Cooley's Cyclopaedia of Practical Receipts Volume Ii Part 186

2. (Ph. U. S.) Triturate sulphate of quinine, 1 oz., with distilled water, 6 fl. oz., and having added sufficient diluted sulphuric acid to dissolve it, cautiously pour into the solution water of ammonia with constant stirring, until in slight excess. Wash the precipitated quinine on a filter, and having added solution of citrate of iron, 10 fl. oz., keep the whole at a temperature of 120 by means of a water bath, and stir constantly until the alkaloid is dissolved. Lastly, evaporate the solution to the consistence of a syrup, and spread it on plates of gla.s.s, so that, on drying, the salt may be obtained in scales.--_Dose_, 2 gr. to 5 gr.

=Quinine and Iron, I'odide of.= _Syn._ QUINae ET FERRI IODIDUM, L. _Prep._ From protiodide of iron, 2 parts; hydriodate of quinine, 1 part; rectified spirit, 12 parts; heat them together, and either evaporate to dryness or crystallise by refrigeration. A powder, or crystalline scales.

=Quinine and Iron, Sul'phate of.= _Syn._ FERROSULPHATE OF QUININE; QUINae FERRO-SULPHAS, QUINae ET FERRI SULPHAS, L. _Prep._ From solutions of the sulphates of iron and quinine, in atomic proportions, mixed whilst hot, and the crystals which form as the liquid cools carefully dried and preserved from the air.

QUININE AND MERCURY. See MERCURIC AND QUININE CHLORIDE.

=QUINOA.= The seed of this plant (a species of _Chenopodium_) is largely consumed by the people who dwell in the elevated regions of Chili and Peru, in which countries it is found growing at a height of some 13,000 feet above the sea-level. Mr Johnston says there are two varieties of it, a sweet and a bitter one. It is a highly nutritious cereal, resembling ointment in properties.

According to Voelker, quinoa has the following composition:

Quinoa seeds dried Quinoa at 212 F. flour.

Nitrogenous matter 2286 19 Starch 5680 60 Fatty matter 574 5 Vegetable fibre 953 -- Ash 505 -- Water -- 16

=QUINOID'INE.= _Syn._ AMORPHOUS QUININE, CHINOIDINE; QUINA AMORPHA, QUINA INFORMIS, QUINOIDIA, QUINOIDINA, QUINOIDINUM, CHINOIDEUM, L. A few years after the discovery of the quinine by Pelletier and Caventou, Sertuerner, a German physician, and known as the discoverer of morphia, obtained, by a peculiar method, from yellow bark, an amorphous alkaloid which was called by him Chinoidin[131] (to which the name amorphous quinine is improperly given), and also fever-killer (Fiebertodter). He found that not only this alkaloid itself, but also all its compounds with acids, were equally amorphous. As recent investigations have proved that this amorphous alkaloid occurs in all cinchona barks, and is found particularly in many young Indian barks in great quant.i.ty, it is quite natural that in the manufacture of quinine the uncrystallisable sulphate of this alkaloid should acc.u.mulate in the mother liquors of the sulphate of quinine. From such liquors it is precipitated in an impure state by an alkali, and brought into commerce under the name of quinoidine. As this amorphous alkaloid has the property of preventing the crystallisation of the salts of the other alkaloids, particularly those of quinidine, it is clear that the quinoidine of commerce very often contains quinidine and also cinchonidine. Dr de Vrij, for instance, found sometimes more than 20% of quinidine in some samples of quinoidine of commerce. Although commercial quinoidine contains many impurities which may have their origin partly in the adulteration of the cinchona-alkaloids, unadulterated quinoidine, no doubt, chiefly consists of the amorphous alkaloid discovered by Sertuerner.

[Footnote 131: Sertuerner, 'Die neuesten Entdeckungen in der Physik, Heilkunde, und Chemie,' 3ter Band, 2tes Heft, Suite 269 (1830).]

The quinoidine of commerce ought never to be used in medicine unless purified. For this purification there are two methods: 1. That of Mr Bullock, which gives the purer but the more expensive product. Crude quinoidine is exhausted with ether, which, after defecation, is distilled off, leaving the purified quinoidine behind. This process has been patented in England by Mr Bullock. 2. That of Dr de Vrij, which consists in boiling 9 parts of crude quinoidine with a solution of 2 parts of oxalate of ammonium in water. By this process the alkaloids contained in the quinoidine are dissolved whilst the impurities, and amongst them the lime which is often contained in the crude quinoidine, remain undissolved.

The solution is mixed with a large bulk of water, then filtered and the purified quinoidine precipitated by a slight excess of liquor of soda.

_Prop., &c._ In its crude form quinoidine somewhat resembles aloes; in its purest state it is a yellowish-brown, resin-like ma.s.s, freely soluble in alcohol and ether, but nearly insoluble in water; with the acids it forms dark-coloured, uncrystallisable salts. It is powerfully febrifuge, but less so than either quinidine or quinine, although it is identical in chemical composition with both of them.--_Dose_, 2 to 4 gr. for adults, 1/4 to 1 gr. for children, given in wine, lemonade, or acidulated honey.

=QUINOM'ETRY.= _Syn._ CINCHONOMETRY. The art of estimating the quant.i.ty of quinine in cinchona bark, and in the commercial salts of this alkaloid.

_Proc._ 1. FOR BARK.--_a._ (Ph. E.) A filtered decoction of 100 gr. of bark, in distilled water, 2 fl. oz., is precipitated with 1 fl. dr., or q. s. of a concentrated solution of carbonate of soda; the precipitate, after being heated in the fluid so as to become a fused ma.s.s, and having again become cold, is dried and weighed. "It should be 2 gr., or more, and entirely dissolve in a solution of oxalic acid." To render the result strictly accurate, the product should be dissolved in 10 parts of proof spirit, containing 1/20th of sulphuric acid, and to this solution carefully added an alcoholic solution of iodine as long as there appears a brown precipitate, which immediately turns black by stirring with a gla.s.s rod. This precipitate, collected upon a filter, washed with strong alcohol and dried on a water bath, is Herapath's iodosulphate of quinine, of which 100 parts represent 565 parts of pure quinine.

_b._ (Rebourdain.) 100 gr. of the bark (coa.r.s.ely powdered) are exhausted with acidulated water, and the filtered solution rendered alkaline with solution of pota.s.sa; it is next shaken with about 1-3rd of its volume of chloroform, and then allowed to repose for a short time; the chloroform holding the alkaloid in solution sinks to the bottom of the vessel in a distinct stratum, from which the supernatant liquid is separated by decantation; the chloroformic solution, either at once or after being washed with a little cold water, is allowed to evaporate; the residuum, when weighed, gives the per-centage richness of the sample.

_Obs._ A like result may be obtained with ether instead of chloroform; in which case the solution of quinine will form the upper stratum.

_c._ Instead of Rebourdain's process, Dr de Vrij prefers that of Charles,[132] so far as regards the separation of the total mixed alkaloids from the bark. To this mixture is applied the process mentioned above (_a_), viz. solution in acidulated proof spirit, &c.

[Footnote 132: 'Journal de Pharmacie et de Chimie,' 4e serie, t. 12, p. 81 (Aot, 1870).]

2. For the SALTS. The above methods, as well as several others which have been devised for the purpose, may also be applied to the salts of quinine; but, unfortunately, they are inapplicable when great accuracy is required, owing to the non-recognition of the presence of quinidine, as such, and which, consequently, goes to swell the apparent richness of the sample in quinine. The following ingenious method, invented by Dr Ure, not merely enables us to detect the presence of cinchonine and quinidine in commercial samples of the salts of quinine, but, with some trifling modifications, it also enables us to determine the quant.i.ty of each of these alkaloids present in any sample:--"10 gr. of the salts to be examined" (the sulphate is here more especially referred to) "is put into a strong test-tube, furnished with a tight-fitting cork; to this are to be added 10 drops of dilute sulphuric acid (1 acid and 5 water), with 15 drops of water, and a gentle heat applied to accelerate solution. This having been effected, and the solution entirely cooled, 60 drops of officinal sulphuric ether, with 20 drops of liquor of ammonia, must be added, and the whole well shaken while the top is closed by the thumb. The tube is then to be closely stopped, and shaken gently from time to time, so that the bubbles of air may readily enter the layer of ether. If the salt be free from cinchonine and quinidine, or contain the latter in no greater proportion than 10%, it will be completely dissolved; while on the surface, where contact of the two layers of clear fluid takes place, the mechanical impurities only will be separated. After some time the layer of ether becomes hard and gelatinous, and no further observation is possible."

"From the above statement respecting the solubility of quinidine in ether, it appears that the 10 gr. of the salt examined may contain 1 gr. of quinidine, and still a complete solution with ether and ammonia may follow; but in this case the quinidine will shortly begin to crystallise in a layer of ether. The least trace of quinidine may be yet more definitely detected by employing, instead of the ordinary ether, some ether previously saturated with quinidine, by which means all of the quinidine contained in the quinine examined must remain undissolved. It is particularly requisite, in performing this last experiment, to observe, (immediately) after the shaking, whether all has dissolved; for, owing to the great tendency of quinidine to crystallisation, it may become again separated in a crystalline form, and be a source of error."

"If more than 1-10th of quinidine or (any) cinchonine be present, there will be found an insoluble precipitate at the limits of the two layers of fluid. If this be quinidine, it will be dissolved on the addition of proportionately more ether, while cinchonine will remain unaffected."

_Note._ To Dr Ure's test Dr de Vrij prefers, for several reasons, Dr Kerner's test, 'Zeitschrift fur a.n.a.lytische Chemie,' von Fresenius, 1st Jahrg, 1862; 'Ueber Die Prufung des Kauflichen Schwefelsauren Chinins auf fremde Alkaloides,' von Dr G. Keraer.

=QUINOVIC ACID.= C_{28}H_{33}O_{4}. This is insoluble in water, also in chloroform, and difficultly soluble in alcohol. It can be obtained from the boiling alcoholic solution, by cooling, in small crystals. In the leaves, bark, and wood of the cinchona tree this acid is contained, together with quinovin, and it is this mixture which has been recently applied in therapeutics, as a powerful tonic in cases of dysentery, &c.

The mixture can easily be obtained from the leaves, bark, or wood of cinchona, and even from bark which has been exhausted by ebullition with water or diluted acids, by cold maceration with weak milk of lime, by which it is dissolved, as it combines easily with bases. It is only the quinovate of lime which has till now been used in medicine.--_Dose_, 2 to 8 gr. every two hours.

=QUINOVIN.= C_{30}H_{48}O_{8}. _Syn._ CINCHOVIN, QUINOVIA.

=QUINOVIN.= A very bitter amorphous glucoside contained in the genus Cinchona, Nauslea, and probably in many other allied genera. It is insoluble in water, very soluble in rectified spirit and in chloroform, with which last liquid it forms, in concentrated solutions, a jelly. If a current of hydrochloric gas is pa.s.sed into its alcoholic solution the liquid becomes hot and the quinovin is split up into a peculiar kind of sugar.

=QUIN'QUINA.= Dr de Vrij states that the substance known under this name is a mixture of hydrochlorate of cinchonidine and of cinchonine. See CINCHONA.

=QUIN'SY.= See THROAT AFFECTIONS.

=QUINTES'SENCE.= _Syn._ QUINTA ESSENTIA, L. A term invented by the alchemists to represent a concentrated alcoholic solution of the active principles of organic bodies. It is still occasionally employed in perfumery and the culinary art. See ESSENCE, TINCTURE, &c.

=QUITTOR.= It generally shows itself at the top or coronet of the hoof of the horse, in the form of a fistulous opening (whence quittor is also called 'the pipes'), filled with a purulent discharge.

Quittor invariably points to the presence of an internal ulcer, abscess, or some other irritating cause, the discharge from which, acc.u.mulating under the hard hoof, slowly works its way to the surface. The origin of quittor is generally some injury to the hoof, such as a corn, a p.r.i.c.k, or an inequality of tread.

The first thing to be done is to remove the animal's shoe, to cut away any dead or discoloured horn, so as to reach the seat of the suppuration, and to allow it to escape by a more direct outlet. Hot-water fomentations and poultices should afterwards be applied for a few days. Should the sores show an indisposition to heal, the parts should be washed with a tolerably strong solution of sulphate of zinc, or of b.i.+.c.hloride of mercury--25 grams of the latter to an ounce of water. The application of strong caustics is to be particularly deprecated.

=QUOTID'IAN.= Occurring or returning daily. See AGUE.

=RAB'BIT.= The _Lepus cuniculus_ (Linn.) of the Cuvian order _Rodentia_.

The domestic rabbit, when young, is a light and wholesome article of food, approaching in delicacy to the common barn-door fowl; but has less flavour than the wild animal. The fat is among the 'simples' of the Ph. L. 1618.

Its hair and skin are made into cheap furs, gloves, hats, &c.

_Composition of Rabbit's Flesh_ (BARTLETT).[133]

[Footnote 133: 'Lancet,' March 29th, 1873.]

+---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-----------+ Rabbit Rabbit Rabbit No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Average Percentage. Grains. Grains. Grains. Grains. Grains. +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-----------+ Water 5,982 6,623 7,315 6,640 7317 Fibrin and Syntonin 1,143 1,247 1,393 1,261 1390 Gelatin 302 335 350 329 363 Fat 240 272 345 286 315 Alb.u.men 276 305 340 307 338 Alcoholic extract, 106 119 135 120 132 including salts Watery extract 102 108 125 112 123 Calcium phosphates 16 19 25 20 022 +---------+---------+---------+---------+-----------+ Edible portion 8,167 9,028 10,029 9,075 10000 Additional gelatin from stewing bones 215 232 251 233 206 Bones, &c., dissected out and stewed 1,501 1,674 1,854 } { 1788 Shank bones, fur and } { eyes, thrown away 313 352 382 } 2,027 { waste. +---------+---------+---------+---------+-----------+ 10,201 11,286 12,516 11,335 ... +---------------------+---------+---------+---------+---------+-----------+

=Rabbit Pie.= Cut up two young rabbits, season with white pepper, salt, a little mace, and nutmeg, all in fine powder; add also a little cayenne.

Pack the rabbit with slices of ham, forcemeat b.a.l.l.s, and hard eggs, by turns in layers. If it is to be baked in a dish add a little water, but omit the water if it is to be raised in a crust. By the time it is taken out of the oven have ready a gravy of knuckle of veal, or a bit of the scrag, with some shank bones of mutton, seasoned with herbs, onions, mace, and white pepper. If the pie is to be eaten hot, truffles, morels or mushrooms may be added, but not if intended to be eaten cold. If it be made in a dish put as much gravy as will fill the dish, but in raised crusts the gravy must be carefully strained, and then put in cold as jelly.

=Rabbit Pudding.= Cut a rabbit into sixteen pieces, and slice a quarter of a pound of bacon; season with chopped sage, pepper, and salt; then add potatoes and onions according to the size of the family, and half a pint of water. Boil for two hours. The meat and vegetables must be well mixed.

Rice may be subst.i.tuted for potatoes if preferred.

=Rabbit, Ragout of.= "Wash and clean a good-sized Ostend rabbit; boil the liver and heart, chop them, and mix with veal stuffing; fill the rabbit, sew it up, and tie it into shape. Put a piece of fat beef and 1 lb. of bacon, cut in slices, into a saucepan, with 1 oz. of dripping; put in the rabbit to brown, turning it over to brown both sides; pour off the dripping, and put in 1 quart of water; let it simmer gently an hour and a half. A quarter of an hour before serving skim off all the fat, and thicken the gravy with a little corn flour; season with pepper and salt, and, if liked, stew a bunch of herbs and half an onion with it. Lay the rabbit on a dish with the bacon round it, and pour the gravy over."

(Tegetmeier.)

=RAC'AHOUT.= _Syn._ RACAHOUT DES ARABES. This is said to be farina prepared from the acorns of _Quercus Ballota_, or Barbary oak, disguised with a little flavouring. The following is recommended as an imitation:--Roasted cacao or chocolate nuts, 4 oz.; tapioca, and potato farina, of each 6 oz.; white sugar, slightly flavoured with vanilla, 1/2 lb. Very nutritious. Used as arrow-root.

=RACE'MIC ACID.= _Syn._ PARATARTARIC ACID. This compound was discovered by Kestner in 1820, replacing tartaric acid in grape juice of the Department of the Vosges. Racemic acid and tartaric acid have exactly the same composition, and yield, when exposed to heat, the same products; the racemates also correspond in the closest manner with the tartrates.

Racemic acid is rather less soluble than tartaric, and separates first from a solution containing the two acids. A solution of racemic acid precipitates a neutral salt of calcium, which is not the case with tartaric acid. A solution of racemic acid does not affect a ray of polarised light, while a solution of tartaric acid rotates the ray to the right.

"Dessargnes and Jungfleisch found by experiment that under the influence of heat ordinary tartaric acid is readily transformed into inactive tartaric acid and racemic acid, and the latter chemist thought to find in this fact an explanation of the production of racemic acid.

"But observations continued through many years upon mother liquors from various tartaric acid factories showed that although more or less inactive tartaric acid was present in all of them, racemic acid was not, even when they had been subjected to prolonged treatment, and its occurrence in appreciable quant.i.ty was confined to a small number of specimens. In fact, some samples of mother liquor from factories where evaporation was carried on in a partial vacuum contained more racemic acid than others from factories where evaporation was carried on over a pure fire. Recently Jungfleisch noticed that the liquors richest in inactive tartaric acid were also rich in alumina, and the suspicion that alumina favoured the conversion was confirmed by direct experiment; also that the neutral aluminum sulphate has but little action. Jungfleisch has come to the conclusion that when there is an acc.u.mulation of alumina on the mother liquor, the conditions are favorable for the production of a large proportion of inactive tartaric acid, and a small proportion of racemic acid, although when the latter is present in considerable quant.i.ty, it becomes the most manifest through its comparative insolubility.

Examination of liquors from which racemic acid has been deposited has always shown them to contain much inactive tartaric acid. This theory does not exclude the probability that certain vines under particular conditions produce racemic acid."[134]

[Footnote 134: 'Pharmaceutical Journal.']

=RACK'ING.= See CIDER and WINES.