Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume Ii Part 10

=KAL'YDOR.= A cosmetic lotion; it resembles 'GOWLAND'S LOTION,' but is got up in a rather more pleasing style. See LOTION.

=KAMALA.= A powder consisting of the minute glands obtained from the capsules of the _Rottlera tinctoria_, a plant belonging to the nat. ord.

_Euphorbiaceae_. Kamala is imported from India, where it is known under the name of kameela. The rottlera, from which it is obtained, is a tree from 15 to 20 feet in height, indigenous to India and to many of the East Indian Islands.

Kamala has long been employed in India as a remedy for tapeworm, and within the last few years has been given for the same purpose in this country with very general success. It may be administered in doses of from thirty grains to three drachms, suspended in water, rubbed up with mucilage, or mixed with syrup. In large doses, such as three drachms, it sometimes purges violently. After the third or fourth motion the worm is generally evacuated dead. A second dose may be taken in about four hours should the first fail to act; or instead of a second dose, some castor oil may be given. Kamala is also used externally by the natives of India in various skin complaints, particularly in scabies. It is also said to have proved useful in herpetic ringworm.

[Ill.u.s.tration: COTTON, LINEN AND JUTE.]

Dr Anderson obtained from the resinous colouring matter, which is the princ.i.p.al const.i.tuent of kamala, a yellow crystalline substance, to which he gave the name _rottlerin_. The existence of rottlerin has since been confirmed by Mr Groves, who found that it becomes changed by exposure, a circ.u.mstance to which he attributes its non-detection in old specimens of the drug, and to which may very reasonably be attributed Leube's failure to find it.

The 'British Pharmacopia' ascribes the following 'characters' to kamala:--"A fine granular mobile powder, of a brick-red colour; it is with difficulty mixed with water, but when boiled with alcohol the greater part is dissolved, forming a red solution. Ether dissolves most of it, the residue consisting princ.i.p.ally of tufted hairs. It should be free from sand or earthy impurities."

Kamala forms a very considerable article of export from India, it being a valuable dye.

=KA'OLIN.= _Syn._ CHINA CLAY, PORCELAIN C. A fine white clay, derived from the decomposition of the felspar of granitic rocks. The potteries and porcelain works of this country are chiefly supplied with this substance from extensive tracts of it which occur near St Austie, Cornwall. See CLAY.

Elsner[9] gives the following process for distinguis.h.i.+ng kaolin from ordinary clay:--He agitates it in a test-tube with pure strong sulphuric acid till a uniform mixture is produced, decants the acid after subsidence, dilutes it carefully with six volumes of water, and supersaturates the cooled solution with ammonia.

[Footnote 9: Dingl., 'Pot. Journ.' (Watts).]

Kaolin thus treated separates but slowly from the strong acid, and the diluted acid solution gives an immediate white precipitate with ammonia, whereas ordinary clay is but slightly attacked by the acid, separates quickly from it, and the acid after dilution gives but an insignificant precipitate with ammonia.

=KAP'NOMOR.= _Syn._ CAPNOMOR. A colourless oil obtained from crude kreasote by distillation with pota.s.sa. It boils at 360 Fahr., has a peculiar odour, and is insoluble in water, but readily soluble in an alkaline solution of kreasote.

=KATAL'YSIS.= _Syn._ CATALYSIS, CONTACT ACTION. Terms applied to a cla.s.s of chemical actions in which the decompositions, and the recombination of the elements of compound bodies, is apparently excited by the mere presence of, or contact with, other bodies, which do not themselves suffer such a change.

=KAVA-KAVA.= See AVA.

=KELP.= The alkaline ashes obtained by burning various species of sea-weed, formerly much used for the preparation of carbonate of soda. The weeds most valued for the purpose are the _Fucus vesiculosus_, _nodosus_, and _serratus_, and the _Laminaria bulbosa_ and _digitata_.

Of late years the manufacture of kelp, like that of barilla, has been almost abandoned except as a source of iodine. Mr E. C. C. Stanford, by carefully collecting and compressing the weed, and afterwards submitting it to dry distillation, doubles the yield of iodine and bromine, and obtains in addition various valuable hydrocarbons. See BARILLA, IODINE, SODA, &c.

=KER'MES.= _Syn._ KERMES-GRAINS, ALKERMES; GRANUM TINCTORIUM, L. The dried bodies of the female _Coccus Ilicis_ of Linnaeus, a small insect of the order _Hemiptera_, which flourishes on the Ilex oak. It has been used as a red and scarlet dye-stuff ever since the time of Moses; but is now superseded in this country by cochineal, which gives colours of much greater brilliancy.

=KER'MES MIN'ERAL.= _Syn._ KERMES MINERALE, K. MINERALIS, L. An amorphous tersulphide of antimony, containing a small admixture of teroxide of antimony and sulphuride of pota.s.sium. _Prep._ 1. IN THE HUMID WAY.--_a._ (P. Cod.) Carbonate of soda (cryst.), 128 parts (say 21 parts), is dissolved in water, 1280 parts (say 210 parts), contained in a cast-iron pan; tersulphide of antimony (in fine powder), 6 parts (say 1 part), is next added, and the whole boiled for an hour, with constant agitation with a wooden spatula; the boiling liquid is then filtered into a heated earthen pan containing a small quant.i.ty of very hot water, and the solution is allowed to cool as slowly as possible; the red powder which is deposited is collected on a cloth, on which it is well washed with cold water, and the superfluous water being removed by pressure, the powder is dried by a gentle heat, and is, lastly, pa.s.sed through a fine silk-gauze sieve, and preserved from light and air.

_b._ (Wholesale.) From black sulphuride of antimony, 4 lbs.; carbonate of pota.s.sa, 1 lb.; boil in water, 2 galls., for half an hour, filter, &c., as before. The undissolved portion of sesquisulphuret of antimony may be boiled again several times with fresh pota.s.sa and water, until the whole is dissolved. Inferior to the last.

_c._ (CLUZELL'S KERMES.) From tersulphide of antimony, 4 parts; crystallised carbonate of soda, 90 parts; water, 1000 parts; boil, &c., as in 1, _a_, and dry the powder, folded up in paper, at a heat not exceeding 90 Fahr.

2. IN THE DRY WAY.--_a._ (P. Cod.) Carbonate of pota.s.sa, 100 parts; tersulphide of antimony, 50 parts; sulphur, 3 parts; mix, fuse in a Hessian crucible, pour the melted ma.s.s into an iron mortar, and when cold reduce it to powder; next boil it in water, 1000 parts, contained in an iron vessel, filter the solution, and otherwise proceed as before.

_Product_: large, but of inferior quality.

_b._ (Fownes.) From tersulphide of antimony, 5 parts; carbonate of soda (dry), 3 parts; water, 80 parts; fuse, &c., as before. Nearly equal to 1, _a_.

_c._ (Berzelius.) Carbonate of pota.s.sa (pure), 3 parts, tersulphide of antimony, 8 parts; water, q. s. Resembles the last.

_Prop., &c._ An odourless, tasteless powder, insoluble in both water and alcohol, and, when pure and carefully prepared, entirely soluble in hydrosulphate of ammonia. As prepared by the formulae 1, _a_, and 1, _c_, it is a very dark crimson powder, of a velvety smoothness; but that from the other formulae has a brownish-red colour, more or less deep. The secret of preparing this compound of a fine and velvety quality, like that imported from the Continent, consists simply in filtering the solution whilst boiling hot, and allowing it to cool very slowly, by placing the vessel in an appropriate situation for that purpose. Another important point, according to Rose, is to employ sufficient alkali to keep the whole of the teroxide of antimony in solution as the liquid cools, instead of allowing a part of it to be deposited with the kermes. This is the reason of the superior quality and mildness of that prepared according to the directions of the French Codex. The liquor decanted from the 'kermes mineral' yields the golden sulphide of antimony on the addition of an acid, for which purpose the acetic is generally employed.

_Dose_, 1/2 gr. to 3 or 4 gr., as a diaph.o.r.etic, cathartic, or emetic. It occupies in foreign practice the place of our James's Powder.

=KETCH'UP.= _Syn._ CATCHUP, CATSUP, KATCHUP. The juice of certain vegetables strongly salted and spiced, so as to be used as sauce; or a simple sauce made without the natural juice as a subst.i.tute for the true ketchup. The following are the princ.i.p.al varieties:--

=Ketchup, Camp.= _Prep._ Take of good old beer, 2 quarts; white wine, 1 quart; anchovies, 4 oz.; mix, heat it to the boiling-point, remove it from the fire, and add of peeled shalots, 3 oz.; mace, nutmegs, ginger, and black pepper, of each, bruised, 1/2 oz.; macerate for 14 days, with frequent agitation, then allow it to settle, and decant and bottle the clear portion.

=Ketchup, Cu'c.u.mber.= _Prep._ From ripe cuc.u.mbers, in the same way as mushroom ketchup. Very luscious. Mixed with cream, or melted b.u.t.ter, it forms an excellent white sauce for fowls, &c.

=Ketchup, Marine'.= _Prep._ Take of strong old beer, 1 gall.; anchovies, 1-1/2 lb.; peeled shalots (crushed), 1 lb.; bruised mace, mustard seed, and cloves, of each 1/2 oz.; bruised pepper and ginger, of each 1/4 oz.; mushroom ketchup and vinegar, of each 1 quart; beat the mixture to the boiling point, put it into a bottle, and macerate for 14 days, frequently shaking; then strain through flannel, and bottle it for use. Excellent with anything; like the last, it makes good white sauce, and keeps well.

=Ketchup, Mush'room.= _Prep._ 1. Sprinkle mushroom flaps, gathered in September, with common salt, stir them occasionally for 2 or 3 days, then lightly squeeze out the juice, and add to each gallon cloves and mustard seed, of each, bruised, 1/2 oz.; allspice, black pepper, and ginger, of each, bruised, 1 oz.; gently heat to the boiling-point in a covered vessel, macerate for 14 days, and decant or strain. Should it exhibit any indications of change in a few weeks, bring it again to the boiling-point, with a little more spice, and a table-spoonful more salt.

2. Take of mushroom juice, 2 galls.; pimento, 2 oz.; cloves, black pepper, mustard seed, and ginger, of each, bruised, 1 oz.; salt, 1 lb. (or to taste); shalots, 3 oz.; gently simmer for 1 hour in a covered vessel, cool, strain, and bottle.

3. Take of mushroom juice, 100 galls.; black pepper, 9 lbs.; allspice, 7 lbs.; ginger, 5 lbs.; cloves, 1 lb. (all bruised); salt, q. s.; gently simmer in a covered tin boiler for 1 hour.

=Ketchup, Oys'ter.= _Prep._ Pulp the oysters, and to each pint add, of sherry wine, or very strong old ale, 1 pint; salt, 1 oz.; mace, 1/4 oz.; black pepper, 1 dr.; simmer very gently for 10 minutes, strain, cool, bottle, and to each bottle add a spoonful or two of brandy, and keep them in a cool situation. c.o.c.kLE KETCHUP and MUSSEL KETCHUP are made in the same way. Used to flavour sauces when the fish are out of season; excellent with rump steak, &c.

=Ketchup, Pon'tac.= _Prep._ Take of the juice of elderberries and strong vinegar, of each 1 pint; anchovies, 1/2 lb.; shalots and spice, q. s. to flavour; boil for 5 minutes, cool, strain, and bottle. Used to make fish sauces.

=Ketchup, Toma'to.= _Prep._ Prepared from tomatoes or love apples, like mushroom ketchup, except that a little very strong Chili vinegar is commonly added. An admirable relish for 'high' or rich flavoured viands.

=Ketchup, Wal'nut.= _Prep._ 1. Take of the expressed juice of young walnuts, when tender, 1 gall.; boil 10 minutes, skim, add of anchovies, 2 lbs.; shalots, 1 lb.; cloves and mace, of each 1 oz.; 1 clove of garlic, sliced; simmer in a covered vessel for 15 minutes, strain, cool, and bottle, adding a little fresh spice to each bottle, and salt, q. s. Will keep good in a cool place for 20 years.

2. Take of green walnut sh.e.l.ls, 16 galls.; salt, 5 lbs.; mix and beat together for a week, press out the liquor, and to every gallon add, of allspice, 4 oz.; ginger, 3 oz.; pepper and cloves, of each 2 oz.; all bruised; simmer for half an hour, and set aside in a closed vessel and in a cool situation until sufficiently clear.

3. Take of walnut juice, 1 gall.; vinegar, 1 quart; British anchovies (sprats), 3 or 4 lbs.; pimento, 3 oz.; ginger, 1/4 oz.; long pepper, 1/2 oz.; cloves, 1 oz.; shalots, 2 oz.; boil and bottle, as before.

4. From the juice of walnut sh.e.l.ls, 30 galls.; salt, 1 bushel; allspice and shalots, of each 6 lbs.; ginger, garlic, and horse-radish, of each 3 lbs.; essence of anchovies, 3 galls.; as before.

=Ketchup, Wine.= _Prep._ Take of mushroom or walnut ketchup, 1 quart; chopped anchovies, 1/2 lb.; 20 shalots; sc.r.a.ped horse-radish, 2 oz.; spice, q. s.; simmer for 15 minutes, cool, and add of white and red wine, of each 1 pint; macerate for 1 week, strain, and bottle.

_General Remarks._ In preparing the above articles, vessels of glazed earthenware, or stoneware, or well-tinned copper pans, should alone be used to contain them whilst being boiled or heated, as salt and vegetable juices rapidly corrode copper, and render the ketchup poisonous. Nothing in the shape of copper, lead or pewter should be allowed to touch them.

Even a plated copper spoon left in a bottle of ketchup for some time will render its contents poisonous. Unpleasant and even dangerous fits of vomiting, colic, and diarrha have resulted from the neglect of this precaution. See SAUCE, &c.

=KIBES.= The vulgar name for ulcerated chilblains.

=KID'NEYS.= _Syn._ RENES, L. (In _anatomy_.) The kidneys, as almost every one knows, are abdominal viscera which secrete the urine, and form the great channels by which the effete nitrogenous matter is removed from the blood. They are subject to various affections, both functional and organic, chronic and acute, of which some are imperfectly understood, and others only admit of alleviation, but not of being cured. See URINE and URINARY AFFECTIONS.

=Kidneys.= (In _cookery_.) Soyer recommends kidneys to be dressed by gently broiling them, having previously split them, "so as nearly to divide them, leaving the fat in the middle," and "run a skewer through them, that they may remain open." After being rubbed with a little b.u.t.ter, and seasoned with salt and pepper, "they may be served on toast, or with any sauce." "You may also egg and bread-crumb them." "Five minutes suffice for a sheep or lamb's kidney of common size." (Soyer.) One or two lamb's kidneys, plainly broiled and served up with the gravy in them, eaten along with a little dry-toasted bread, form a most excellent and appropriate luncheon or dinner for a dyspeptic or convalescent.

=KIESERITE.= A sulphate of magnesia found in the refuse salt (abraumsalz) of Sta.s.sfurth, near Magdeburg. It forms about 12% of the _abraumsalz_. It is employed for was.h.i.+ng wool and for the manufacture of 'permanent white'

by treatment with chloride of barium; also for the preparation of Glauber salts, and of hypochlorite of magnesia for bleaching linen. See LINEN.

=KING'S CUP.= _Prep._ Yellow peel of 1 lemon; lump sugar, 1-1/2 oz.; cold water, 1 pint; infuse 8 or 10 hours, and strain. The addition of a teaspoonful of orange-flower water is a great improvement. Used as a diluent in cases where acid liquors are inadmissible. See LEMONADE.

=KING'S EVIL.= See SCROFULA.

=KING'S YELLOW.= See YELLOW PIGMENTS.