and blue, in which the blue preponderates to a greater or less extent.

=GRAY DYE.= _Syn._ TEINTE GRISE. Gray is dyed with the same materials as black, but both the bath and mordaunt are used in a more diluted state.

COTTON goods may be worked in sumach and then in copperas; this gives rather a bluish grey, which may be modified to any particular hue by the addition of suitable colouring matter. To make it yellowish, a small amount of fustic and alum are employed; to make it 'fuller,' peachwood and Lima-wood with alum are used. The methods of obtaining grey on SILK and WOOL are very numerous; they are similar in principle to the above, all depending on the blending of the three primary colours, or on the modification of weak blacks. See BLACK DYE.

=GREASE.= A general term applied to soft animal fats; as BEAR'S GREASE, GOOSE GREASE, &c.

=Grease.= An inflammatory affection of the heels of horses, which produces dryness, scurfiness and stiffness. The _treatment_ consists of emollient poultices, accompanied with physic and diuretic b.a.l.l.s, to subdue the inflammation, followed by mild astringent lotions or ointments.

=GREAVES.= _Syn._ GRAVES. The sediment of melted tallow, consisting chiefly of animal membranes mixed with fat, made up into cakes. Used as a coa.r.s.e food for dogs.

=GRE'CIAN WATER.= See HAIR DYES.