Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume Ii Part 125

MEAT. For exposing for sale or having in possession unsound meat and other articles of food specified in the Act, 20, or less, for each carcase or piece of meat, or fish, &c., or three months imprisonment with or without the option of a fine (s. 117). For obstruction of officer inspecting the food, 5, or less (s. 118).

MORTGAGE OF RATE. Refusal of custodian of register to permit inspection, 50, or less. Neglect or refusal of clerk to register transfer of mortgage, 20, or less.

NUISANCE. The court may impose a penalty of 5, or less, with regard to nuisances generally (s. 98). For want of diligence in carrying out the order to abate nuisance, 10s. per day; for contravention of order, if wilful, 20s. per day during such contrary action, besides the expenses of the local authority in abating the nuisance (s. 98).

For nuisance of pigs, pigsties, and the contents of cesspools, &c., overflowing, 40s., or less, and 5s. per day during continuance of offences (s. 47).

OBSTRUCTION. For wilful obstruction of member of, or person authorised by local authority, 5, or less (s. 306).

Obstruction of owner by occupier in carrying out any of the provisions of the Act, 5 per day, commencing twenty-four hours after non-compliance with the justice's order (s. 306).

OFFICES. Certain offices are not to be held by the same person. Penalty for offence, 100, recoverable with full costs of suit (s. 192).

ORDER OF JUSTICES. Refusal to obey order for admission of local authority, 5, or less (s. 103).

RATES. Refusal of officers in custody of rate-books, valuation lists for the relief of the poor, &c., to permit inspection, 5, or less (s. 212).

Refusal of person to permit inspection of rate, 5, or less (s. 219).

SCAVENGING. Obstruction of the contractor or local authority in scavenging the streets or in removal of refuse, 5, or less (s. 42). Neglect of local authority to scavenge after undertaking to do so, 5s. per day (s. 43).

STREETS. Wilful unauthorised displacement or injury of pavement stones, injury to fences, &c., of streets vested in urban authority, 5, or less, and a further penalty of 5s. or less for every square foot of pavement injured, &c. Compensation may also be awarded by the court for injury to trees (s. 149).

For building or bringing forward buildings beyond the general line of the houses in the street in an urban district, 40s. per day after written notice (s. 156).

TRADE, OFFENSIVE. Unauthorised establishment of in an urban district, 50, and 40s. per day during continuance of offence (s. 112). Nuisance arising from offensive trade is punishable by penalty--for first offence not less than 40s., and not exceeding 5; for second or any subsequent offence, double the amount of the last penalty which has been imposed, but in no case to exceed 200 (s. 114).

WATER. Pollution of by gas, 280; and when offence is continued at the end of twenty-four hours' notice, 20 per day (s. 68).

For injuring water-meters, 40s., or less, and the damage sustained may also be recovered (s. 60).

WORKS. For wilful damage of works or property belonging to a local authority, in cases where no other penalty is provided, 5, or less (s.

307).

? All penalties, forfeitures, costs, and expenses, directed to be recovered in a summary manner, or not otherwise provided for, may be prosecuted and recovered under the "Summary Jurisdiction Acts" before a court of summary jurisdiction (P. H. S. 251); but proceedings for the recovery of penalties are only to be taken by the person aggrieved, or by the local authority of the district, except the consent in writing of the Attorney-General be obtained. But this restriction does not apply to the proceedings of a local authority with regard to nuisances, offensive trades, houses, &c., without their district, in cases in which the local authority are authorised to take proceedings with respect to any act or default (s. 253).

Unless otherwise provided for the penalty is thus applied: One half goes to the informer, and the remainder to the local authority of the district in which the offence was committed; but if the local authority be the informer, they are ent.i.tled to the whole of the penalty recovered.

All penalties and sums recovered by a local authority are paid to the treasurer, and carried to the account of the fund applicable to the general purposes of the Public Health Act.

(The justices or court have power to reduce penalties imposed by 6 Geo.

IV, c. 78. P. H. Part III.)

=PEN'CILS.= This name is applied to the small brushes made of camel's hair used by artists, as well as to the plumbago crayons familiarly known as black-lead pencils. The last are prepared by one or other of the following methods:--

1. The blocks of plumbago are exposed to a bright-red heat in a closely covered crucible, and are afterwards sawn into minute sticks, and mounted in cases of cedar or satin wood.

2. The plumbago, in powder, is calcined as before, and then mixed with an equal, or any other desired proportion of pure washed clay, also in powder, after which the mixture is reduced to a plastic state with water, and pressed into grooves cut on the face of a smooth board, or into well-greased wooden moulds, in which state it is left to dry. When dry, the pieces are tempered to any degree of hardness by exposing them, surrounded by sand or powdered charcoal, in a closely covered crucible to various degrees of heat. The crucible is not opened until the whole has become cold, when the prepared 'slips' are removed and mounted as before.

This method was invented by M. Conte in 1795.

3. The dough or paste, prepared as last, is reduced to the required form by forcing it through a perforated plate (in a similar manner to that adopted for coloured crayons), or into minute metallic cylinders, from which it may be readily shaken after it has become partially dry.

_Obs._ The _leads_ for some varieties of drawing-pencils are immersed for a minute in very hot melted wax or suet before mounting them. To the composition for others a little lampblack is added, to increase and vary the degree of blackness. The pencils for a.s.ses' skin books and prepared paper are tipped with 'fusible metal.' Numerous improvements in pencil cases and pencil mounts have been patented of late years by Stevens and others.

=PENNYROY'AL.= _Syn._ PULEGIUM (Ph. L. & E.), MENTHA P. (Ph. D.), L. "The recent and dried flowering herb of _Mentha pulegium_, Linn." (Ph. L.) PENNYROYAL TEA is a popular emmenagogue, expectorant, and diaph.o.r.etic, and is in common use in asthma, bronchitis, hooping-cough, hysteria, suppressions, &c. Water, essence, oil, and spirit of pennyroyal are officinal. They are now chiefly used as mere adjuncts or vehicles.

=PENTASTOMATA.= There are two varieties of this entozoon--the _Pentastoma denticulatum_, which Leuckart has shown to be the larvae of the _Pentastoma taenoides_, and the _Pentastoma constrictum_. The _P. denticulatum_ infests the human liver and small intestines. The _P. constrictum_ does not appear to be known in this country. The latter appears to have caused death by setting up peritonitis. According to Dr Aitken these parasites are provided with two pairs of hooks or claws, placed on each side of a pit or mouth, on a flattened head. He says: "These claws appear to be implanted in socket-like hollows or depressions, surrounded by much loose integument. These socket-like hollows appear to be elevated on the summit of the ma.s.s of tissues which lies underneath the folds of integuments surrounding the base of the hooks. These parts are regarded as the feet of the parasite, and the hooks are the fore claws. The pit or mouth is of an oval shape, the long axis of the oval lying in the direction of the length of the worm.

"The less or outer margin of the pit is marked by a well-defined, thin line. There are no spines nor hooks on the integument of the elongated body."

=PEPPER (Black).= _Syn._ PEPPER; PIPER, B. P.; NIGRI BACCae, PIPER NIGRUM (Ph. L., E., & D.), L. "The immature fruit (berry) of _Piper nigrum_, Linn., or the black pepper vine." (Ph. L.)

_Pur._ The ground black pepper of the shops is universally adulterated; in fact, the public taste and judgment are so vitiated that the pure spice is unsaleable. A most respectable London firm, on commencing business, supplied their customers with unadulterated ground pepper, but in 3 cases out of every 4 it was returned on their hands and objected to, on account of its dark colour and rich pungency, which had induced the belief that it was sophisticated. The house alluded to was therefore compelled by the customers to supply them with an inferior, but milder and paler, article.

The substances employed to lower black pepper are known in the trade as--'P. D.,' 'H. P. D.,' and 'W. P. D,'--abbreviations of pepper dust, hot pepper dust, white pepper dust. The first is composed of the faded leaves of autumn, dried and powdered; the second, the ground husks (hulls) of black mustard, obtained from the mustard mills; and the third is common rice, finely powdered. Equal parts of black peppercorns, H. P. D., and W.

P. D., form the very best ground pepper sold. The ordinary pepper of the shops does not contain more than 1/8th to 1/6th of genuine pepper, or 2 to 2-1/2 oz. in the lb. Very recently, ground oil-cake or linseed meal has been chiefly employed as the adulterant, instead of the old 'P. D,'

[Ill.u.s.tration]

Dr Parkes[92] says: "The microscopic characters of pepper are rather complicated. There is a husk composed of four or five layers of cells and a central part. The cortex has externally elongated cells, placed vertically, and provided with a central cavity, from which lines radiate towards the circ.u.mference; then come some strata of angular cells, which, towards the interior, are larger and filled with oil. The third layer is composed of woody fibre and spiral cells. The fourth layer is made up of large cells, which towards the interior become smaller and of a deep red colour; they contain most of the essential oil of the pepper. The central part of the berry is composed of large angular cells, about twice as long as broad. Steeped in water, some of these cells become yellow; others remain colourless. It has been supposed that these yellow cells contain piperine, as they give the same reaction as piperine does; namely, the tint is deepened by alcohol and nitric acid, and sulphuric acid applied to a dry section causes a reddish hue." (Ha.s.sal.)

[Footnote 92: 'Practical Hygiene.']

_Uses, &c._ Black pepper is a powerful stimulant, carminative, and rubefacient. Its use in moderation, as a condiment, is peculiarly serviceable to persons who are of cold habit, or who suffer from weak digestion; but in inflammatory habits, and in affections of the mucous membranes, it is generally highly injurious. As a medicine it is often serviceable in nausea, vomiting, chronic diarrha, and agues. In North America a common remedy for the last is 1/2 oz. of ground pepper stirred up with a gla.s.sful of warm beer; or a like quant.i.ty made into a tincture by steeping it in 5 or 6 times its weight of gin, rum, or whisky, for a few days.

Prepared black pepper is made by steeping the berries for 3 days in 3 times their weight of vinegar, and then drying and grinding them. It is milder than common pepper. See CONFECTIONS, PIPERINE, &c.

=Pepper, Cayenne.= _Syn._ BIRD PEPPER, CHILI P., GUINEA P., INDIAN P., RED P.; PIPER CAPSICI, P. CAYENNE, L. This is prepared from chillies, or the pods of _Capsic.u.m frutescens_, or from _Capsic.u.m baccatum_, or bird pepper, but generally from the first, on account of its greater pungency and acrimony; and, occasionally, from _Capsic.u.m annuum_ or medicinal capsic.u.m.

_Prep._ 1. From the dried pods (powdered), 1 lb.; and wheaten bread or captain's biscuits (heated until they are perfectly dry and brittle, and begin to acquire a yellow colour throughout, and then powdered), 7 lbs.; mixed and ground together. Colouring matter and common salt are frequently added, but are unnecessary.

2. As the last, but making the mixture into a dough with water, then forming it into small cakes, drying these as rapidly as possible at a gentle heat, and then grinding them.

3. (Loudon.) The ripe pods, dried in the sun, are stratified with wheaten flour in a dish or tray, and exposed in a stove-room or a half-cold oven until they are quite dry; they are then removed from the flour, and ground to fine powder; to every oz. of this powder 1 lb. (say 15 oz.) of wheaten flour (including that already used) are added, and the mixture is made into a dough with a little tepid water and a teaspoonful of yeast; after fermentation is well set up, the dough is cut into small pieces, and baked in a slow oven until it is perfectly hard and brittle; it is then beaten or ground to powder, and forms 'cayenne pepper.'

Pure cayenne pepper, when burnt, leaves a scarcely perceptible quant.i.ty of white ash; a red-coloured ash indicates the presence of red ochre, brick-dust, Armenian bole, or other earthy colouring matter. If red lead is present, it will be left behind under the form of a dark-coloured powder, or a small metallic globule.

_Pur._ The 'cayenne pepper' of the shops is often a spurious article, made by grinding a mixture of any of the reddish woods or sawdust with enough red pods or chillies to render the mixture sufficiently acrid and pungent.

Common salt, colcothar, red bole, brick-dust, vermilion, and even red lead, are also common additions.

_Uses, &c._ The capsic.u.ms resemble the peppers, except in their greater energy and their pungency being unmodified by the presence of essential oil. As a condiment, under the form of cayenne pepper, and in all diseases in which the employment of a powerful stimulant or rubefacient is indicated, their uses are well known. In medicine the fruit of _Capsic.u.m annuum_ (Linn.--Ph. E. & D.; _C. fastigiatum_, Blume--B. P., Ph. L.), or annual capsic.u.m is ordered (CAPSIc.u.m--Ph. L., E., & D.). The London College directs the fruit to be that of 'Guinea,' less than one inch long, oblong, cylindrical, and straight. See ESSENCE OF CAYENNE.

=Pepper, Prepared Cayenne=, is the residuum of cayenne--vinegar, essence, or tincture, dried and ground (see _below_).

=Pepper (Soluble) Cayenne.= _Syn._ CRYSTALLISED SOLUBLE CAYENNE. _Prep._ 1. Capsic.u.m pods (recent, ground in a pepper mill), 1 lb.; rectified spirit, 2-1/2 pints; proceed by percolation so as to obtain 2-1/2 pints; from this distil one half of the spirit by the heat of a water bath; to the residuum add of fine dry salt, 5 lbs.; mix them well together, and dry the mixture at a very gentle heat, frequently stirring; lastly rub it through a sieve, and put it into warm dry bottles. It is usually coloured with a little vermilion or rouge (sesquioxide of iron), but it possesses an agreeable colour without it,

2. Essence of cayenne (No. 1, page 652), 6 pints; distil off 3 pints, add to the residual liquor of dry salt 12 lbs.; mix well, dry by a gentle heat, and otherwise proceed as before.

3. Capsic.u.ms (ground), 3 lbs.; red sanders or Brazil wood (sliced or rasped), 10 oz.; rectified spirit, 1 gall.; macerate for 14 days, then express the tincture, filter, distil off one half, add of dry salt, 15 lbs., and proceed as before.