Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume Ii Part 120

4. (Lancon.) Paste, 9612 gr.; acetate of copper, 72 gr.; peroxide of iron, 1-1/2 gr.

=Garnet.= 1. Paste or stra.s.s, 1200 gr.; gla.s.s of antimony, 580 gr.; purple of ca.s.sius and binoxide of manganese, of each 3 gr.

2. (Douault-Wieland.) Paste, 513 gr.; gla.s.s of antimony, 256 gr.; purple of ca.s.sius and oxide of manganese, of each 2 gr.

3. (VINEGAR GARNET.) From paste, 7000 gr.; gla.s.s of antimony, 3460 gr.; calcined peroxide of iron, 56 gr.

=Lapis Lazuli.= From paste, 7000 gr.; calcined horn or bones, 570 gr.; oxides of cobalt and manganese, of each 24 gr. The golden veins are produced by painting them on the pieces with a mixture of gold powder, borax, and gum water, and then gently heating them until the borax fluxes.

=Opal.= 1. From stra.s.s, 960 gr.; calcined bones, 48 gr.

2. (Fontanier.) Paste, 1 oz.; horn silver, 10 gr.; calcined magnetic ore, 2 gr.; absorbent earth (calcined bones), 26 gr.

=Ruby.= 1. Paste, 45 parts; binoxide of manganese, 1 part.

2. Paste, 1 lb.; purple of ca.s.sius, 3 dr.

3. (Douault-Wieland.)--_a._ From paste, 2880 parts; oxide of manganese, 72 parts.

_b._ Topaz-paste that has turned out opaque, 1 part; stra.s.s, 8 parts; fuse them together for 30 hours, cool, and again fuse it in small pieces before the blowpipe. Very fine.

4. (Fontanier.) Stra.s.s, 16 oz.; precipitate of ca.s.sius, peroxide of iron, golden sulphide of antimony, and manganese calcined with nitre, of each 168 gr.; rock crystal, 2 oz., or more.

5. Paste and gla.s.s of antimony, of each 8 oz.; rock crystal, 1 oz.; purple of ca.s.sius, 1-1/2 dr. Turns on the orange.

=Sapphire.= 1. From stra.s.s, 3600 gr.; oxide of cobalt, 50 gr.; oxide of manganese, 11 gr.

2. (Douault-Wieland.) Paste, 4608 gr.; oxide of cobalt, 68 gr.; fuse in a little Hessian crucible for 30 hours.

3. (Fontanier.) Paste, 8 oz.; oxide of cobalt, 49 gr.

=Topaz.= 1. From stra.s.s, 1050 gr.; gla.s.s of antimony, 44 gr.; purple of ca.s.sius, 1 gr.

2. (Douault-Wieland.) Paste, 3456 gr.; calcined peroxide of iron, 36 gr.

=Turquoise.= From blue paste, 20 to 24 parts; calcined bones, 1 part.

_Concluding remarks._ It is absolutely necessary for the successful application of the preceding formulae that the substances employed should be perfectly free from impurities, more particularly those of a mineral kind. The litharge, oxide of lead, and carbonate of lead, above all things, must be entirely free from oxide of tin, as the smallest particle of that substance may impart a 'milkiness' to the paste. All the ingredients must be separately reduced to powder, and, after being mixed, sifted through lawn. The fusion must be carefully conducted and continuous, and the melted ma.s.s should be allowed to cool very slowly, after having been left in the fire from 24 to 30 hours, at the least.

Hessian crucibles are preferred for this purpose, and the heat of an ordinary pottery or porcelain kiln is sufficient in most cases; but a small wind-furnace, devoted exclusively to the purpose, is, in general, more convenient. It is found that the more tranquil, continuous, and uniform the fusion, the denser and clearer is the paste, and the greater its refractive power and beauty.

All the coloured vitreous compounds noticed under GLa.s.s may be worked up as ornamental stones, in the same way as those just referred to.

The following method of obtaining artificial rubies and emeralds, first pointed out by Boettger, is exceedingly simple and inexpensive, and deserves the serious attention of those interested in this ingenious art:--Recently precipitated and well-washed hydrate of aluminum is moistened with a few drops of neutral chromate of pota.s.sium, and kneaded so that the ma.s.s a.s.sumes a tinge scarcely perceptible; it is then rolled up into small sticks, about the thickness of a finger, and slowly dried, taking the precaution to fill the fissures (if any) that form during desiccation with fresh hydrate of aluminum. When perfectly dry, and after having been submitted to a gentle heat, one end of these sticks is brought into the termination of the flame of an oxyhydrogen blowpipe, until a portion of the ma.s.s is fused into a small globule. After the lapse of a few minutes, several minute b.a.l.l.s form, having a diameter of some millimetres, and of such intense hardness that quartz, gla.s.s, topaz and granite, may be easily and perceptibly scratched with them. These, when cut and polished, appear, however, slightly opaque. By employing nitrate of nickel in lieu of chromate of pota.s.sium, green-coloured globules, closely resembling the emerald, are obtained.

By the subst.i.tution of oxide of chromium for chromate of pota.s.sium, Mr Cooley produced fact.i.tious gems of considerable hardness and beauty, though slightly opaque in some portion of the ma.s.s. The addition of a very little silica prevented, in a great measure, this tendency to opacity.

It may be observed that the beauty of pastes of fact.i.tious gems, and especially the brilliancy of mock diamonds, is greatly depending upon the cutting, setting up, and the skilful arrangement of the foil or tinsel behind them. See ENAMEL, FOILS, GEMS, GLa.s.s, &c.

=PAS'TELS.= [Fr.] Coloured crayons.

=PAS'TIL.= _Syn._ PASTILLE; PASTILLUS, PASTILLUM, L. A lozenge or confection. The pastilles (PASTILLI) of French pharmacy, are merely 'confectionery drops' aromatised or medicated. The name is also given to mixtures or odorous substances made up into small cones and burnt as incense. (See _below_).

=Pastils, Explo'sive.= Fumigating pastilles, containing a little gunpowder. Used to produce diversion, but they often prove far from harmless.

=Pastils, Fumiga'ting.= _Syn._ AROMATIC PASTILLES, INCENSE P.; PASTILLI FUMANTES, P. ODORATI, L. _Prep._ 1. Benzoin, 4 oz.; cascarilla, 1/2 oz.; nitre and gum Arabic, of each 3 dr.; myrrh, 1 dr.; oils of nutmeg and cloves, of each 25 drops; charcoal, 7 oz.; all in fine powder; beat them to a smooth ductile ma.s.s with cold water, q. s.; form it into small cones with a tripod base, and dry them in the air.

2. (Henry and Guibourt.) Powdered gum benzoin, 16 parts; balsam of tolu and powdered sandal wood, of each 4 parts; a light charcoal (Linden), 48 parts; powdered tragacanth and true labdanum, of each 1 part; powdered nitre and gum Arabic, of each 2 parts; cinnamon water, 12 parts; as above.

3. (P. Cod.) Benzoin, 2 oz.; balsam of tolu and yellow sandal wood, of each 4 dr.; nitre, 2 dr.; labdanum, 1 dr.; charcoal, 6 oz.; mix with a solution of gum tragacanth, and divide the ma.s.s into pastilles, as before.

4. (PASTILLES a LA FLEUR D'ORANGE.) For powdered roses in the next formula subst.i.tute pure orange powder, and for the essence of roses use pure neroli.

5. (PASTILLES a LA ROSE.) Gum benzoin, olibanum (in tears) and styrax (in tears), of each 12 oz.; nitre, 9 oz.; charcoal, 4 lbs.; powder of pale roses, 1 lb.; essence of roses, 1 oz.; mix with 2 oz. of gum tragacanth, dissolved in rose water, 1 quart.

6. (PASTILLES a LA VANILLE.) Gum benzoin, styrax, and olibanum (as last), of each 12 oz.; nitre, 10 oz.; cloves, 8 oz.; powdered vanilla, 1 lb.; charcoal, 4-1/2 lbs.; oil of cloves, 1/2 oz.; essence of vanilla, 7 or 8 fl. oz.; as before.

_Obs._ The products of the above formula are all of excellent quality.

They may be varied to please the fancy of the artiste, by the addition or subst.i.tution of other perfumes or aromatics. Cheaper pastilles may be made by simply increasing the quant.i.ty of the charcoal and saltpetre. The whole of the ingredients should be reduced to fine powder before mixing them.

The use of musk and civet, so often ordered in pastilles, should be avoided, as they yield a disagreeable odour when burned. The addition of a little camphor renders them more suitable for a sick chamber. The simplest and most convenient way of forming the ma.s.s into cones is by pressing it into a mould of lead or porcelain.

Pastilles are burned either to diffuse a pleasant odour, or to cover a disagreeable one. For this purpose they are kindled at the apex and set on an inverted saucer or a penny piece to burn. Persons who use them frequently employ a small china or porcelain toy ('pastile house') sold for the purpose.

=Pastils, Mouth.= _Syn._ BREATH PILL, CACHOU LOZENGES; PASTILLI COSMETICI, L.; CACHOU AROMATISe, C. AROMATIQUE, C. DE BOLOGNA, GRAINS DE CACHOU, Fr.

_Prep._ 1. Soft extract of liquorice, 3 oz.; gum catechu and white sugar, of each 1 oz.; gum tragacanth (powdered), 1/2 oz.; oil of cloves, 1 dr.; oil of ca.s.sia, 1/2 dr.; essence of ambergris and oil of nutmeg, of each 12 drops; make a firm ma.s.s with rose or orange-flower water, q. s., and divide it into one-grain pills; when these are dry, cover them with gold or silver leaf.

2. Solazzi juice (dried by a gentle heat and powdered), 4 oz.; lump sugar, 3 oz.; powdered catechu, 2 oz.; powdered tragacanth, 1 oz.; oil of cloves, 2 fl. dr.; oil of ca.s.sia, 1 fl. dr.; white of egg or rose water, q. s. to form a pill-ma.s.s; as before.

3. Powdered catechu, 1 oz.; Solazzi juice, 4 oz.; lump sugar, 12 oz.; oils of cloves, ca.s.sia, and peppermint, of each 1 fl. dr.; mucilage of tragacanth, q. s. to mix; as before.

4. Extract of liquorice (soft), 2 oz.; white sugar, 3 oz.; powdered tragacanth and cascarilla (or orris root), of each 1/2 oz.; oil of cloves, 1/2 fl. dr.; oil of ca.s.sia, 12 drops, water, q. s.; as before.

5. (Chevallier.) Powdered coffee, chocolate and sugar, of each 1-1/2 oz.; powdered vanilla, and freshly burnt charcoal, of each 1 oz.; mucilage of tragacanth, q. s.

6. Chloride of lime (dry and good), 1 dr.; white sugar, 3 oz.; powdered tragacanth, 1 oz.; oil of cloves, 30 drops; rose water, q. s. To disinfect the breath.

_Obs._ Almost every maker employs his own forms for these articles. The objects to be aimed at are the possession of rather powerful and persistent odour, and a toughness to prevent their too rapid solution in the mouth. The original Italian formula included liquorice, mastic, cascarilla, charcoal orris root, oil of peppermint, and the tinctures of ambergris and musk, but is now seldom employed in this country. The flavour of peppermint does not, indeed, appear to be approved of by English smokers. Sometimes, instead of being made perfectly spherical, they are flattened a little.

CACHOU a L'AMBRE GRIS, CACHOU a LA CANELLE, CACHOU a LA FLEUR D'ORANGE, CACHOU MUSQUe, CACHOU a LA ROSE, CACHOU a LA VANILLE, CACHOU a LA VIOLETTE, &c., are merely flavoured and scented respectively with the essences or oils of ambergris, cinnamon, neroli, musk, rose vanilla, violets, &c. See BREATH, CACHOU AROMATISe, LOZENGES, PILLS, &c.

=PA"STRY.= Articles of food made of 'paste' or dough, or of which 'paste'

forms a princ.i.p.al and characteristic ingredient. The word is popularly restricted to those which contain puff paste, or such as form the staple production of the modern pastrycook; but it is, in reality, of much more general signification.

Several varieties of paste are prepared for different purposes, of which the following are the princ.i.p.al:--

PUFF PASTE. The production of a first cla.s.s puff paste is commonly regarded as a matter of considerable difficulty, but by the exercise of the proper precautions it is, on the contrary, an extremely simple affair.

This paste, before being placed in the oven, consists of alternate laminae of b.u.t.ter or fat and ordinary flour dough, the latter being, of course, the thicker of the two. During the process of baking, the elastic vapour disengaged, being in part restrained from flying off by the b.u.t.tered surfaces of the dough, diffuses itself between these laminae, and causes the ma.s.s to swell up, and to form an a.s.semblage of thin membranes or flakes, each of which is more or less separated from the other.

Individually, these flakes resemble those of an ordinary rich unleavened dough when baked; but, collectively, they form a very light crust, possessing an extremely inviting appearance and an agreeable flavour.

The precautions above referred to are--the use of perfectly dry flour, and its conversion into dough with a light hand, avoiding unnecessarily working it,--the use of b.u.t.ter free from water or b.u.t.termilk, and which has been reduced to precisely the same degree of plasticity as the dough between which it is to be rolled,--conducting the operation in a cool apartment, and, after the second or third folding of the dough, exposing it to a rather low temperature before proceeding further with the process; and, lastly,--baking the paste in a moderately smart but not too hot an oven. The following are examples:--